@2019 Vien Nghien ciru Xn Do va Tay Nam A T?p chi Ngtii^n cihj An Dp va Chau A So 7 (80), thang 7-2019 httpV/viisa s .va ss.gov. vn ISSN. 0866-7314
Pham Xu3n Cdng. Phdn ung dm My v&i cugc chijnjj;^!}^
Phan ung cua My voi
cuoc chien tranh bien gioi An Do - Trung Quoc nam 1962
Pham Xuan Cong*
Trudng THPT Sd 2 huyin Bdc Ha - Lao Cai
Ngay nhgn bai: 17/04/2019, ngayginphdn bien: 14/06/2019, ngdy duyet dang: 15/07/2019
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uoc chien tranh bien giai An Do - Trung Qudc ndm 1962 la mdt su kien thu hut su chii y tir khdp nai trin thi giai vai nhirng phdn ung rdt khdc nhau. Rieng v&i My, day Id mdt ca hgi tdt di qudc gia nay loi keo An Do ve phia minh. Vi thi. My Id nu&c phdn lings&m nhdt, tich cue nhdt vai nhung tuyen bd ngogi giao, khodn vien trg qudn su, kinh te cho An Do chdng lgi Trung Qudc. Bdi viit tap trung Idm ro phdn ung vd vien trg ciia My cho An Do chdng lgi Trung Qudc trong cugc chiin tranh bien gi&i An - Trung ndm 1962.Tir khda: An Do, chien tranh bien gidi. My, Trrnig Quoc, nam 1962 1. Dat van de
Cimg tua lung vao day Hymalaya himg vT, hai nude lang gidng An Do va Trung ( ^ 6 c von dugc coi la "i^dng" va 'Toi" cd Ijch su tranh chap lanh thd phiic tap, keo dai va la didm nong sudt ban nua the ky qua. Tranh chap trd nen ndng bdng vao cudi thap nien 50 va dau thap nien 60 eua the kj' XX vdi dinh didm la cugc chidn tranh bien gidi vao thang 10 va thang 11/1962 cudp di uen 4000 sinh mang gdm 3.128 ngudi phia An Do va 1.460 ngudi phia Trung Qudc (vnexpress.net). Mac dii cugc chidn xay ra d vimg bien gidi va chi keo dai hon mdt diang nhung hau qua dd lai rdt ldn, ngoai con sd thuang vong va thiet hai ve vat chdt hxc thdi cua hai ben, cugc chien tranh con dd lai nhiine vet thuong khd ban gin trong quan he An - Trung. Mac dii, hai nude c6 nhiing nd luc dd giai qu;it sudt hon 60 nam qua vdi hang chuc cugc gap d nhieu cap do, vdi nhieu thda thuan nhung bien gidi An Dd - Trune Qudc van thudng xuyen c6 xung dot.
Xay ra vao diing didi diem quan he My va Lien Xd dang trong tmh Uang cang thdng do cudc khung hoang ten lira Caribean, nhung chidn tranh bien gidi An Do - Trung Qudc nam 1962 vdn thu hiit su chu y va tao ra nhirng phan ung rat khac nhau tir cpng ddng qudc te. Tir cac qudc gia d cha A chau Phi, My Latinh trong Phong trao Khdng lien ket, cac nude lang gidng cua An Do vii Trune O "
ddn phan iing ciia cac cudng qudc nhu Lien Xd hay My va ddng minh ciia hg. Bai viit tap tmno h " ' tich nhimg phan iing va hgp tac giua M> vdi An Do dudi tac ddng cua cugc chidn tranh bien H '" A Do - Trung Qudc nam 1962.
2. Noi dung
•phamcongbh2@gmail .com
Nghien cim An Do va Chau A. So 7 - 2019, U.26-32
Pham Xuan Cdng. Phdn img cua My v&i cugc chiin tranh...
