THONG TIN - TRAO DOI
CAC BIEN PHAP NHAM THU^C HIEN CHIEN LlTOC BAO VE MOI TRirOfNG CUA TRUNG QUOC "
DO MINH CAO*
I. CHU TRU'ONG, CHINH SACK CUA TRUNG QUOC VE BAO VE MOI TRU'OfNG
Dang, Chinh phii, nhan dan Trung Qudc hieu ra't rd nguy ca ciia tinh trang d nhilm mdi trudng va tac ddng cua nd ddi vdi phat trien xa hdi va su quan ly phat trien xa hdi cua da't nudc minh. Vi the hg hieu rd can thiet phai cd mdt chien luge bao ve mdi trudng, va tren thuc te, va'n de bao ve mdi trudng da dugc de cap tir nhieu nam trudc Dai hdi Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc Idn thii XVn.
Ngay tii nam 1983, bao ve mdi trudng da dirge Dang va Nha nudc Trung Qudc coi la qudc sach. Nam 1994, Nha nudc da ban hanh
"Luat bao ve mdi trudng nudc CHND Trung Hoa", coi day la chii the ciia he thdng phap luat bao ve mdi trudng, va thang 3 - 1994, Chinh phii da phe chuan va ban hanh "Sach trdng ve phat trien va dan so, bao ve mdi trudng". Cung trong nam 1994, theo sang kien ciia Lien hgp qudc, Trung Qudc da soan thao mdt ke hoach tdng the thuc hien bao ve mdi trudng trong Chuang trinh Nghi su 21 ciia Trung Qudc (China Agenda 21).
Nam 1996, Trung Qudc bat d^u cdng bd va thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam ve bao ve mdi trudng. Nam 1998, Ca quan quan tri Mdi trudng nha nudc (State Environmental Protection Administration - SEPA) dugc nang len ca'p Bd va cd nhieu quyen ban ban, vdi ngan sach khoang 1% GDP nham muc tieu cha'm diit tinh trang suy thoai mdi trudng vao nam 2010'.
Trudc dd, nam 1982, trong Hien phap Trung Qudc siia doi da cd dieu khoan quan trgng lien quan den va'n de bao ve mdi trudng.
Dieu 26 ciia Hien phap neu rd: "Nha nudc cd nhiem vu bao ve va cai thien mdi trudng sd'ng cua ngudi dan va he sinh thai, ngan ngira va
kiem soat d nhidm va cac nguy hiem cdng cdng, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien va ddng vat hoang da". Cho den nay, Trung Qudc da ban hanh 6 bd luat ve bao ve tai nguyen, 29 bd dieu le bao ve mdi trudng, ban 70 quy che, va tren 900 bd dieu le cua dia phuongl
Nhirng nam gan day, d nhilm mdi trudng trd thanh mdt trong nhung va'n de dugc quan tam hang dau trong chien luge phat trien kinh te cua Trung Qudc. Ngay 17 va 18-4-2006, tai Bdc Kinh da di6n ra Hdi nghi toan qudc bao ve mdi trudng. Tai day Thii tudng On Gia Bao neu rd: "Chiing ta phai nhan thiic day dii su phiic tap ciia tinh hinh mdi trudng trong nudc, tha'y dugc tinh nghiem trgng va tinh thdi su cua viec tang cudng cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng xung quanh". Theo Thii tudng On Gia Bao, trong ke hoach 5 nam Ian thii X (2001- 2005), Trung Qudc da dat dugc nhieu muc tieu phat trien kinh te da't nudc nhung chua dat dugc nhirng chi so chinh ciia viec bao ve mdi trudng. "Bao ve mdi trudng la mdt khau yeu trong phat trien kinh te - xa hdi ciia Trung Qudc. Nguyen nhan chinh ciia viec nay la chiing ta khdng chii y day du den viec bao ve mdi trudng, nhiing bien phap tang trudng kinh te tich cue, kiem soat yeu kem viec thuc hien luat bao ve tu nhien".
Chinh phii Trung Qudc xac dinh: de thuc hien tdt viec bao ve mdi trudng trudc het phai cd dugc mdt hanh lang phap ly vdi nhirng luat va chinh sach cu the lam nen tang thuc hien cdng cudc khd khan nay. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh thuc hien luat mdi trudng, Trung Qudc ciing nhan ra rdng, viec la la trong bao ve mdi trudng va khdng tuan thii nghiem ngat luat mdi trudng la mdt trong nhung nguyen nhan lam cho d nhilm mdi trudng d Trung Qudc ngay cang tram trgng.
