C^d'U (172) - 2017^ TAI CHINH DOANH NGHIEP
QAO TAO NHAN LlTC NGANH NGAN HANG 0 VIET NAM TRONG BOI GANH CUOC CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP 4.0
TS. Vo Thj Van Khanh*
Theo Klaus Schwab, ngirin sdng lap vd chO tjch dieu hdnh Diin ddn Kinh te The gi&i :"Cdch mang cdng nghiip dau tiin sw dung nang itrgmg nird-c vd hoi nw&c de cvgi&i hda sdn xuat. Cuoc cdch mang cdng nghidp lan 2 diin ra nh& wng dyng dien ndng de sdn xuat hdng loat Cuoc each mang cong nghigp tin 3 sir dung dien tw vd cong nghg thong tin de ty dgng hda sdn xuat Bay gi&, cuge Cach m^ng cdng nghiip thO> tw dang nay n& ti> cuge each m^ng lin ba, nd ket hgp cae cdng nghi lai v&i nhau, Idm m&
ranh gi&i giwa vat ty, tiy thuat so vd sinh hge".
* Td khda: nhdn Iwc: ngan hang; cdch mang cong nghidp 4.0.
According to Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman ofthe World Economic Forum: 'The 1" Industrial Revolution used water and steam energy to mechanize production. The 2"^ Industrial Revolution took place through the application of electricity to mass production. The S"' Industnal Revolution uses electronics and information technology to automate production.
Now, the 4'" Industrial Revolution is nourishing from the third revolution, combining technologies that blur the lines between physics, digital and biology".
• Keywords: human resource, banks, the 4'"
industrial revolution.
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Ngdy nhdn bdi: 2/10/2017 Ngdy chuyin phdn bien: 5/10/2017 Ngdy nh$n phdn bi$n: 16/10/2017 Ngdy chip nhdn d§ng: 28/10/2017
1. Cach mang cdng nghiep lan thu tu tac dpng tdi thi trudng lao dong
Chiing ta da dai qua 3 cudc cich mang cdng nghi6p loan ciu vi hiSn nay dang hinh thinh cudc cich mang cdng nghiep lin 4, theo dd moi mdt cupe cich mang cdng nghiep deu dem tdi mdt dOng lyc phit triln mdi dl tgo ra nhung dot phi gia ting ning suit, chit lugng sin xuit vi cung dng sin phim dich vu cho nhan loai (ey the xem hinh trang sau).
Trong cuge CMCN 4.0, nhung ddt phi khoa bgc va cdng nghe mdi dudng nhu li vd ban, dien ra tren
rat nhieu mat khic nhau vi d nhieu noi khac nhau;
ddng thdi, deu cd die diem chung li tan dung sdc mgnh lan tda cua sd hda va edng nghe thdng tin;
Ddng thdi, khi nang tilp can vdi tri thdc cung se khdng cd gidi hgn. Hing ty ngudi cd thi duoc kit nli thdng qua cic tiiilt bi di ddng cd kha nang xd jy manh, dung lugng luu trU ldn vi dugc nhin Ifin gap bdi nhd tri tu6 nhan tgo, robot, loT, cdng ngh^ in 3D, cdng nghe nano, cdng nghe sinh hge, khoa hpc vgt li|u, luu trd nang lupng va tinh toin lugng tu...
Vdi nhdng dilm nhin tren, CMCN 4.0 dang va se cd tic ddng loan dien tdi ddi sdng kinh t l - xi hdi mpi qude gia vi toan cau, thay ddi nhin thuc vi thdi quen, ning lyc ciia tdng ci nhin; s6 xuat hien nhieu ning lyc, co hdi vi md hinh kinh doanh mdi, cCing vdi sy biln mit nhung sd trudng, ca hdi, lgi tbi kinh doanh va nang lyc cii, keo theo sy thay ddi co ban trong cich thuc sin xuit, tieu thu va phu tbugc lan nhau, sy chuyin ddi ciia toan bg he thing quin ly vi quan tri ddi sdng kinh tl - xi hdi, ca vt md vi vi md, ciia tdng qude gia va toin thd gidi. Yeu ciu hoan thien md hinh kinh doanh se rit buc thill.