Cugc chidn tranh bien gidi An Do - Trung Quoc nam 1962 dan den su thay ddi ldn trong chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia An Do ndi chung va quan he An Do - My noi rieng. Trudc cugc chidn nay, quan didm ciia An Dp va My vd viec doi phd vdi moi dedga tir Tmng Qudc khac nhau kha ldn. Trong khi My dat trgng tam vao an ninh tap thd Uong khdng gian xuyen Dai Tay Duong, thi An Do lai chii ydu tap trung vao chinh tri va ngoai giao trong Phong trao Khdng lien ket va cac nude mdi gianh dugc ddc lap. Mat khac. An Do xem quan he qudc phdng My - Pakistan la mdi de dga true tiep den an ninh ciia qudc gia nay. Thang 12/1961, An Dd giai phdng Gga khdi Bd Dao Nha - mgt ddng'minh ciia My trong khoi NATO da gay ra nhtmg phan ling gay gat tir My. Adlai Stevenson, Dai sii My tai Lien hgp Quoc, thdng bao cho Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hgp Qudc rang viec khdng len an hanh dgng xam luge cua An Dd c6 thd khien Lien hgp Quoc ddng cua (Paul M. McGarr). Quan he My - An Do cang cang thdng khi An Do mua may bay chien dau MiG-21 cua Lien Xd. Tuy nhien, khi cugc chien tranh bien gidi An Do - Trung Qudc nam 1962 himg nd, su khac nhau giiia ciic chinh sdch ciia My va An Dd dugc thu hep rat Idn. Tren thuc te, hai nude dudng nhu d trong mdt "Uen minh khdng chinh thuc ", bdi An Dg can mdt "chiic d bdo ve " tir MJ. Con My thi cho rang, van de ciia An Do da tao ra mdt co hdi tuyet vdi cho hg thay ddi dgng luc chinh trj cua An Do. Nen My da ed phan ung nhanh chdng va dirt khoat trudc cac yeu cau cua An Do thdng qua cac khoan vien trg de "keo " An Do tranh xa cdng san, nga ve phia My vii phucmg Tay.
2.1. Ve quan sir
Sau ngay sau khi biing nd cugc chidn, Thu tudng An Dg J. Nehru phat di Idi keu ggi "//d trg vd thdng cdm" den tat ca nguyen thu quoc gia trdn the gidi (trir Bo Dao Nha va Nam Phi) va khang djnh An Do se chien dau nhdm loai bo su lira ddi, che day vii vu lire trong quan he qudc tk (Khalid Javed,1992.p.94).
Ngay 27/10/1962, khi chuyen ddn Tdng thdng My buc thu ciia Thu tudng An Do, Dai su An Dg tai My, B. K. Nehru, ndi vdi Tdng Thdng Kennedy rdng "Sau mdt th&i gian ddi theo dudi chinh sdch hda binh trung lap, Thit tu&ng An Do rdt khd khan de dua ra mgt yeu cdu true tiep ddi v&i cdc logi vU khi tir My" (Khalid Javed, 1992, p.95). Ong hy vgng, Tdng thdng My se cung cap hd Ug quan sutren ca sd thdng cam chu khdng phai vi mdt lien minh. Tdng thdng Kennedy tra Idi, "tdi hieu" vii ndi them rang dng khdng mudn lgi dung "su bdt hgnh" cua An Do de ep budc An Do tham gia vao mdt lidn minh. My se hd trg tren co sd cua su cam thdng... va '"dgi di^n cua chiing tdi se dua nhirng dieu khodn vdo trong cdc chi tiit qudn su" (Michael Brecher. Winter, 1979-1980, p.6I4). Ngay hdm sau, Tdng thdng Kennedy nong nhiet dap lai yeu cdu ciia An Do: ''Chung tdi het long cdm thdng v&i cdc bgn trong tinh trgng nay. Cdc bgn da thi hien sir nhdn nhin vd kien nhdn dn tugng trong viec ddi phd vdi Trung Qudc" (Neville Maxwell, 1971, p.364).
Sau khi nhan dugc buc thu ciia Tdng thong My vdi ngi dung sin sang "cung cdp vien trg". Ngay 29/10/1962, Thu tudng Nehru chinh thiic tuyen bd chap nhan vien trg quan su hj My. An Dg nhan mgt lugng vQ khi Idn cua My, bao gom 12 phi dgi may bay chien dau, hai phi ddi may bay nem bom B-47 do phi hanh doan cua My lai de tdn cdng cac vi tri d Trung Quoc va My giup An Do xay dung mgt la chdn radar cho cac thanh phg eua An Dp (Tracy Lee Steele, 2012). Tdng thdng Kennedy cung da
Nghien cuu An Do va Chau A. So 7 - 2019, U.26-32
Pham Xuan Cdng. Phdn img cm My v&i cugc chienfr^^
nhanh chdng cung cdp mdt so lugng diing kd vu khi hang nh?, siing cdi, dan dugc va cac mat hang khac cho An Do.
