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Nirorc NGOAI
PHAT G U O VA CO DOC GLVO DANG CANH TRANH NHAU?
BAN SAC DAN TOC VA TON GL\0 CUA CAC CONG DONG NGUCII KAREN
6 MIEN BAC THAI LAN
ROLAND PU\TZ*
"Tdn giio nao ban cho li tdt nhat?"
Trong qui trinh di dien di d cic ling cua ngudi Karen, bj hdi nhung eau hdi nhu vay li binh thudng. Ngudi Karen theo tdn giio hoan toan nghiem tue. tuy khdng eudng tin.
Trong the gidi nhung cude xung dot tdn giao va tdc ngudi ngiy cang gia ting, thi viec nghien ciru mdi tirong quan gifla ban sic tdc ngudi va tdn giao trong pham vi mgt nhdm tdc ngucVi gdm nhieu tdn giao khac nhau ed sir lien quan vcVi nhau. Vi du:
Ban sac toe ngudi va tdn giao ket hop viii nhau nhu the nao? Lieu tdn giao cd anh hudng gi ding ke tcii cac hoat ddng kinh te? Lieu cic cude xung dot hoic sir hoa hgp cd edn phd bien giua nhflng ngudi theo cac tdn giao khac nhau?
Ve cin ban. lieu tdn giao cd phii li )eu td dinh dau ban sic de ddi sinh vdi the gidi ben ngoii hoic lieu nd cd y nghTa trong xa hdi eiia ngirdi Karen khdng?".
Thuat ngu "Karen" bieu thj nhieu nghia khac nhau nhung lien quan tdi cac nhdm tc)c ngirdi sir dung mgt ngdn ngti' thugc ngu he Tang-Mien. Tdc ngudi Sgaw va Pwo, vcii sd dan li 350.000 trong tdng sd 750.000 ngudi dan mien nui ci mien Bac Thai Lan. li hai nhdm Karen chu yeu cua nudc nay. Cic nhdm khac bao gdm ngucri Kayah. Palaung va Taungthu (Pa-O), chi cd vii nghin ngudi hien dang sdng ci Thii Lan.
Udc tinh sd lugng ngirdi Karen sdng d Mien Dien dao ddng khoing tu 2.5 trieu tdi
* Roland Plat?, la giang \icn Khoa Khoa hpc Van hoa cua Tnrang Dai hpc St Ciallen a Si Oallcn. Thu\ ST;
ong ciing la thanh \icn cua Vien Nhan hpc Xa hpi thuoc Truang Dai hpc Freiburg o Dure. Dia chi lien lac:
rolandplat/tv iinix.de.
Cong V iec cua loi khong the hoan thanh neu khong co su trp giiip cua cac irp l\ trong cong tac dien da: Ong Maung Maung. ong Pha>oong Zhatu \a ong Somsak Moereecchard. Toi xin gui loi cam an dae biet lai ong Dudu \a Uil ca nhung nguai Karen da song cimg loi. Toi cung xin bay lo long biet an doi vai giao su Stel'an Seit/ cua Truang Dai hoc Freiburg, chu nhiem du an. \a Hoi Nghien cuu Dire (DFG) da ho tra liii chinh cho du an Irone hai nam.
4,5 trieu ngudi . Nghien cuu dugc thue hien trong khoing thai gian ho'n 12 thing tir nim 1999 den nam 2001. va dirge gidi han d nhdm ngudi Karen-Sgavv ciia tinh Mae Hong Son. Thai Lan va hai huyen Mae Chaeiii va Mae Wang ciia tinh Chiang Mai.
Mdt vai ling ehi bao gdm ngudi theo Co' dde giio vi mdt sd ling khac chi theo Phat giio, trong khi dd van edn mdt sd ling ed ngudi theo ca hai tdn giio niy".