CMCN 4.0 se tao ra mdt sy djch chuyin ldn nguon lyc lao dgng, cd thi phi va xu hudng vi trang thii quen thuoc ciia thi trudng lao ddng. Viec thay thi ngudi cdng nhin bing may mdc cd IhS dem lai sy an loin va tgo ra nhdng nang suit va gia tri mdi, nhung khi ty ddng hda vi robot thay thi con ngudi sg khiln thit nghiep gia ling, nhit li trong Itnh vyc bio hilm, mdi gidi bit ddng sin, tu vin tai chinh, vin tii, del may, giiy dep... Thj trudng viec lam ngiy cing chia tach thanh cic cyc vl tii ning vi thu nhip keo theo cang thing bit binh ding vi ip lyc
* Hoc vien Tui chfnh
Tap chi nghien cuTu Tai chfnh ke toan < 5 ^
TAI CHINH DOANH NGHIEP (So 11 (172) •2017') MJDh hpa d^ng Ivc phit tri^n cua b6n cu$c cdch mang cdng nghifp
M ^ -«
CMCN lan 1 CMCN 1^2 CMCN lin 3 CMCN lin 4 bio dim an sinh xa hgi ciing gia tang. Nhu cau vi sy thilu hut vl lao ddng cd ning lyc chuy6n mdn cao dang ting ldn, trong khi thu hep cda hon cho nhdng ngudi "thudng thudng bic trung", nhit la lao ddng giin don vi ed tudi...
Cung vdi sy phit trien vi lan tda rdng rai ciia cudc CMCN 4.0, hogt ddng sin xuit se ed xu hudng quay trd lai cic nude phit dien, phin bo tip trung gin vdi tbi trudng ciia cic quIc gia cd trinh dg cao, do dd, viec lim cung trd nen khan hiem hon doi vdi cac nude ch$m phit trien hon. Theo nghien cdu cua To chuc Hpp tic vi phit triln kinh tl (OECD), trong tuong iai, trung binh 9% vide lam hi6n nay cd nguy eo hi thay thi hoan toan bdi ty ddng hda; khoing 47% cic cdng viSc hiSn tat d MJ cd thi se biln mat V! ty ddng hda; 30% viec lim se trii qua qua trinh trang bi lgi, bao gdm cac ky nang mdi. Chat lugng nguon nhin lyc li vin dl \(m nhat trong CMCN 4.0, nhit la thilu hut ldn ngudn nhin lyc trong thi trudng ky thu^t sd. Udc tinh den nam 2020, rieng khu vyc chiu Au cd thi thilu khoing 825.000 chuy6n gia dong ming Itnh vyc niy.
Vi6t Nam vdi nhdng uu the ve lyc lugng lao ddng tre doi dio vi chi phi thip se khdng cdn li thi manh. Theo udc tfnh ciia Td chdc Lao ddng quIc t l (ILO) cd din 86% lao ddng cho cic nginh D6t may vi Giay dep ciia Vidt Nam cd nguy co cao mit viec lim dudi tic ddng ciia nhdng ddt pha vl cdng ngh6 do cudc CMCN 4.0. Nguy ea niy ed thi chuyin thinh eon so thiet hai khdng nhd khi cac nginh nhu det may, giiy dep da tao ra sd lupng ldn viee lim cho lao d0ng trong nude. Trong 20 nim qua, tdng so lao dgng Viet Nam da tang them khoing 19 trieu ngudi, td mdc 35 triSu ngudi nim 199616n 54 lri$u ngudi nim 2016. Tuy nhien, khi miy mdc lim thay con ngudi, sy ddi du ngudn nhin lyc sg trd thanh lyc cin ciia qui trinh phit triln trong tuong lai. Ngupe lgi, vdi nginh Cdng nghe tiidng tin (CNTT) tgi Vi6t Nam, theo bio cao mdi diy ciia ^^etnamworks, nhu ciu nhin sy nginh CNTT dang d mdc cao nhit trong Ijch sd vdi gin 15.000 viec lam dupe luyen dung trong nim 2016. LTdc tinh se cd gin 80.000 sinh
vien CNTT bude vao thi trudng lao d^ng trong hai nam, 2017 vi 2018, tuy nhien so vdi nhu ciu tinh din cudi nam 2018, Viet Nam vin se thilu khoang 70.000 nhin lyc vl CNTT. Nlu tfnh tdi nim 2020, sd nhin lyc thilu hut s5 len tdi hon 500.000 ngudi.
Ciing vdi do, cac nganh khic nhu: Di6n - DiSn tu, Co khi, Ty ddng hda... cung dang thieu hyt nhin lyc ngay trong thdi dilm hien tai vi dy bio trong tuang lai, nguIn nhin lyc cac nginh nay eung chua thi dip dng kip nhu ciu thj trudng lao dgng.
2. Y^u cau dao tao nhan lyc cho nganh ngan hang d Viet Nam
Chju tie ddng manh td CMCN 4.0, nginh ngin hing s6 chiu tie ddng manh ci ve thay ddi eo ciu va ca chi quan \f ngi tai boat ddng ngin hing, ciing nhu thay ddi dl thfch dng mdi trudng kinh doanh ben ngoai.