Ngay 3/1I/I962, cae may bay My chd vu klii bd binh, siing coi va phao sang ddn Calcutta (An Do). Chi vai ngay sau khi dong y vien trg. My da giii cac thidt hi khan cdp cho quan ddi An Dg. Sau khi giai quydt cugc khung hoang ten lira Cuba (ngay 23/10/1962, Lien Xd nit ten lua khdi Cuba), mgt sd cd van ciia Tdng thong Kennedy hdi thtic true tiep hon "m& rdng hdnh dgng hd trg cua My v&i An Do vd cho rdng do la chdng lgi su bdnh truang cua Trung Qudc khi Lien Xd bi mdc ket a giii<^"
(Khalid Javed, 1992, p.96). Mat khac. My uu tien cung cap dan dugc, vti khi, phuong tien chien tranh cho cac binh sT An Do, ddng y thanh toan tien mua thiet bi quan su bdng ddng Rupee. Mdt phat ngdn vien My cho bidt rdng "dieu ndy da giup do' tuang duang v&i de xudt vien trg" (Khalid Javed, 1992, p.96).
Dai sii My John Kenneth Galbraith de nghi Chinh phu An Do cho phep My do tham tren bau troi tai khu vuc Uanh chdp de cung cap chinh xac ve cugc tan cdng ciia Trung Qudc. Ngay 11/11/1962, Thu tudng Jawaharial Nehru ddng y cho cac hoat ddng do tham vii My dugc phep tiSp nhidn lieu cho may bay trinh sat (U-2) trong khdng phan An Do. Cudi thang 11/1962, Biet dgi G da ddn Ta Khii (viing Ddng Bac An Do) de thuc hien cac chuyen bay tren khu vuc bien gidi An Do - Trung Quoc. Do didu kien thdi tiet mua ddng qua khac nghiet vdi nhiet do rat thdp vii gid manh, chuyen bay ddu tien phai liii tdi tan ngay 5/12/1962. Thdi tiet xau vii khdng khi nhieu loan can trd nhiem vu niiy, chi cd cd thd chup anh dugc 67% eac khu vuc muc tieu. Chuyen thu hai vao ngay 10/12 da thanh cdng han, nhung U-2 bi ddng bang dudng nhien lieu va phiii chuyen qua dgng ca boat ddng thd. Chuyen khdng van dau tien vdi cac loai vO khi co ddng de sir dung tai Khu vuc Bien gidi Ddng Bde (NEFA) tri gia hang tri$u USD dugc hoan thanh vao ngay 12/11/1962. (Michael Brecher, Winter, 1979 - 1980 p.616).
Ngay 14/11, thdng qua mgt cdng ham. My thong bao cho An Do rdng hg da chudn bi cung cdp vien trg ngay lap tiic cho An Dg de phdng thii chdng lai su tdn cdng cua Trung Qudc vdi didu kien An Do phai ddng y rang cac thidt hi quan su se dugc tra lai My khi khdng can thidt cho viec chdng lai Trung Qudc. An Do cung da ddng y chg phep My cd quydn thanh tra va hua se chi sir dung cac thiet bi quan su vao viec chong lai Trung Quoc, khdng sd dung cho muc dich khac (Khalid Javed, 1992 n 96)
Giua thang 11/1962, khi quan Trung Qudc tidn quan theo hudng viing ddng bdng Assam Chinh phu An Dg trd nen "bi dgng". Nhidu quan chirc quan sir An Dg cho rdng, neu khdng cd su aiiio dd ciia luc lugng vu trang My thi quan ddi Trung Quoc se tiep tuc tien sau vao An Do. Tudng B M K 1 - ngudi chi huy tai bien gidi viing Dong Bac (NEFA) da de nghj: "'•Qudn dgi nuac ngodi nen duac '' din vd trg giup qudn ddi An Dg td chirc cugc tdn cdng lan tren ddy Himalaya; Tuang Gidi Tha h ' Hdn Qudc cdn phdi tdn cdng Trung Qudc v&i su giiip da My; mu&i su doan m&i phdi dugc tdnp vd dua vdo hogt ddng trong vdng 12 thdng tai" (Neville Maxwell (1971), p.394).