Mdt dieu cdn chua rd la cd phai viec di cu cua ngudi Karen tdi Thai Lan ngay nay xiy ra trudc the ky XVIII khdng^. Khu vuc cu trii chii yeu la cac tinh Mae Hong Son va Tak dgc bien gidi Mien Dien va mien tay ciia tinh Chiang Mai. Kinh te truyen thdng eua ngudi Karen dua tren canh tic tu cung tu cap ve Ilia nuong, nhung den dau the ky XX ngudi Karen da hgc hdi kinh nghiem canh tic lua nude cua nhung ngudi Thii ling gieng. Trii nguge vdi ngirdi Karen sdng o' Mien Dien, ngirdi Karen sdng d Thii Lan chua bao gid cd the che chinh trj tap
1. Yoko l-la\ami. "Chuyen doi ton giao \'a tin nguang a nguai Karen Sgaw a mien Biic Thai Lan: nhirng lien quan \ e giai \a ban sac toe nguai" (Luan an tien sT. Dai hpc Brown. 1992). tr. 336. So lieu ve nhom Sgaw \a Pwo duac lay tir nguon cua Vien Nghien ciru bp tpc. "Thong ke ve cac dan tpc thieu so"
(Chiang Mai: Bao cao chua xuat ban. 2001).
" Cong tac dien da dugc thuc hien \'ai su trp giup cua ba trp ly nguai Karen - hai nguai theo Ca doc giao va mpt nguai theo Phat giao - nhung nguai nay dupc sinh ra hoae da biet ro cac lang dupc nghien ciru.
Hien na) hp dang song 6f cac thanh pho cua tinh Mae Hong Son hoae Chiang Mai. Cong tac dien da dupc thuc hien chu yeu dya tren phong \an. ca theo cau true \a khong theo cau true, a mpt so lang va thanh pho cua tinh Mae Hong Son va Chiang Mai. Nhung ngirtTJ dupe phong van bao gom ca nam lan nO - nguoi gia. nguai tre. tha) tu \'a thay lang. muc su Ca doc giao \ a dan di cu thanh thi.
Anders Ho\'em\r. Tim hieu vS vua Karen. Nghien cim han sdc ngirdi Karen lien quan tdi thuyet Phiic dm the ky .\T.\' a mien Bdc Thdi Lan (Uppsala:
S.Academiae Ubsaliensis. 1989). tr. 68-69.
trung, va cac lang ciia hg lap thanh cac ling tu trj. Ngudi du'ng dau mdt ling, ed quyen lire rat han ehe, dugc ggi la hi kho (thay te eua lang); dng ta cd mdi quan he die biet ve mat nghi le vdi Than Nude vi Than Dat {Thi K'cha Gaw K'cha) - ngudi bio ve ling .
Ngudi Karen la mdt trong nhflng nhdm ngudi theo dao Co' dde Idn nhat d Thii Lan;
khoang 20-30% ngudi Sgaw-Karen la tin dd Ca dde giao. Nhdm ehinh li tin do dao Tin Lanh thude phai Bap-tit (Baptist), dugc ggi la Bie thi pah (Chri poh, Ba yod poll).
Nhdm Idn thir hai, nhdm ngirdi theo dao Cdng giio (Pghi thi poh), sd lugng khoang 20.000 ngudi. Trong khi eae giao phai dao Tin Lanh khac, ching han nhu nhung tin dd theo trudng phii tin rang sap den lan Giang sinh thfl' hai eiia Chua vi tuan thii ngay Sabbath (Seventh-Day Adventists), tin do Hdi Giim ly va Giio hdi Trudng lio kem ndi trdi hon^. Giio phai dat niem tin vio nhung phep la (die biet la cac phep than chfla benh) (Pentecostals) hien cd it tin dd.
Xem Hayami, "Chuyen doi ton giao va tin nguang'";
Sir thich nghi ddn toe va ban sac. Ngirdi Karen d vimg bien gidi Thdi vd Mien Dien, chii bien: Charles F. Keyes (Philadelphia: Vien Nghien cuu nhCrng van de ve con nguai, 1979), dae biet Peter Kunstadter.