Do Minh Cao, TS, Vifn Nghien cuu Trung Quoc.
D6 Minh Cao - NhCmg bien phap nham thuc hien chien lUdc bao ve moi trudng Ngay 14-3-2006, tai cudc hgp bao nhan ket
thiic ky hgp thii 4 khoa X ciia Qudc hdi Trung Qudc, Thii tudng On Gia Bao ndi, Trung Qudc can ap dung nhung bien phap thuc tiln trong cudc da'u tranh chdng d nhilm mdi trudng, khdng nen theo Idi cii la gay d nhilm mdi trudng rdi sau dd mdi xir ly: "Chiing ta nen danh nhirng day niii xanh va nudc sach cho con chau chiing ta". Thii tudng cho rdng, trong thdi gian tdi thay vi chi tap trung phat trien kinh te, Trung Qudc can chii y bao tdn nang lugng va bao ve mdi trudng. Trung Qudc se that chat viec thi hanh luat va bao ve mdi trudng song song vdi luat se thi hanh nghiem ngat chinh sach cdng nghiep, dac biet la xii ly tirng budc d nhilm nudc, khdng khi va dat.
Nhiem vu ma Dai hdi Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc Ian thii XVII trao cho toan dan thuc hien trong nhirng nam tdi day, chinh la viec tiep tuc chien luge bao ve mdi trudng mang tinh ke thira cua nudc nay ngay tir nhiing nam dau tien hanh cai each md cira.
Gidng nhu bat ky mdt linh vuc chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi nao khac, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach va thuc hien bao vd mdi trudng cung c^n xac dinh rd dugc phuang hudng, muc tieu va de ra dugc nhung giai phap thuc hi6n. Viec hoach dinh chinh sach bao ve mdi trudng vdi nhung dieu cu the quy dinh trong hien phap nha nudc, cac bd luat rieng, nhung bd dieu le, quy che, bd dieu luat dia phuang, tren thuc te mdi chi la budc khdi dau, la nen tang phap ly de cac ca quan cu the va nhung con ngudi cu the tim ra nhung giai phap hiru hieu de thuc hien chung. Day chinh la khau quan trgng nha't thiic day bao ve mdi trudng ciia Trung Qudc tii miic do thap tdi miic do cao. Su van ddng trong nhan thiic ve bao ve mdi trudng, su hoan thien dan ca che va nen tang phap ly ve bao ve mdi trudng the hien rd su phat trien ve mat ly luan cua va'n de cd y nghia quan trgng ddi vdi su phat trien ciia qudc gia ndi chung va ciia va'n de bao ve mdi trudng ndi rieng. Nhung lam the nao de nhirng y tudng, chii truang chinh sach bien thanh hien thuc lai can den mdt cdng cu khac mang tinh thuc tiln, cd nghia la can den mdt nghe thuat quan tri phat trien vdi nhurig bien
phap cu the, nhu dugc de cap tai phdn dudi day.
n. NHUNG BifiN FRAP THUC HIEN CfflfiN LUOC B A O Vfi MOI T R U 6 N G
1. Tang cirdng hoan thien nganh bao ve mdi trudng
Bao ve mdi trudng la nganh mdi xua't hien d Trung Qudc. Nganh bao ve mdi trudng bao gdm phat trien ky thuat, san xua't san pham, luu thdng san pham, sir dung tai nguyen, dich vu thdng tin va thau khoan cdng trinh,... lien quan mat thiet tdi mdi trudng.
Nganh bao ve mdi trudng dugc Trung Qudc xep vao ITnh vuc uu tien va danh cho nganh nhung chinh sach uu dai trong cac ITnh vuc dau tu, gia ca, thue,... Hien nay, Trung Qudc cd ban 100 nghin dan vi chuyen trach hoac ban chuyen trach ve bao ve mdi trudng, trong dd cd ban 8.500 doanh nghiep, hon 1.500 don vi su nghiep (bao gdm ca cac Vien, Sd nghien ciiu khoa hgc,...) vdi ban 1,8 trieu ngudi lam viec. Tong gia tri ciia nganh bao ve mdi trudng ik 108 ty Nhan dan te (NDT), cd tai san cd dinh tri gia la 45,011 ty NDT, tdng gia tri san lugng hang nam la 31,248 ty NDT, lgi nhuan la 4,091 ty NDT, miic tang trudng hang nam ciia nganh bao ve mdi trudng la 15%.