Bd trudng Kinh te va Hgp tac quoc phdng An Do T.T. Krishnamaehari da chinh thuc V^T> ,-' i-. •
^ ^ cau Dai sii My cho may bay tiem kich danh chan de bao ve bang Calcutta tranh khdi mgi kha nang nem h Trune Qudc, cung nhu mdt khoan vay niia ty USD. Ngay hdm sau, cac quan chiic An Dd ven ns
> . , , j'-u cau mav bay van tai cua My do cac phi hanh doan My dieu khien chuyen quan ddi An Do tir bien gioi Pak' Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 7 - 2019, tr.26-32
Pham Xuan Cdng. Phdn ung ciia My vai cugc chien tranh...
den NEFA. Liic ddu, Thii tudng Nehru mien cuong keu ggi cae luc lugng vii trang nude ngoai ddn bao ve An Dd. Tuy nhien, ngay 19/11, dng cam thay bat bugc phai keu ggi sir can thiep true tidp eiia My vao cugc chien. Ngudi dan An Dd dii tin rang chinh phii ciia hg khdng thd bao ve ddt nude va tdt nhien la khdng thd bao ve hg. Trong ngay hdm do, Dai su Galbraith ghi trong nhat ky ciia minh: "£)d la ngdy cuoi Cling trong su hodng logn a Delhi, ldn ddu tien tdi timg chung kiin su tan rd ciia tinh thdn cdng chung. Ndi sg hdi bao triim trong bdu khdng khi vd nhiing tin don nhu: nguai Trung Qudc da chiim Tezpur, tham chi linh du Trung Qudc dugc thd xudng thu dd, Tu&ng Kaul dd bi bdt Idm tu binh"
(Michael Brecher, Winter, 1979 - 1980, p.617).
Ngay 20/11/1962, trong hai thdng diep tuyet vgng gui ddn Washington, New Delhi tim kiem can thiep phdng thu day dii bdi luc lugng khdng quan My. Thu tudng Nehru da keu ggi khan cdp su can thiep tir My vdi cac phi dgi jnay bay nem bom va may bay chidn ddu chong lai Trung Qudc. Kd hoach ciia dng la cac may bay My se td chiic cac tran danh chong lai quan ddi Trung Quoc tren lanh tho An Do de bao ve cac thanh pho ciia An Do neu khdng quan Trung Quoc tdn cdng. Ben canh dd, Thii hiong Nehru keu ggi My "chuyen giao ngay lap tux: mu&i bdn phi dgi may bay chiin ddu cua My di bdo ve cdc thdnh phd phia Bdc An Dd vd ba phi ddi may bay nem bom giiip khdng qudn An Do tdn cdng du&ng liin Igc ciia Trung Qudc " (Michael Brecher, Winter, 1979 -1980, p. 617).
Tdng thdng Kennedy khdng mudn true tiep can thiep vao cugc chien tranh Trung Quoc - An Do bang viec giri quan dpi My tham chien. Nhung trudc loi keu ggi giiip dd mgt each tuyet vgng ciia Nehru, dng da phai mdt tau san bay My den vjnh Bengal. Ddng thdi da dua ra canh bao tdi Trung Qudc: "Neu Trung Qudc tien them nira My se bugc phdi tham gia" (Khalid Javed, 1992, p.98). Ngay trudc khi tau san bay den vinh Bengal, Trung Quoc da tuyen bo don phuong ngimg ban va rut quan.
Thu tudng Nehru cho rang hai yen to de Trung Quoc dua ra lenh ngimg ban va riit Iui la: "Mgt Id, nguai ddn An Do bdt nga ddy lin su tux: gidn - mgt su gidn dir chua timg cd. Hai la, tdc do cdc phdn img cua My" (Khalid Javed, 1992, p.98).