Quin tri d cic ngin hing ngiy cing dya nhilu hon vao tri tud nhin tgo (AI - Aritifieial Inteligence).
Trong tuong lai gin, Al se din dd nen hoan thtfn;
thim chf ve mdt sd mil nio dd cd the thdng minh vi chinh xic hon con ngudi. Cic ngin hing cd the dng dung AI trong vi6c quin ly danh muc riii ro, quin ly khach hing va quin \^ ca sd diJ li6u. Vdi kha ning ty hge bdi va thieh nghi, tilm ning ciia AI li khdng gidi ban trong eic dng dung, vi viy, y6u ciu d^t ra ddi vdi nganh NgSn bang trong tuong lai Ii nim bit dugc xu hudng, dng dung cich lim vi$c va kilm soit AI 6B dim bio boat ddng ngin hing diln ra an toan, hieu qui. CMCN 4.0 cung se tgo ra nhihig bude tiln mdi trong thay ddi cich giao tilp va xii 1^ nghigp vu thdng qua tuong tic vi giao tilp di?n td. Vdi ha ting vien thdng ngiy cing phit trien, cic cudc dim thoai da dan trd thinh cie cudc gpi hinh inh (video-call) vdi mdc dp dn djnh vi chit lugng ngiy cang tang. Do do, cdng vi^c chim sdc khach hing tai cac ngin hang s6 din ddi hdi them nhihig ktning mdi.
Hien tgi, Vi?t Nam cdn 1 ngin hing thuang mai nhi nude, 37 ngin hang thuang mai cd phin, 5 ngin hang 100% vdn nude ngoai, 4 ngan hing li6n doanh, 1 ngin hing chinh sich vi 1 ngin hing hop tic xa.
Trong giai dogn 2016-2020, Chfnh phii tilp tye dit mpt sd bidn phip tai co ciu hd thdng ngin hang.
Theo chiln luge tii ca ciu giai dogn mdi nay, di kem vdi dd la nhdng y6u ciu kbit khe hem vl nguIn nhin lyc. Dilu niy ddi bdi chuang trinh vi phuong
^6> Tap chi nghien cuTu Tai chinh Ice toan
TAI CHINH DOANH NGHIEP phap dio tao nganh tii chinh ngin hing cung phai
thay ddi dl dip dng nhu ciu sd dyng.
^ Theo thdng kS td cic bio cio tii chinh, vio diu nim 2016, bio cio tdng kit ciia cic ngin hing (khdng bao gIm ngan hing Chinh sich Xi h^i vi ngin hang Phit trien Viet Nam), till bien nay toin h6 thong ngin hing cd xip xi 170.000 nhin sy. Nlu tinh c i cac ngin hing chinh sach, ngin hing Nhi nude (NHNN), chi nhinh NHNN, cic quy tin dung, ngan hang hpp tic... thi con so 16n tdi ban 200.000 ngudi. Trong dgt tii co cau ngan hing 2016 - 2020, nhu ciu ngudn nhin lyc cd xu hudng gia ting, ddi hdi chit lupng cao hon. Bdi vi canh tranh ve ngudn nhan lyc chit lugng cao li ylu t l quan trpng lam nen sy thanh cdng cho hdi nhip.
Theo NHNN, nhu ciu nhin lyc chit lupng cao nginh tii chinh ngin hang vao nam 2020 li trSn 120 nghin ngudi, ting gip bai lin so vdl 61.000 ngudi nam 2016. Theo Trung tam Dy bao nhu ciu nhin lyc vi Thdng tin thi truang lao dgng TP.HCM thi nhu ciu nhan lyc nhdm nginh tii chinh ngin hing din 2020 chilm ly trpng 4% tdng sd ch5 lim vi$c cin tuyln hing nim (khoing 11.000 lao ddng), trong dd trinh dp dgi bgc, cao ding chilm ty 16 trdn 50% nhu ciu tuyln dung.
Tuy nhiSn, theo bao cio cua Vien Nhin lyc Ngin hang - Tii chinh nim 2016, lupng sinh vi6n theo hoc tii chfnh ngin hang tdt nghidp ludn cao qua tdng nam: nim 2012-2013 khoing 29.000 - 32.000 ngudi, din nim 2016 la 61.000 ngudi. trong khi dd, nhu ciu tuyln dyng chi vio khoing 50% s6 sinh vi6n ra trudng moi nim. Hiu nhu cic ngin hing diu phai dio tgo lai, hoic bdi dudng cic ky ning cho sinh vidn sau khi ra hudng dl dip dng yeu ciu cdng vide.