Trung Qudc da thuc thi 4 bien phap cu the Idn nham phat trien nganh bao ve mdi trudng:
Mot Id, thiet lap va hoan thien chinh sach cho nganh bao ve mdi trudng. Nha nudc cdng bd danh muc khuyen khich phat trien nganh;
thiet lap va hoan thien chinh sach uu dai, miln giam thue, sir dung tdng hgp tai nguyen;
xay dung va hoan thien che do thu phi xii ly rac, nudc thai thanh phd, dieu chinh ti6u chuan thu phi xir ly rac thich hgp de thoa man nhu cdu van chuyen va xay dung cdng trinh xu ly rac, nudc thai thanh phd. Cac vung cd dieu kien phai xay dung quy phat trien cho nganh bao ve mdi trudng.
Hai Id, day nhanh viec phat trien khoa hgc ky thuat bao ve mdi trudng, dua nhung va'n de khoa hgc cdng nghe Idn cua nganh bao ve mdi trudng vao trong ke hoach dau tu thudng
m
NQhien ciru Phat then ben vurnQ, s6.1 (26) - ThanQ 3/2010Dd Minh Cao - NhCmg bien phap nham thuc hien chien luge bao ve moi trudng nien; tang cudng xay dung nang luc ky thuat
mdi cho doanh nghidp bao ve mdi trudng, tang cudng dau tu vao sang tao ky thuat mdi;
thiic day ban nfta viec kd't hgp "nghien ciiu khoa hgc vdi san xua't"; day manh viec chuyen giao cac ket qua nghien ciiu khoa hgc ky thuat bao ve mdi trudng vao san xua't; ddy nhanh viec ling dung va md rdng khoa hgc ky thuat bao ve mdi trudng tien tien; tang nhanh tien trinh ndi dia hda cac trang thiet bi va cac cdng nghe then chdt cua nganh bao ve mdi trudng, xay dung he thdng quan ly hieu qua nganh bao ve mdi trudng trong nudc. La'y ndi dia hda trang thid't bi va cdng nghe then chdt cua nganh bao ve mdi trudng lam ndi dung quan trgng trong ke hoach sang tao ky thuat mdi ciia Nha nudc.
Ba Id, tang cudng quan ly, giam sat, bdi dudng va chuan hda thi trudng nganh bao ve mdi trudng. Nha nudc da chi dao cac ca'p, cac nganh van dung tdng hgp cac bien phap kinh te, phap luat va hanh chinh cdn thiet de xay dung mdt thi trudng bao ve mdi trudng thdng nha't, md ciia, canh tranh lanh manh va cd trat
tii.
Bdn la, nghien ciiu xdy dung ca che phat trien nganh bao ve mdi trudng phii hgp vdi yeu cdu ciia the che kinh te thi trudng xa hdi chu nghTa.
2. Nhftng bien phap cu the nham thuc hien chien luge bao ve mdi trudng Trong kg' hoach phat trien kinh te-xa hdi Trung Qudc 5 nam Idn thii XI, Trung Qudc dat ra nhung nhiem vu mdi trudng chii yeu:
giam bdt sii dung nang lugng theo dan vi GDP xud'ng 20% so vdi cudi ke hoach 5 nam Ian thii X, ban che 10% chat thai ddc hai va tang dien tich che phu riing ttr 18,2% len 20%
dien tich ddt nudc^.
De thuc hien nhftng muc tieu nay, chuang trinh hanh ddng vi mdi trudng ciia Trung Qudc trong nhung nam ke hoach 5 nam Idn thu: XI va sau dd se tap trung vao cac giai phap chinh la hoan thien ca che chinh sach va hanh lang phap ly; coi trgng cdng tac phdng chdng d nhilm, thiic day cac luc lugng thi trudng, khuyen khich ddu tu vao cdng nghe
san xuat sach va thuc hien chinh sach dieu tiet hieu qua.
1} Xay difng vd hodn thien chinh sdch vd ca che bdo ve moi trudng khoa hoc, rd rdng, chi tiet vd eii the. Chi cd tren ca sd luat phap mdi dam bao dugc quyen va nghTa vu ciia tat ca cac ddi tugng trong xa hdi ddng gdp siic manh tdng hgp mdi day manh mdt each hieu qua nhung chii truang chinh sach mang tinh chien luge da de ra.