"dan tpc. loai hinh va ban sac", tr. 119-63; Roland Mischung. Ton giao va minh hoa thuc tien a mot lang Karen thupc Tay Bac Thai Lan (Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1984); va Ronald D. Renard, Kariang: Lich sir cdc moi quan he Thdi - Karen lir hie bdt ddu ldi nam 1923 (Honolulu: Dai hpc Hawaii, 1980).
Nhung uac tinh nay dua tren cupc trao dcii mang tinh ca nhan vai dai dien ciia giao phai Bap-tit (Baptist) va Thien Chiia giao va nhirng tai lieu chua xuat ban cua hai nha tha. That kho ma co dupc eon so chinh xac bai Hpi truyen giao phai Bap-tit (Baptist) Thai Lan (TMBF), to chuc Hpi giao phai Biip-tit (Baptist) chinh a Thai Lan. khong phan biet dupc mpt each rach roi giiia nhom nguai Sgaw \a Pwo-Karcn;
viec tuang tu cung xay ra doi vai Nha tha Thien Chua giao. So nguai theo dao Thien Chiia giao ciia giao phan Chiang Mai co khoang 30.000 nguai, chu yeu la ngucri Karen ciia ca hai nhom nho tren.
Tgp chi Ddn ldc hoc so 4 - 2009 57
dudng nhu cd ting len; hau nhu chi cd sd it tin dd phii Baptists la den tham du ci hai nha thd. hoic thay ddi de trd thanh tin dd giao phai Pentecostal". Cac nhdm trio iuu chinh thdng khic nhu Nhi thd eua Hdi truyen giio Co dde van cdn nhung cho tdi nay it cd anh hudng.
Dai bd phan ngudi Sgaw-Karen theo dao Phat. Nhflng ngudi theo Thuyet Van vat huu linh (nhflng ngudi theo chu nghTa truyen thdng) dugc chinh thirc xep vao nhdm "tin do dao Phat", do vay khdng the cd dugc sd lugng chinh xie ve nhdm ngudi niy. Vien Nghien ciru Bd tdc cdng bd, nim 1989 nhflng ngudi theo Thuyet Van vat huu linh chiem khoing 16% sd dan Karen, trong khi con sd nay udc tinh trong nim 1983 khoing 42,9%;
trong nhung nim gan diy, sd niy cdn thap hon nhieu'. Cdt Idi eua Thuyet Van vat hflu linh (nhung ngudi theo Thuyet Van vat huu linh dugc ggi li mo lu pa la hoic aw cha) la thd cung td tien (air cha). Tinh tir hinh le chinh cua thd cimg td tien cd chieu hudng giam dan do tinh phirc tap eua nd va vd sd nhung dieu kieng ky khic. Nd can phai dugc thue hien it nhat mdt nim mdt lan vi eung phai ducie td chire trong nhflng trudng hgp dm nang. Mgi thinh vien trong gia dinh mau he phai ngdi vdi nhau it nhat li 3 ngiy, vi khdng ai ngoai nhung thanh vien trong gia dinh ducTC phep bircic vao nhi trong sudt thdi gian cuns; le; tham chi ci vci vi cac con cua
" Nhirng tin do giao phai Pentecostal nhan manh hanh dpng noi tieng la killing tha\ co trong cac nha tha Bap-til (Baptist); do \ay su chuven bien dot ngcit nas Clin hon ca \'an de tha\' diii cho thir cung.
' Vien Nghien ciru Bp ttic. "Thong kc ve dan tpc thieu so" (Chiang Mai: Bao cao chua xuat ban. 1989); Peter Kunstadter. "Dan sii \ iing cao a mien Bac Thai Lan".
irong cuiin .XInnig ngirdi vimg cao cua Thdi Lan. chu bien: John McKinnon \a Wanat Bhruksasri (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford liniversily Press. 1983). tr. 25.
ngudi con trai cita ehu gia dinh da li)' vg cflng khdng dugc phep vio. Vat hien sinh nhu gi vi Ign cung phii dugc giet thjt theo thu tu nhat djnh do vg cua ngudi chu nhi da nudi ehung. Si kho mu cha, mdt loai than linh giim hd eua td tien, dugc nudi dudng bing nhfl'ng dd cung^. Li gan cua con vat hien te neu cd bieu Id diem xau thi can phii thjt con vat khic thay the. Neu nghi le khdng thinh cdng thi phai thuc hien lai, vdi hau qui la ed the tat ea cic vat nudi trong nhi deu bj giet.
