This chapter will provide an overview of the principles of different types of functional textiles and their applications in various industries. Sports functional clothing is also used to improve the athlete's performance using the compression mechanism and aerodynamic design [23, 24].
Antibacterial family
Antimicrobials with controlled release or ‘leaching’ mechanism
First, the ions can diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to the cell's enzyme. The effectiveness of the metal oxide can be reduced in the presence of antioxidant or pigment often used in synthetic textiles.
Bound or non-leaching type antimicrobials
The product of the reaction is reversible, meaning that the N-halamide can be regenerated with the presence of a chlorine compound. For textiles, chitosan and its derivatives could be one of the products that can be used for the finishing processes [116].
Standard tests for antimicrobial activity
However, this method is not recommended for textiles with hydrophobic treatment or low absorbency [143]. This method is used to replicate the contact of the antimicrobial textile with a contaminated surface. This method allows faster incubation time (1 to 4 hours, ISO 20743) and faster sample preparation with the automatic printer (ISO20743).
Once the microorganism and the incubation application protocol are applied according to the desired method, the microorganism count will take place via two different techniques: the plate count method and the luminescence method. The quantification of the ATP of the inoculum is performed before and after exposure to the antimicrobial treatment. The number of surviving organisms is counted as CFU and the results are usually presented as percentages or log10 reduction in contamination relative to the original inoculum of microorganisms or the untreated control.
Conclusion
Antimicrobial resistance should also be a concern when developing an antimicrobial treatment for a textile because of the large amount of antimicrobial agent required to achieve the antimicrobial activity and durability. The MIC of the antimicrobial product may be reached due to poor wash durability of the antimicrobial product. The antimicrobial activity of cotton fabrics treated with different crosslinking agents and chitosan, carbohydrate polymers.
Effect of chitosan on membrane permeability of suspension-cultured Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris cells. Experimental investigation of antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric treated with aloe gel extract from Aloe vera plant for control of.
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Introduction
All of the above textile materials must carry at least one specific functionality to be registered as functional textiles. India is the leading producer in apparel and textile manufacturing and the fourth largest exporter in the international sector. Functional textiles can be defined as textiles consisting of additional functions of regulation and adjustment of various attributes such as temperature, humidity, color and controlled release of some additives from the fibers.
The most popular fibers used to make different types of functional textiles are polyester and viscose. Other fibers are also used to manufacture functional textiles as the need for some specific functions. Some leading manufacturers of functional textiles on the international horizon are Dyntex GmbH, Eclat Textile Corporation Ltd., Harvest SPF Textile Company Ltd., Kelheim Fibers GmbH, Sofileta, Trevira GmbH, Toung Loong Textile MFG.
Classification of functional textiles
The functional textile sector has witnessed a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30% from 2015 to 2020 due to strong automotive, fitness, fashion, healthcare, military and sports textiles. The chemical finishing method involves grafting a functional monomer to a polymer substrate, to obtain a new functional textile. By definition, functional textiles are specified and customized or user-directed engineered products manufactured to meet the customer's performance needs under extreme conditions.
It is essential to clarify that some other classes will soon introduce the functional classification of textiles according to the demand and availability of different functional textiles. All functional textiles may belong to technical textiles, but all technical textiles may not be functional. For example, functional protective textiles can belong to surgical protective masks for doctors, health care workers and sports armour.
Functional textile market
Thus, the international market for finishing materials is expected to grow to 4.52 billion US dollars by 2025. The protective textiles segment, including healthcare and protection, is a promising area of functional textiles that is expected to influence the growth of the market in the coming years. Increasing purchasing potential and disposable income in emerging countries such as Brazil, China, India, Russia, Taiwan, and Indonesia is another driver for the growth of the functional textile market.
However, the strict legal standards to restrict harmful and toxic chemicals will continue to be a necessary provocation for functional textile manufacturers. Functional textile finishing agents have been dominated by various repellents and release agents in recent years and are expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.8% through 2028. The application of flame retardant chemicals was 22% of global textile finishing chemicals in the year 2020.
Functionality in textiles
- Functionality by micro and nano encapsulation
- Chemical grafting
- Functionality by layer by layer (LbL) deposition
- Functionalisation by fabric engineering
- Functional textiles by enzyme immobilisation
Some studies have been planned to modify textile surfaces by layer-by-layer deposition to obtain nanocomposite textile fibers and protective clothing. Various functional molecules, such as enzymes, dyes and charged nanoparticles, are deposited onto textile surfaces in a controlled manner. The chemical coating on textile surfaces has some limitations due to its greater thickness, which reduces the breathability of the textile.
The application of platinum layer by layer on textile surfaces was intended to produce a resistor. heating devices with high stability and long service life. PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate), a yarn that has good elastic potential with a high degree of recovery after heat treatment, has been used to produce highly elastic cotton-like fabrics. The effect of PBT elastic yarn, weave and fabric structure was observed on the physical, elastic, UPF, comfort) properties of the fabric. Various hard and soft flexible materials can be printed directly on textile surfaces.