2) Coi trgng cong tdc phdng chdng, uu tien nhOng gidi phdp phdng chdng 6 nhiim mdi trudng. Thuc hien td't cdng tac nay khdng gay lang phi cho xa hdi va nang cao dugc hieu qua ciia cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng. Trung Qudc chil truong khdng nen de gay ra d nhilm rdi mdi tim giai phap kiem soat d nhilm. Viec thay ddi quan dilm coi trgng khia canh mdi trudng trong hoat ddng kinh te va xay dung ca ban cd y nghia ly luan va thuc tiln cao. Trong ba't ky mdt thiet ke du an phat trien nao ciia Trung Qudc hien nay, khia canh mdi trudng la tieu chi bdt budc phai dugc xem xet ngang bang vdi tinh kha thi va hieu qua kinh te cd the ciia du an. Tuy nhien trong qua trinh thuc hien, nhirng tdn tai trong cdng tac nay vdn tiep tuc the hien ddi hdi Trung Qudc phai tinh den. Viec de xay ra cac vu ngd ddc thuc pham, dac biet la vu sira nhilm cha't ddc melamine dugc phat hien thang 10/2008 chinh la mdt vi du dien hinh cua viec phdng ngira chua td't trong khau lam chinh sach ciia Trung Qudc.
3) Khi thue hien chien lucre bdo ve moi trudng phdi co ducfc nhiing khdu dot phd quan trgng. Viec hinh thanh va thuc day tdt nganh bao ve mdi trudng vdi tu each la mdt nganh cd ddi tugng cu the, cd tu each phap nhan, cd quy che va ngudn luc phat trien giiip day nhanh va tien viing chdc su nhiep bao ve mdi trudng ciia dat nudc.
Ddng thdi vdi viec hinh thanh phat trien manh nganh bao ve mdi trudng Trung Qudc cdn tien hanh thdng ke sinh thdi. Bai hgc kinh nghiem thdng ke, danh gia sinh thai khdng chi giiip Trung Qudc hieu rd cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng ciia minh dang d diem phat trien
NQhien ciru Phat trien ben vurnQ. so 1 (26) - ThanQ 3/2010
Do Minh Cao - NhOrng bien phap nham thuc hien chien lUdc bao ve moi trudng ...
nao trong nudc ma cdn thay rd vi tri cua cdng tac nay trong bdi canh qudc te ndi chung.
Thdng k6 sinh thai cua Trung Qudc hien dang sir dung cac tieu chi sau:
- Khdi lugng chat thai d nhilm tinh theo so lugng theo khu vuc kinh te;
- Chi phi thuc tiln bao ve mdi trudng tinh theo khu vuc kinh te;
- Chi phi du trii nham khde phuc tac ddng xau cua d nhilm theo khu vuc kinh te;
- San phdm cdng nghiep bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien;
- Thue, tien nop va tien ddu tu sinh thai;
- Ngudn va su thay ddi ve ngudn bieu hien theo con sd va gia tri ciia rirng, nudc khoang, ngudn nang lugng, chinh sach, dat dai,...
- Ddng cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien dugc sir dung theo cac nganh bieu hien bang so lugng va gia tri;
- Danh gia gia tri su xud'ng cap ciia mdi trudng; cac chi so vT md da dugc dieu chinh (vi du GDP "xanh", thu nhap qudc dan hay su bao tdn dn dinh).
Tai Trung Qudc, ngudi ta cho rang de chuyen doi thanh cdng sang phat trien ben viing cdn phai tien hanh dieu chinh GDP theo hudng sinh thai va dieu dd se giiip td't ban cho viec phat trien cd ke hoach va the hien rd ban biic tranh cac qua trinh dang diln ra trong nudc. Nam 2004 viec san xuat ra cac san phdm tai Trung Qudc da phai chi phi ngudn nang lugng gap 4,3 Idn so vdi My, 7,7 Idn so vdi Diic va Phap , 11, 5 Ian so vdi Nhdt Ban.
Nam 2004, GDP ciia Trung Qudc chiem 4,4%
GDP the gidi nhung de tao dugc sd GDP nay Trung Qudc da phai sir dung tdi 7,4% tdng lugng ddu, 31% than, 30% quang sdt va 27%
thep can cua the gidi.
Tiir 1949 den 1997, GDP cua Trung Qudc tang len gap 10 Ian nhung sd lugng khoang san dugc sir dung tang len 40 Idn. Tit 1990 den 2001, sir dung ddu lira tang 100% (tiir 118 trieu tan len 235 trieu tan), nhu cdu khi tu nhien tang len 40%, sir dung thep can tang 143%, sir dung ddng tang 189%. Mdt sd nha khoa hgc cho rang: cd tir 3% den 7% GDP
m
duac tao ra tai Trung Qudc la do cai gia phai tra vi su xud'ng cdp cua mdi trudng. Nhu vdy trong 10 nam phat trien, hdng nam phai sii dung tdi 40% dd'n 60% GDP de khdi phuc sinh thai''.