Tin dd dao Phat (che phaw. ba plicrw) khic vdi nhung ngudi theo Thuyet Van vat huu linh d chd hg tir bd viee hanh le aw cha;
ndi ehung, tat ci cic nghi le truyen thdng khic lien quan tdi viec trdng lua van cdn dugc thuc hien. (Chuyen ddi sang dao Phat rd ring khdng )'eu cau hg tir bd vice thd cung td tien. ma edn tao ra cich thirc mang tinh le nghi va hgp ly de eat dirt nhung ring huge vdi nghi le, cii dirge eoi li ning ne va thudng li khdng dem lai hieu qua). Nhung thir niy bao gdm, vi du: liio da, vat cung cho le Thi K'cha Gaw K'cha: pameko - vat cung te trudc khi trdng lua; lu thi ho - vat cung tai muong li)' nude tudi cho cic cinh ddng lua;
va edn nhieu le vat cung te khic nfla'"". Hi kho, thiy tl cha truyen con ndi eua ling lim le cung K'cha Gcnv K'cha tai dahi hi (ban thd d ben ngoai ling) khdng nhat thiet phai lim le cnv dia: dng ta cflng cd the li tin dd dao Phat.
Tren ; uc tl, ehi cd nghi le Phat giio khit khe eua nhung tin dd dao Phat thi mdi ed the tien Cling lua cho Dire Phat vao moi budi sing.
Tim quan trgng cfla eic nghi ll Phat giio phu
* Hayami, "Bien doi ton giao va tin nguang". tr. 113.
" Xem Mischung, Ton giao. va Kumiko Yoshimatsu,
"The giiii nguai Karen. 1 le thong tin nguang \ a vu tru quan ciia nguiri Sgaw-Karen li Tiiy IMc tinh Chiang Mai" (Chiang Mai: Bao cao long ket, 1989).
thude vao sir lira chgn mang tinh ci nhan; tu cho minh la tin do Phat giao ed the gitip cho ngudi dd de dugc chap nhan hon trong xa hgi ngudi Thai d vung thap. Dao Phat eua ngudi Thii d mien Bac va Thuyet Van vat hu'u linh cua ngudi Karen cd mgt sd net tuong ddng, va ddi vdi ngudi dan Karen theo dao Phat thi each tiep can hgp nhat cac trudng phai vdi nhau la phd bien. Mdt vai thay tu theo dao Phat ndi tieng nhu Khriiba Khao eung cd cac mdn dd ngirdi Karen "^.
Khruha Khao (khruba a mien Bac Thai Lan co nghTa la nguiii tha\ dang kinh \ a khao co nghTa la
"trang"). sinh nam 1889 gan Lamphun a mien Bac Thai Lan. la mon de cua nguoi thay Khruba Siwichai noi tieng. nguiri da dau tranh cho qu\en tu tri ton giao a khu vuc mien Bac chong lai Bang Coc va sangha quyen luc (thir bac ciia thay tu) vao nhirng nam 1920.
Ca hai ong deu dupc dua tai mien Bac Thai Lan lam ton him. theo nghTa den la "nguiin nhan tai". Da ba lan Khruha Khao bupc phai bo do thay lu. bat bupc mac ao choang trang cho tiii khi ta the nam 1977. boi
\ i ling ta da chong diii lai cac quan chirc dia phuang.
nhirng ngucTi da co gang thiet lap qu\cn luc ciia chinh quyen Bang Coc a mien Bac. Ong da chiing lai nhirng hanh \i dao dire xau trong giiVi tu sT \a thuang dan va dupc hai miin de dua di la Phra Phothisat (ho tdt) \a Phava Tham (dhanimaraja, nguai tri vi ngay thang).