Functional materials 1 Phase-change materials
- Fragrance finishes
- Fire retardants
- Deodorant functional textiles
- Polychromic microcapsules
- Antimicrobials
- Textiles for refreshing and relaxing
- Textiles for cosmetics
- Skincare functional textiles
- Insect repellent
- Wellness
- Aromatherapy
- Photochromic textiles
These antimicrobials can be uploaded with textiles using microencapsulation technique where antimicrobials remain in the core of the capsules. The Skinsoft 415 finish has the potential to improve the anti-browning and anti-static potential of textile surfaces [43]. EVOTM Care Vital: This skincare formula contains mostly Aloe Vera, Jojoba Oil and Vitamin E to provide anti-aging functionality in the finished product.
This finish is used as a finish in the standard sequence of exhaust and dry drying process. Insect repellent materials are used to finish traditional textile surfaces with natural materials such as (essential oils) such as citronella, eucalyptus, lemon and neem or synthetic materials such as picaridin (1-piperidine carboxylic acid 2-[2- hydroxyethyl]-1-methylpropyl ester) or permethrin and (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) (DEET). Perfumed microcapsules are attached to textile surfaces using a binder or chemical grafting.
Benefits of functionalisation by microencapsulation
- Protection and shelf life enhancement
- Controlled release
- Compatibility
For a textile application, organic compounds such as spiropyrans, spirooxanies and fulgides are mainly used to act as sensors [51]. Most of the active substances available are volatile, chemically fragile, or chemically, physically or thermally unstable, and cannot be applied directly to the textile substrate without being covered within a shell. Microcapsules allow safe handling of active ingredients prior to processing and allow a soluble substance to be converted into a temporarily insoluble form.
The microencapsulation of active substances is one of the best routes to improve the efficiency and reduce environmental damage through controlled release. The microcapsules are desired to allow the core ingredient to escape the carrier under a range of controlled situations, which mainly depend on the choice of shell material, the microencapsulation process chosen and final applications. A binder's effectiveness in linking microcapsules to the textile surface depends on compatibility between various interphases of each component's microcapsules and finish and chemical nature.
Microencapsulation technologies
To limit interaction with other chemicals remain present in the system to improve the functionality delivery period. Beauty clothes: Pro-vitamin C turns into vitamin C in the presence of sebum and is applied to blouses and men's and women's shirts. The materials were measured in the range of their structural, mechanical, comfort-related and functional properties.
The treated fabric samples offered adequate antibacterial, soft handle, water/oil repellency, UV protection and self-cleaning functionalities. The role of weaving structure was also found to be crucial in improving the functionality of treated fabric following the descending sequence Satin (4) > Twill (2/2) > Plain (1/1) nevertheless of the functional ingredients used. The treated fabric samples showed bifunctional potentials such as easy care-water and oil repellent, pleasant care-soft touch or easy care/antibacterial finish.
Functional textile assessment
- Breathability
- Antimicrobial assessment of functional textiles
The breathability of functional textiles is an essential parameter that must be tested to ensure effectiveness. In addition, the antimicrobial must be effective at a relatively small amount to control additive and material costs below allowable limits. Antimicrobial finishes should not release an offensive odor in the finished product, especially in the apparel grade.
The antimicrobial treatment of functional fabrics should not weaken the functional tissue's low-stress mechanical behavior, especially in the clothing sector's manufacturing. The antimicrobial functional textiles must be free of toxicity or of a short order of toxicity. The antimicrobial potential is an essential feature for children's clothing where any type of toxicity is not permissible.
Enzyme immobilisation for functionality on textiles
- Essential features for a substrate for enzyme immobilisation
- Enzyme immobilisation for textile processing
- Decolorisation of dyes and effluent treatment .1 Peroxidases
These properties are responsible for determining the potential of the immobilized enzyme activity, stability under use situations. One of the advantages and thus a desirable feature of immobilized enzymes is their ability to be recycled. This property can also affect surface assimilation, dispersion and availability of the product and substrate.
Covalent-GLUTAL Higher porosity and shape of the supports are two main parameters to influence the enzyme immobilization stability. Protease enzymes are used to carry out the protein degradation by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds in the polypeptide molecular chains [56, 95]. Most of the laccase enzymes are produced by white rot fungi, which are efficient in decolorizing dye effluents [121].
Conclusions
Research has shown that the subsequent coating of the alumina immobilized laccase with polyelectrolyte layer significantly increased laccase stability. In the initial stages of the laccase action, the decolorization was primarily due to the adsorption of the dye molecules on the support system, but the enzymatic decolorization of the support was evident after saturation of the support. Acid-stable laccase enzyme works well for the decolorization of low pH wool dyeing effluents with the possibility of water reuse.
This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ . by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any media, provided the original work is properly cited. 70] ISO Textiles Physiological effects Measurement of thermal and water vapor resistance under steady state conditions (sweat-protected hot plate test)”.