Dilu nay cho thiy, sd lupng sinh vi6n tot nghidp nganh tai chinh ngin hang hing nam van ludn trong tinh trgng "cung vugt cau", nhung vin khdng dip dng dugc yeu cau ciia cic ngin hing. Die bidt, khan hilm ngudn nhin lye tai chinh, ngin hing chit lugng cao dang vi se tilp lyc li thich thdc ldn doi vdi cic ngan hing vi hS thing dio tao trong nude.
Die biet trong m^t s6 Itnh vyc nhu chiln lupc phit triln, quin tri riil ro, diu tu quoc tl...
Vi^c dng dung nhung thanh tyu ciia cuge cich mang 4.0 khiln thj trudng lao ddng trong Itnh vyc ngan bang cung sg ed sy thay doi vdi sy giim bdt so lugng nhin vi6n. Mac dii \Sy, nhu cau vl ngudn nhin lyc chit lugng cao se gia ting. Do viy, cu^e each niang 4.0 sg tgo ra mdt sy djch chuyen Idn
ngudn lyc trong ITnh vyc niy. Khi tiidi ky ngin hang so, mobilebanking vi intemetbanking I6n ngdi, cie mgng ludi vi nhin sy ngin hing truyin tiling se dan tiiu hep. Ban cgnh dd, ydu ciu ddi vdi chit lugng nguon nhin lyc li mdt trong nhihig vin dl Idn nhit trong CMCN 4.0 do nhiing thilu hyt ldn vl ngudn nhin lyc Irong tiij trudng ky thuit so. Dieu niy ddi hdi he thing giio due dao tao vi phit triln ngudn nhin lyc can phii ludng trudc dupe nh&ng nhu eau thay ddi dl phit triln ning cao chit lugng, die bi6t la nhihig ky ning mdi. Khio sit, thilt ke chuong trmh, ngi dung dio tao phii hpp nhu ciu thyc tl vi xu hudng phit triln chung ciia hoat d^ng ngin hing nhim thich dng bli cinh cich mang cdng nghidp 4.0.
Bin thin cic ngan hang cin chii dgng ning cao hon nda cdng tic dao tao, thu hiit nguIn nhin lyc chit lupng cao. Doi mdi phuong thdc giio due va dao tgo trong h8 thing ngin hing theo hudng ting cudng so hda npi dung vi phuang thdc giing day.
Xiy dyng djnh hudng tii phin bl ngudn lyc hgp ly trong qui trinh dilu chinh ngudn nhan lyc d cic bd phgn bj thay the trong qui trinh trien khai phit triln ngin hing diSn td. Tiep tuc ch6 trgng din dio tao vi phit triln vl CNTT va 1^ thuit tien tiln, thinh tyu ciia CMCN 4.0 cho nhin vien thdng qua phuang tiSn truyin thdng ngi bd, tpa dam, thio luan siu rdng trong he thing ngin hing.
CMCN 4.0 li mdt vin dl Idn, tic dgng din nhilu Itnh vyc kinh ll ndi chung vi he thing Ngan hang Vidt Nam ndi rieng. Ciing vdi nhihig hoat ddng quin ly vi nghiep vu khie, boat d^ng dio tgo nhin lyc dang vi cin tilp tyc dugc chii trgng dl ning cao trinh dO, ning lyc thich dng cua ngudi lao ddng nhim phit huy cic dilm manh, t$n dyng cie co hgi va n6 trinh cic thieh thdc ciia CMCN 4.0.
Tai lifu tham khao:
Klaus Schwab, The Fourth Industrial Revolulion. 2016.
http://tapchitaiehinhvn/nghien-cuu--trao-doi/trao-doi- binh-luan/cach-mgng-cong-nghiep-lan-thu-4-vg-su-ehuan- bi-eua-nganh-ngan-hang-viet-nam-103625. html
Ngdn hdng Nhd nu&c Vi$l Nam, 2016- Bdo cdo ddnh gid tdc dgng cua cu$c cdeh mang eong nghiip ldn thii tu vd mgi sd dfnh hu&ng hogt dgng ciia ngdnh Ngdn hdng Viet Nam.
Kyyiu hgi thdo OECD (2016).
PwC. (2016). Khdo sdt "Nhihig ranh giai bf xda nhda:
Cde FinTeeh dang djnh hinh ngdnh dieh vy lai chinh nhu the ndo "
To, H. V. va, X. T. (2016), Ngdnh Ngdn hdng tru&c tdc d^ng eua cuge cdch mgng eong nghiip ldn thir lu, Tgp chi Ngdn hdng so 15/2016.
Tap chi nghidn cCTu Tai chinh Ice toan <^7