Nguoi ta cho rang ong co nang luc sieu nhien giong nhu mat than \a co kha nang tranh dupe quv dir. Mon de ciia Khruha Khao phan liin la nhom Pwo Karen o cac hu>en Mae Sariang \a. Omkoi. nhCrng ngucri co ehung thai dp thii dich \ai cae quan chuc va Tang thiing Thai Lan. Khong co su khac biet tpc nguai ro rang, tu)' vay, boi \ i cac mon do ciia ong ay cung bao gom ngucri Lua (Lawa), ngucri Thai mien Bac va nguai Shan. Ong ta da hira hen rang nguai Karen se CO mpt cupc song thanh binh a Mien Dien. Ong ta da lam cho hp biia hp menh de tranh bi ton thuang va khich le hp du\ tri tin nguang truyen thong. Xem cupc thao luan eiia Paul T. Cohen. "Dao Phat khong bi troi bupc: Truyen thong "siing dao" thai nha Ngu>en \ a dan tpc - nha nuiic trong the giai nguai Thai". Tgp chi Nghien ciru Dong Nam .4 [JSEAS]r32.
2 (2001): 227-32; Charles F. Keyes. "Dao Phat va thong nhat dan tpc a Thai Lan", Tgp chi Nghien ciru Chau.1.30.3 (1971): 556-8; va Peter Hinton. "Nguiri Karen, chu nghTa hoiing kim \a cac hoat dpng thoa hiep viri chinh qu>en \ iing thiip". trong cuiin Sir thich nghi tdc ngudi. do Ke>es liim chu bien. tr. 84-5.
Dao Phat trong xa hoi Karen
Trong sudt dau nhfl'ng nam 1960. khi nha quan su tai nang Sarit Thanarat lam Thii tudng Thii Lan. dao Phat nhu mdt qudc giio lue biy gid da thoat khdi Thuyet Van vat hflu Iinh cua nd va Idng trung thanh ddi vdi dan tdc va luan thudng dao ly da trd thinh hgc thii)et "dao Phat" kieu mdi". Trong nam 1965. chuang trinh hanh ddng Phat giao, thu phil tai Wat Sri Soda d Chiang Mai, dugc td chirc de tuyen truyen dao Phat cho cic bd lae. Mudi ddi gdm 50 nha sir da tdi cic ling vung eao (nhieu ling cd ngudi Karen), hau het cac ling nay thude tinh Chiang Mai. (Mdt sd ngirdi Karen da theo dao Phat sau khi di eu tdi cac vung thanh thj, nhirng day la nd lire dugc du tinh dau tien de eai dao cho hg). Do tinh hinh bat dn dgc theo bien gidi phia Bie, chinh phu mong mudn cac dan tgc thieu sd d viing ddi nui trd thanh mdt bd phan trung thanh cua dat nude.
Quan trgng hon cd viee giang dao Phat, nhung ddi quan nay da day hg rang trd thinh ngudi cdng dan Thai tdt cd nghia li kinh trgng Vua vi yeu dat nude. Ngoai ra, cic nha su cdn day ca van hda va giup hg cii tien cic phuong phap lam ndng nghiep''.
La tdn giio ciia hon 90%) dan sd Thai Lan, Phat giio la cdng cu thuc day sir thdng nhat hay ddng hda. Trong trieu dai Vua Vajiravudh (nim 1910 - 25), Phat giao da trd
Somboon Suksamran. Dgo Phdi vd chinh tri a Thdi Afl« (Singapore: ISEAS. 1982).
'• Charles F. Keyes. Thdi Lan. lirinig quoc Phat giao Id mot nhd nuac ddn toe hien dai (Boulder:
Westview, 1987); Sanit Wongprascrt. ".Anh huang cua chuong trinh Dhammacarik bhikkiis ddi vdi cdc ho toe tho ddn a Thdi Lan". trong .\'iing clot sdc tgc trong cdc .\d hi)i dao Phdt. Sri Lanka vd Mien Dien. chu bien K. M. de Silva (London; Pinter.
1988). tr. 126-37.