Thdng ke nay giiip Trung Qudc dua ra dugc nhirng giai phap tich cue de phat trien GDP "xanh", cai thien nhanh mdi trudng ciia minh.
4) Huy dgng tdi da site manh tdng hgp cho chien luc/c bdo ve moi trudng
Dieu nay dugc the hien tren nhieu phuang dien. Trong dd, quan trgng ban ca la: (i) nganh bao ve mdi trudng b Trung Qudc dugc phat trien tai td't ca cac cap tir trung uong den cac ca sd san xudt; (ii) Trung Qudc huy ddng, ddng vien dam bao quyen lgi va nghTa vu cua toan dan trong su nghiep quan trgng nay, va (iii) Trung Qudc cdng tac chat che vdi cac td chiic qudc te, cac nudc trong khu vuc trong van de bao ve mdi trudng.
5) Mot sdkinh nghiem vd bdi hgc cho quan ly phdt trien thong qua bdo ve moi trudng
- Bien phdp thay the:
Trung Qudc tich cue sir dung bien phap nay tai nhieu khau quan trgng trong chudi xich bao ve mdi trudng. De duy tri tang trudng kinh te tdc do cao trong nhieu nam lien, Trung Qudc sir dung nhieu ngudn nang lugng; trong dd than da, ddu lira,... chiem ty le rat cao. Tuy nhien, viec sir dung hai ngudn nhien lieu nay la nguyen nhan gay d nhilm trdm trgng dac biet cho mdi trudng khdng khi tai nhieu viing, anh hudng xa'u tdi xiic khoe ngudi dan va nen kinh te dat nudc, dieu da dugc de cap cu the tai cac phdn tren. Khde phuc nhugc diem nay, Trung Qudc da ddng ciia rat nhieu md khai thac than nhd, ky thuat khai thac lac hau khdng dap ling tieu chuan bao ve mdi trudng, gay d nhilm. Mac du bien phdp nay dua lai hieu qua trudc mdt nhung ve lau dai Trung Qudc da dp dung bien phap thay the vdi muc tieu dai ban ban nham sir dung cac ngudn nang lugng khac thay the dan viec sir dung than. Dd la ngudn nang lugng tai sinh gdm: thuy dien, cac ngudn nang lugng khai thac tir tu nhien nhu nang lugng mat trdi,
NQhien ciru Phat then ben vurnQ, so 1 (26) - ThanQ 3/2010
Do Minh Cao - NhOrng bien phap nhSm thuc hien chien luge bao ve mdi trudng ..
nang lugng gid, nang lugng tilt Idng ddt (dia nhiet), nang lugng sinh khdi, nang lugng sdng, nang lugng hydro,...
Theo chuang trinh phat trien dai ban den nam 2050 cua nganh nang lugng nudc nay thi nang lugng tai sinh se la trgng tam phat trien ciia nang lugng Trung Qudc vao giai doan phat trien thii hai. Giai doan 1 se ket thiic vao nam 2020, vdi nhiem vu ca ban la phat trien cdng nghe tiet kiem nang lugng va thu giir C02. Giai doan 2 tir 2021 den 2030, tang cudng khai thac nang lugng tai sinh, nang cao tdi da sir dung nang lugng mat trdi va bien nang lugng nay thanh ngudn nang lugng chinh cua ddt nudc. Giai doan 3 cd nhiem vu cat giam ngudn nhien lieu hda thach xud'ng dudi 60% tdng nang lugng sit dung tai Trung Qud'c^
Vdi viec trien khai tich cue chinh sach khai thac cdc ngudn nang lugng mdi, sach, trong tuong lai gdn, nganh nang lugng sach Trung Qudc dam bao cho ngudi sir dung mdt mdi trudng trong sach gdp phdn phat trien nganh nang lugng Trung Qudc ndi chung theo hudng ben viing*.
Bien phap thay the cdn cd thi ap dung rdng rai han tai cac dd thi nhu viec d rdng mang ludi giao thdng cdng cdng, trudc het ban che viec md qua nhieu dudng sau dd hinh thanh cac tuyen xe cd dinh se ban che viec cd qua nhieu xe ca nhdn chay tren dudng, giam dugc lugng khi thai trong khdng khi.
Viec cung cdp va xir ly nudc trong dd cd nudc thai cdng nghiep khdng chi giiip giai quyet nan thieu nudc ma cdn thuc day cac xi nghiep tu nhan va nha nudc tiet kiem dugc ngan sach do khdng phai nghi viec trong miia khd ban.