Cimg thdi gian nay, Thu tudng Nehru ciing de nghi My cung cap may bay van tai va mgt phan yeu cau cua dng da dugc dap ung. My gui cho An Do 12 may bay C-130 cimg vdi phi cdng ngudi My, dugc sii dung dd van chuyen binh linh va trang thiet bi quan su cua An Do. Tdng thdng Kennedy cung da gui den An Do mdt dgi ngu cac cd van cap cao cua Bg Ngoai giao va Lau Nam gdc, dung dau la Trg ly Ngoai trudng ve cac van de Vien Ddng - William Averell Harriman. Tat cii bd phan hanh chinh cua cac co quan Nhii nude va Bg Qudc phdng deu co dai dien trong phai doan Harriman. Phai doan dugc phai ddn nham: Mgt Id, ddnh gid yeu cdu thuc te ciia An Dg. Hai la, nghien cuu nhirng tdc dgng cd the cua vien trg My t&i mdi quan he v&i Pakistan. Ba Id, chung to su iing hg cua My ddi v&i An Do vd nhu vdy gid t&i Trung Qudc mgt "tin hieu rdn de" (Khalid Javed, 1992. p.99).
2.2. Ve ngogi giao
Ben canh keu ggi vien trg quan su, Thii tudng Nehru cung dii yeu cau su hgp tac ngoai giao tir Chinh phu M$' va ciing nhan dugc su dap lai het sue ndng nhiet. Su kien ngoai giao dau tien chinh Iii lap trudng ciia My ddi vdi nhiing tuyen bd vd bien gidi ciia An Do trong khu vuc phia Ddng dugc Dai sirMy t?i An Do Galbraith duara vao ngay 27/10/1962, "du&ng McMahon Id bien giai qudc te dugc
Nghidn ciiu An Do va Chau A. Sd 7 - 2019, tr.26-32
Pham Xuan Cdng. Phdn img cua My v&i cugc chierjH cdng nhdn vd dugc chdp thuan bdng viec sir dung hi$n tgi. Theo dd, chimg tdi coi nd nhu Id biif 8'^' phia Bdc cua viing NEFA " {(Michael Brecher. Winter. 1979 -1980. p.l65).
Trong mgt cugc tranh luan tai Lidn Hgp Quoc, Adlai Stevenson, dai dien ciia My da ndi: "Trung Qudc Id mdt chi do ddc tdi, tu tu&ng vd muc dich cua nd la quyin luc. Nd Id chu nghia de q^oc mai, chil nghia thuc ddn moi dang tim cdch tgo ra mgt di che mai, khdng chi & chau A vd phd huy hy vong tirdo tren todn thi giai (ML. Sad, 1998. p.95).
Thii hidng Nehru ciing yeu cau My dam bao rdng Pakistan khdng gay hdn hoac tdn cdng An Dd khi chidn tranh An Do - Trung Qudc dien ra. Dap lai, Tdng thdng Kennedy da giii phai vien tdi Pakistan dam phan. Dac biet, Dai su My tai Pakistan, McConaughy cung da no luc dd lanh dao Pakistan bao dam se khdng tdn cdng An Do trong khi cugc chidn Uanh An Do - Trung Qudc dang dien ra. Ong da gap Bg trudng Ngoai giao Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Bogra tai Rawalpindi dd xac nhan Idi cam kdt chinh thirc. Muhammad Ali da nhdt tri rang Trung Qudc chinh la mdt mdi de dga ldn ban Nga va An Do khdng cd gi phai lo ngai tir phia Pakistan. Ong cung ndi vdi Dai su My rdng mgt khi tranh chdp tai Kashmir dugc giai quyet, ca An Do vit Pakistan cd the cung hgp tac chong lai cac de dga cua cgng san tir phia Bdc (Khalid Javed, 1992, p. 135).
2.3. vi kinh ti
Trudc nam 1959, khi quan he giira Trung Qudc va An Dg suy thoai, hgp tac kinh te An Do - My chu ydu nhdm chdng lai Trung Qudc. My tin rang cac qudc gia chau A quyet djnh di theo che do cgng san hay khdng cdng san se bi chi phoi rat nhieu khi hg so sanh nhirng tien bd kinh te dugc thuc hien theo he thdng dan chu d An Do vdi he thong cdng san d Trung Qudc (Khalid Javed, 1992, p.59). Tir nam 1959, khi giiia An Do va Trung Qudc xay ra nhiing tranh chap va dung do tren bien gidi, quan he kinh te giiia An Dd va My cd mgt su thay ddi ldn. Vien trg kinh te ciia My cho An Do da tang len manh me. My mudn An Do trd thanh ddi trgng vdi Trung Qudc. My khuyen khich An Do chong lai Trung Qudc bang ciich tang vien trg kinh te cho An Do. Thugng nghi sT Sparkman, Chu tjch Uy ban Ddi ngoai My, nhan xet vao thang 6/1962: "Chiing tdi biit ngay luc ndy An Dg dang bi thuc ep vd rdt khd khan chdng lgi cgng sdn Trung Qudc tren bien giai phia Ddng Bdc. Ong cho rdng nd se Id khdng khdn ngoan khi ngdn cdn An Do bdng cdch giam vien trg. Hien nay. An Do dang van ddng theo huang md chung ta dd mong muon trong mgt thai gian ddi" (Khalid Javed, 1992, p. 136).