Tgp chi Ddn tc}c hgc so 4 - 2009 59
thinh mdt trong ba tru cdt cua he tu tudng qudc gia, sit cinh vdi nen quan chu va dan tgc. Ngay tir budi binh minh eua Phat giao d Thii Lan the ky thir mudi ba, Phat giio ludn cd su gin ket chit che vdi Nhi nudc va die biet vdi Vua dudi hinh thuc dhammarajia (Ngirdi trj vi Phat giio hoic ngudi trj vi).
Tuy vay, inh hudng cua cic thay tu theo dao Phat ddi vdi cic xa hdi mien nui khdng sau sic nhu inh hudng cua cic nhi truyen giao dao Co dde, chu yeu la do. khdng gidng nhu sau niy, cic ddi quan Phat giio khdng d lau trong ling cung vdi ngudi dan hoae khdng ndi ngdn ngfl dja phuo'ng.
Nam 2000, ed 450 nhi tu va nhflng ngudi mdi tu sdng d Wat Sri Soda, hau het hg li ngudi mien nui, trong dd cd 300 ngudi Karen. Nam sau udc tinh ed khoing 100 nha su ngudi Karen dugc phong chirc. Ben canh chiia chinh, mdt sd chua nhd hon vi cic trung tam dao tao cflng da ra ddi; d huyen San Sai gan Chiang Mai, tham chi cd mcit trudng tieu hgc danh cho su nu. Wat Sri Soda da dugc Vu Phuc Icii cdng tii trci. va hoang hau Sirikit cflng thudng xuyen tang tien cho trung tam ni). Cung cd sin mdt chuong trinh giing day eho trudng trung hgc vi tiing Pa-li (An Do) va thien djnh eung dugc giang day d dd. Sinh vien cd the tiep tue chuang trinh hgc tap 4 nim tai Dai hgc Phat giio Maha Chulalongkorn d Chiang Mai. Hgc sinh ngi tru tai chua khdng phai ddng tien in d, vi the di tao dieu kien cho cac gia dinh ci ling que ngheo cd ea hgi gui eon em cua hg tcii hgc tai cic trudng d thi Iran.
Thdi gian dao tao eho mdt thay tu keo dai 3 nim. cho du cic truong tu vien ludn khu)en khich cae thay tu djnh cu tai que nha trong mdt thiii gian dii hon the. Cdn cd cac
khda dao tao die biet ve nhung quy djnh ehung cho cic nhi su nay - ehu yeu li ngudi Thii, mac du cung cd mdt sd it la ngudi Karen - nhung ngudi sap ve day tai cic ling que. Ddi ngfl cac nha sir toa ra cic ling de danh gia nhu cau cua ngudi dan, vi nhfl'ng de xuit, kien nghj dua tren nhung nhu cau cua hg dugc giri tdi cic co quan cua nhi nirdc. Muc dich cua chuong trinh cflng gidng nhau, nhu: hd trg ve giao due. tdn giao vi phat trien. va hda nhap vio qudc gia \ Cic CO' quan nha nude cdn quan tam tdi viec dua Phat giio den vdi nhan dan. the hien qua viee tap hgp mdt lire lugng khoing 200 nha su mien nui do Vu Phuc lgi cdng td chire vao thing 7 nim 2000 tai Wat Benjamabopit Bang Cdc. noi cic thinh vien trong gia dinh hoang gia dugc phong chire' . Nhung anh hirdng ngiy cing Idn manh cua Phat giao trong nhdm ngudi Karen tao dieu kien thuan Igi eho hda nhap vao xa hdi Thii. Bat chap sir tic dgng ciia cic phong trio cai cich trong Phat giio Thai. Phat giio cung chua bao gid bj tich khdi bin sic din tdc vi ban sic Thii, vi vay mdt sd quan chirc di biy td quan diem rang "ehi cd ngudi Karen theo dao Phit la edntz dan trung thanh"'^. Dan di cu thj
'"* Phong van Truang tu vien Wat Sri Soda va Phra Irun - miit nha su a ciing tu vien.