- Bien phdp thi trudng: ' -
Cho den nay, Trung Qudc vdn dp dung chinh sach gia ca mang tinh bao cdp. Ca che thi trudng chua trd thanh chii dao trong nen kinh te toan Trung Qudc rdng Idn. Mat trdi ciia chinh sach gia bao cdp dac biet anh hudng tdi khia canh bao ve mdi trudng. Gia ca theo che do bao cap khdng the hien chinh xac chi phi xa hdi va can trd viec thiic ddy dp
NQhien ciru Phat trien ben vurno. so 1 (26) - ThanQ 3/2010
dung nhiing hinh thirc va bien phap cdng nghe mdi, dac biet trong cac nganh khai thac, che bien va sir dung ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien, trong dd cd cdc loai nhien lieu cho nang lugng. Mdt trong nhirng hudng quan trgng trong chuang trinh hanh ddng vi mdi trudng trong nhirng nam ke hoach 5 nam Idn thii 11 va sau nay ciia Trung Qudc la thiic day cac luc lugng thi trudng, bien chiing trd thanh nhirng ddng minh quan trgng cho cudc chien vi mdt tuang lai sach, dep hon.
Trong dieu kien vdn dp dung gia bao cap, dac biet la nganh than vdn dugc uu tien, Nha nudc cdn cd chinh sdch thue than danh vao cdc loai than bui va khi sunfua cao de phan anh sat ban cac chi phi xa hdi. Viec thuc thi tirng budc va cd thdng bdo trudc loai thue nay se khuyen khich ddu tu nang cao cdng sudt lam sach than va nang cao hieu sudt cua cac ndi hai. Ddng thdi, loai thue nay se tac ddng tdi hanh vi ciia hang trieu hd dan va doanh nghiep nhd trong viec diing than lam nhien lieu, cha't dot.
Ddi vdi nhien lieu ddu lira va ddu Diezel ciing dien ra trudng hgp tuang tu. O Trung Qudc, gid mdy bam re ban nhieu so vdi tieu chuan qudc te, cdn ddu diezel dung cho ndng nghiep vdn dugc bao cdp. Gia ddu hda d Trung Qudc chenh lech so vdi mdt sd nudc tren the gidi rdt nhieu. Mdt lit ddu lira d Han Qudc gia 0,87 USD, d Nhat Ban gid 1,13 USD nhung d Trung Qudc chi la 0,28 USD. Tir dd, ngudi tieu dung rdt thoai mai tieu xai ngudn nhien lieu nay. Tirng budc tang thue nhien lieu ddi vdi ddu hda va ddu Diezel se lam giam bdt su chenh lech nay, ddng thdi se khuyen khich ngudi tieu dung sii dung tiet kiem nhien lieu ban.
Cue Bao ve mdi trudng Qudc gia de nghi tang thue gay d nhilm khdng khi len 10 Idn va da dugc dugc hoan nghenh, vi d mdt sd tinh, mire thue gay d nhilm nudc va khdng khi da giam theo nghTa thuc te ndm 1987.
Viec duy tri thudng xuyen loai thue nay, dac biet ddi vdi khu vuc phi nha nudc (nai chi phi giam d nhilm thdp ban nhieu do miic do giam d nhilm cua cac cdng ty nay thdp) se lam
Do Minh Cao - NhOrng bien phap nham thuc hien chien luge bao ve moi trudng giam dang ke lugng chat thai vdi chi phi
tuang ddi thdp.
Gdp phdn tich cue cho thanh cdng ciia chinh sdch thue la viec day manh cai each thi trudng vdi viec tu do hda thuang mai va cai each doanh nghiep nha nudc. Xda bd cac trd ngai ddi vdi thuang mai trong nudc va qudc te, thiic ddy viec chuyen mdn hda, cho phep dat tdi hieu qua nhd quy md san xudt Idn va giam thieu d nhilm mdi trudng. Tu do hda thuang mai qudc te cdn md cira cho nhap khau tu lieu san xudt loai td't cd hieu sud't sir dung nang lugng va tieu chudn ddi vdi viec gay d nhilm cao ban so vdi cac loai tu lieu san xudt dugc che tao trong ndi dia. Thiic day cai each lam cho cdc khuyen khich dua tren thi trudng trd nen cd hieu luc ban. Viec ban che ngan sach lam cho cac doanh nghiep de y nhieu ban den cac khuyen khich cd lgi cho mdi trudng.