Cac con sd cho thay rang, da cd mdt su gia tang ldn trg giiip kinh te tir My cho An Do. Neu trong 12 nam (tir nam 1947 den giua nam 1959), My chi mdi cung cdp vien trg kinh td cho An Dg khoang l,7ty USD, thi chi trong 4 nam (1959 - 1961), vien trg kinh td cua My cho An Do da la4ty USD Mv dudng nhu tuan theo nguyen tdc "ki thii ciia ke thu cua ta Id ban ta". Ngudi Trung Qu6c ket luan rdng: "An Do chdng Trung Qudc ngdy cdng mgnh han Id do sir gia tdng vien trg tir My; su gia tdng vien trg ty le thuan vai viec Chinh phu Nehru "phuc vu " chu nghia di qudc My vd chdng adi Trung Qudc" (Khalid Javed 1992, pl37).
Bk cap ddn mdi quan he giffa vien trg kinh te My va chinh sach chong Trung Qu6c ciia An D ' Red Flag nhan xet vao ngay 1/4/1963 rdng "An Do Id mgt trong nhirng nu&c dd nhdn dugc s6 tiin vien trg lan nhdt tir My. Din cudi thdng 7/1962 Chinh phu Nehru dd nhan dugc han 6,5 ty USD vtin tra / ' My. Trong do, hon mdt nira dugc nhdn sau khi An Dg tra nen ddi khdng han vai Trung Qi,^^ ^^ ' .
Nghidn ciiu An Do va Chau A. So 7 - 2019, tr.26-32
Pham Xuan Cdng. Phdn img ciia My vai cuoc chiin tranh...
1959" (Khalid Javed. 1992, p.l37). TdNhan dan Nhat bao (People' Daily) eiia Trung Quoc sd ra ngay 27/10/1962, dua ra nhan xet rdng "Phdn tich cdc sd lieu vien trg ciia My cho An Do cung nhu viec My kiem sodt cdc td chirc tdi chinh qudc te trong 10 ndm qua cho thdy viec vien trg cho An la mgt thuac do ddi v&i chinh sdch ddi ngogi ciia Chinh phii Nehru vd dgc biet Id chinh sdch chdng lgi Trung Quoc". "Thdng ke cho thdy trong giai dogn tir ndm 1949 den hit nira ddu ndm 1956, vien trg cua My cho An Do len tai 789.100.000 USD, trung binh 105.200.000 USD/ndm. Trong giai dogn tir niea cudi ndm 1956 din hit nira ddu ndm 1959, khi cdc chinh sdch ddi ngogi cita Chinh pha Nehru cd su diiu chinh, vien trg ciia My din An Dg la 1.936.700.000 USD, trung binh 645.500.000 USD/ndm. Vd trong khodng thai gian tic nua cudi ndm 1959 din cudi thdng 7/1962 co nghia Id sau khi Chinh phu Nehru da khudy ddng chien dich chdng lgi Trung Qudc, vien trg cua My cho An Do Id 3.872.000.000 USD, trung binh hdng ndm 1.290.800.000 USD" (Khalid Javed, 1992,p.l37).
Mac dii ngiiy 2I/11/1962, Trung Qudc tuyen bo ngimg chien va rut quan nhung My va Anh khdng vi the ma ngiing trien khai cae cam kdt vien trg chg An Do. Chi vai ngay sau sir yeu cdu cua Nehru, cac quan chuc Anh va My da gap nhau tai Washington dd thao luan vd cac muc tieu ciia hg. Ddi vdi chinh sach Khdng lien ket ciia An Do, hg mudn mdt su thay doi trong thai do hon la su thay ddi ciia chinh sach. Muc tieu ciia hg khdng phai de tieu diet hoan toan chinh sach Khdng lien ket ciia An Do. Kennedy dang mudn sii dung ngdn ngii trung lap dk md ta didu kien thay doi quan he An - My. "Cdc dieu khodn lien minh vd vien trg qudn su de thdy tranh duac.