- Quy hoach vd dieu tiet:
Hien tai, nhiing tieu chudn ve khi thai tir xe hai d Trung Qudc rat thdp so vdi mdt so nudc tren the gidi, trudc bet la do lugng chi trong nhien lieu xang ddu dung cho phuang tien giao thdng nay cao. Sd lieu thdng ke Trung Qudc cho thdy, d td d Trung Qudc thai ra lugng khi cacbon mdndxit Idn gap 30-40 Idn va lugng hydrdcacbon Idn gdp 40-60 Idn so vdi d td d My. Do vay, viec giam ham lugng chi trong nhien lieu giao thdng van tai, ndng cao tieu chuan chat thai tir d td se giiip cai thien dieu kien mdi trudng tai nhieu thanh phd ciia Trung Qudc hien nay.
Trong quy hoach thanh phd tuang lai cua Trung Qudc, cdc nha quy hoach phai cd ke hoach dai ban. Trudc bet cdn dich chuyen cdc nganh cdng nghiep ddng tai thanh phd ra ngoai d. Trong quy hoach thanh phd tuang lai cdn ban che d td rieng, ban che ben bai dd xe bang che do thue dd xe,... Thay vi md rdng quy md thanh phd bang each xdy dung mang ludi cdc thanh phd ve tinh, ddng thdi thuc hien ngay tii ddu nhirng tieu chuan mdi trudng tai nhirng thanh phd nay.
Mdt trong nhirng dieu tiet ca ban la md rdng quyen ban quan ly cua ca quan mdi
trudng. Hien tai Cue Bao ve mdi trudng Qudc gia Trung Qudc mdi chi quan ly van de chat thai cua 70.000 cdng ty - mdt phdn nhd trong so rat nhieu doanh nghiep dang boat ddng trong ca nudc. Nhirng xi nghiep huang tran va XI nghiep lang xa, dac biet trong cac nganh nhu luyen cdc, luyen kim, khai thac than ludn gay nhieu d nhilm deu chua thudc quyen quan ly ciia ca quan mdi trudng. Budc di ddu tien mang tinh dot phd la viec Qudc Vu vien Trung Qudc quyet dinh ddng cira 60.000 xi nghiep huang trdn nhd gdy d nhilm. Vdi than - ngudn nhien lieu chinh dang dugc sir dung hien nay, Trung Qudc cd mdt so bien phap giam d nhilm mdi trudng do than gay ra rat thiet thuc. Trudc mdt, bdng each lam giau than da cd the giam bdt do gay bui xudng 50- 80% va tach bd dugc tdi 30-4()% chdt luu huynh. Cdn sau nay, neu dp dung Igc khdng khi cd the loai bd dugc tdi 90% luu huynh.
Song den nam 1999, Trung Qudc mdi chi lam giau dugc 29% tdng lugng than khai thac (trong khi tai CHLB Diic la 95%, Anh la 75%, My la 55%). Han niia, than lam giau ciia Trung Qudc chu yeu de xudt khdu, cdn than sir dung trong nudc cho muc tieu nang lugng hau nhu chua dugc tinh luyen. Cdng nghe khuf luu huynh trong khdi thai (FGD) dang dugc dp dung rdng rai.
Hai la, gdn ddy nhieu md than nhd khdng dem lai ndng sud't cao va la ngudn gay d nhilm cung bi Chinh phu budc phai ddng cira.
Bd Ddt dai va Tai nguyen Trung Qudc tuyen bd den ndm 2010 sd lugng cac md than nhd tai cdc vung khai thdc than se giam tdi 70%, den nam 2015 se ddng cira td't ca nhiing md
than nhd. , ., •;.
Thay ddi he thdng ke hoach hda ddu tu cung la mdt hudng dem lai ket qua tich cue cho mdi trudng. Trong mdt thdi gian dai, viec ke hoach hda ddu tu khdng dugc theo ddi chat che ddn den tinh trang cac dia phuang (dac biet la cap tinh) da phe duyet ddu tu vao cac nha may nang lugng nhd cdng sud't thap ma khdng thdng qua su phe chuan ciia Trung uong. Ket qua la xudt hien khoang 80% nha may ndng lugng cdng sud't dudi 100 MW vdi hieu sudt xii dung nhien lieu thap trong khi
NQhien ciru Phat then ben vurnQ. so 1 (26) - Thano 3/2010
Do Minh Cao - Nhiing bien phap nham thuc hien chien luge bao ve moi trudng chi phi giam d nhilm lai rat cao so vdi d cdc
nha mdy Idn. Tang cudng quan ly vT md cdc du an nang lugng tir Trung uong se ban che dugc tinh trang nay va dem lai by vgng cho van dl mdi trudng.