Nguoi My vd ngu&i Anh tin rdng mgt trong nhiing muc tieu ngu&i Trung Qudc trong cugc xung dot da de 16 nhiing sai lam Khdng lien kit cua An Do, chung minh rdng An Do da thuc su nghieng ve phuang Toy" (Tracy Lee Steele, 2012).
3. Ket luan
Cugc chien tranh bien gidi An Do - Trung Qudc nam 1962 da gay ra nhiing he luy to Idn khong chi trong quan hp song phuang An - Trung Qudc ma con tiic dgng sau sac den quan he qudc te. Trai ngugc vdi su do du va liing tiing ciia Lien Xd, My phan ung rat nhanh vii rdt tich eyre vdi nhung dd nghi hd trg tir phia An Do.
Trudc dd, quan he An - My cdn kha each biet nhung cugc chien tranh bien gidi An Do - Tmng Qudc xay ra la co hdi de xoa di su each biet do, tham chi bien An Do vii My trd thanh ddng minh khdng chinh thuc. My la nude cd phan ung ngoai giao gan nhu sdm nhat va ngay lap tiic the hien su thdng cam vdi An Do. Cac phan ung tiic thdi dugc dua ra the hien su cam thdng va san sang giiip do An Dg.
Nhiing phan iing ngoai giao, nhiing khoan vien trg quan su, kinh te ciia My ngay lap tiic dugc chuyen tdi An Dg da tac dgng rat Idn den cue dien cugc chien tranh bien gidi An Dd - Trung Qudc. Mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan quan trgng huge Trung Qudc sdm riit quan chinh la nhung phan ling manh me tir My. Mat khac, phan ung cua My cung tac dgng den quan diem ciia Lien Xd vdi chien tranh An Do - Trung Qudc. Tir chd iing hd Trung Quoc, hy vgng Trung Qudc ung hd minh trong cugc ddi dau vdi My tai Cuba, Lien Xd da nhanh chdng chuyen sang trung lap vii dan img hd An Dg, len iin Trung Qudc. Nhirng vien trg ciia My cho An Do cung liim ran nut quan he giiia My vdi ddng minh quan trgng tai Nam A la Pakistan. Pakistan khong hai long vdi quyet djnh
Nghien ciiu An Dg va Chau A. Sd 7 - 2019, tr.26-32 31
Pham Xu3n Cong. Phdn img cua My vai cuoc dji^JlE^S^
vien trg cua My cho An Dp vi !o sa qu6c gia nay dugc dung dS chong lai minh. Dong thoi Pa^ ^ tien gSn hon trong quan he vai Trung Qu6c bang viec k</ hiep uac phan dinh bien giai gi^a hai ^ vao nam 1963, trong do co viec chia nhau vdng Kashmir con tranh chap vai An Dp.
Tai lieu tham kliao
1 Tracy Lee Steele (2012), Tlte Poiitics Of Anglo-American Aid To Nonaligned Indi", " ' Electronic Journal of International History - Article 7.
2. Khalid Javed (1992), Tiie Sino - Indian War of 1963 and the United States: A study of Indo-US collaboration against China, A Dissertation submit red. In partial fulfilment or the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in U.S. Studies, to the Area Study Center for Africa, Worth and South America, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad (Pakistan).
3. Michael Brecher, Non-Alignment Under Stress: The West and the India-China Border War, Pacific Affairs. Vol. 52, No. 4 (Winter, 1979-1980), pp.612-630.
4. M.L. Sail (1998), India China boder dispute, S. B. Nangia A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
5. Neville Maxwell (1971), India's China War, Jaman H. Shah Jaico Publishing house, Bombay.
6. Paul M. McGart, The United States, Britain and the Sino-Indian border war. University of Nottingham.
7. S.K. Bhutani (2012), "Sino-Indian War, 1962 and the Role of Great Powers", Journal of Defence Studies, Vol-6, Issue-4, pp.109-124.
8. Mot thang giao tranh bien giii Trung-An nam 1962, https://vnexpress.net/the-gioi/raot-thang-giao- tranh-bien-gioi-trung-an-nam-1962-3616334.html, ngay truy cap 28/3/2019.
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. S6 7 - 2019, tr.26-32