- Bien phdp du phdng:
Bien phdp nay cd the ggi la mang "mau sdc" Trung Qudc. Dd la viec Trung Qudc da giii lai lugng ddu boa hoac khi gas bang 1/3 trir lugng ciia md khai thdc "de gianh cho tuong lai". Viec nay mang y nghTa chien luge to Idn. Trong nhiing trudng hgp khan cdp bat thudng, Trung Qudc cd ngudn du trir chien luge quan trgng diing trong qudc phdng va trong boat ddng kinh te. Tuy nhien, y nghTa bao ve mdi trudng d day rat sdu xa. Binh thudng, tai nhiing md ddu lira hay than da sau khi khai thdc can kiet, nhiing khu vuc nay va khu vuc Idn can nhieu khi bi bien thanh viing hoang vu, ddi khi trd thanh nhiing viing d nhilm mdi trudng nang. Viec de lai mdt lugng ddng ke ngudn nhien lieu chua khai thac ddi hdi mdt luc lugng nhan luc nhat dinh de gin giii bao quan nhirng khu md nay. Ket qua la mdi trudng sinh thai nai nay vdn dugc duy tri d miic binh thudng, sinh boat ciia ngudi dan khdng bi xdo trdn, mdi trudng xung quanh khdng bi buy hoai^.
Rd rang la, trong qua trinh thuc hien chien luge bao ve mdi trudng d Trung Qudc, mdt md hinh quan ly phdt trien trong ITnh vuc nay da ddn dan Id dien. Ban than viec de ra va tich cue thuc hien chien luge bao ve mdi trudng la mdt qua trinh phdt trien thuc su trong phdt trien chung ciia dat nudc, ddng thdi la budc tien quan trgng trong phat trien tu duy va hanh ddng ciia Dang, Chinh phii va nhan dan Trung Qudc trong van de ndng bdng mang tinh toan cdu nay tai mdt ddt nudc ddng dan sd nha't the gidi va vdn de mdi trudng ciia nudc nay ciing la mdt trong nhiing diem ndi
bat trong biic tranh toan canh d nhilm mdi trudng tren the gidi.
Nhirng diln bien ciia viec de ra dugc mdt chien luge bao ve mdi trudng va bao tdn thien nhien chi rd khuynh hudng ngay cang di len cua cdng tdc nay. Nhiing nam gan day, Trung Qudc ngay cang tich cue ban trong cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng, tham gia ngay cang nhilu vd cd nhung ddng gdp cho cdng cudc bao ve mdi trudng chung tren the gidi. Thanh qua dat duge ciia Trung Qudc trong cdng tac quan trgng nay rat ndi bat. Mdi trudng tai Trung Qudc da dugc cai thien dang ke.
De dat dugc nhiing thanh tich tren nhieu ca quan, td chiic cac cdp tir trung uong den dia phuang da dugc huy ddng va nhirng dan vi nay cung da tich cue chu ddng tham gia vao cdng tdc nay. Chinh su chu dgng tham gia va vdi nhieu sang kien thiet thuc ciia cac don vi nay da la nhii'ng dam bao cho su thanh cdng ciia chien luge bao ve mdi trudng ciia Trung Qudc./.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1. D6 Minh Cao (2005): Budc chuyen chien luge trong chinh sach quan sir va an ninh cila Trung Quoc;
trong cuon sach: Bao cao phat trien Trung Quoc-tinh hinh va trien vong; (D6 Tien Sam chii bien); Nxb ThS' gi6i; Ha Nfli, 2006.
2. D6 Minh Cao: Nang lugng tai sinh a Trung Quoc; Tap chi Nghien ciiu Trung Quoc; So 6/ 2008.
3. NguySn Minh Quang: Hien trang 6 nhilm moi trudng a Trung Hoa: van de quoc gia hay tham hoa the gidi?
http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/singIe/en 4. Alex Wang (2000): "The Downside of Growth:
Law, Policy and China's Environmental Crisis.'"
Perspective, Vol. 2, No. 2; Overseas Young Chinese Forum; Rockville, Maryland.
5. www. vietstock.com.vn, ngay 27/9/2007: Trung Quoc de ra ke hoach phat trien nang luang den nam 2050.
6. Xinhuanet.com, 14/03/2006.
7. www. China.org.cn, ngay 19-4-2006.
NQhien ciru Phat then ben vanQ. so 1 (26) - ThanQ 3/2010