'"• Buu dien Bang C6c. ngay 2 thang 7 nam 2000.
'^ Thong tin ca nhan. Lamar Robert, co van cao cap cua Vien Nghien ciru xii hiii. Chiang Mai. Cac nha su theo chu nghTa cai luang gom Bhuddhadhasa Bhikkhu.
.Aclum Cha (nhii su 6 rirng) vii cac nhii liinh dao ciia phong trao Santi A.sck. Xem Juliane Schober. "Su rang bupc cua Phat giao Theravada vai hien dai hoa o Diing Nam A: Mo hinh xa hpi ciia miit chinh the thien hii dl den diiu'?". .JSE.AS. 26. 2 (1995): 307- 25; \ii Sulak Si\araksa. "Phat giiio vii xii hiii. Vuirt ra khoi tam nhin hien tai" trong Phat giao vd .xd hcii Thcii Lan. chu bien B. J. Terwiel (Cja>a: Irung tam nghien ciru Diing Nam A. 1984). tr. 97-119.
thinh, nhfl'ng ngudi cung chia se cude sdng tdn giio d thj tran vdi dan Thai lang gieng lam ting anh hudng Phat giao trong cac ling ngudi Karen khi hg trd ve nha, vi cing ngiy cang cd nhieu nhi su ngudi Thii cd mat tai eae ling que hon trudc day. Neu nhu cic cude hdn nhan hdn hgp tdc ngudi vdi ngudi Thii xiy ra thi hau het la xiy ra trong bdi eanh dao Phat.
Truyen dao Co doc giao
Nam 1858 nhi thd Tin lanh dau tien d mien Bac Thii Lan tai Chiang Mai do hai nhi truyen dao cua Giao hdi Trudng lao ngudi My, Johathan Wilson vi Daniel McGilvary thinh lap. Vio thdi gian dd hg khdng den vdi ngudi Karen, vi su thinh cdng trong viec truyen giio cho tdc ngirdi Thii cflng rat han che"\ Trong khi dd cdng viec truyen giio d Mien Dien lai rat thanh cdng, die biet trong nhdm ngudi Sgaw Karen, khdng phai cho den nim 1950 Hdi truyen giio phii Bip-tit (Baptist - ed ngirdi djch li phai tay le/rua tdi) My mdi bit diu gat hai nhflng thanh cdng trong viec ehuyen ddi tdn giao eua ngudi Thai d mien bien gidi. chu yeu la nhflng ngirdi Karen Mien Dien, tiep theo sau nhfl'ng cd ging khdng thanh ciia giao phai Phue am. Cuoi cflng thi Hiep hdi Tin linh ngudi Karen (KBC) cflng da dugc thinh lap vao nam 1955, Ii mdt bd phan eua Hiep hdi truyin giio phii Bap-tit (Baptist) cua Thii Lan, thugc Giao hgi phai Bap-tit (Baptist) Thii Lan. Cdng giao bat dau cdng viec truyin
giao vio nim 1951 tai huyen Chomthong eua tinh Chiang Mai'^.
Cic nhi truyen giao nude ngoii phai rut lui khdi Trung Hoa sau khi nhung ngudi cdng sin vio tiep quin nam 1949. Tim kiem mien dat mdi de truyen dao, dau tien hg chgn Mien Dien, va sau dd chuyen hirdng tdi Thii Lan, bdi vi Mien Dien hie dd dang phii vat Idn vdi tinh trang Idn xdn sau chu nghTa thirc dan va vi hau het cac nha truyen dao d do phai ra di sau chinh bien quan su nam 1962. Sau that bai vdi cac nhdm tdc ngirdi ndi tieng Thai, cic tdc ngudi vung eao trd thanh muc tieu mdi. Ngay nay, sd lugng ngudi nude ngoai ngay eang giam di trong sd cic nhi truyen giao Baptist tdi ngudi Karen. Cic nha truyen giao chu yeu tdi thim cic ling dugc ggi la "khdng the tdi dugc", noi ma sich Phue Am chua tdi dugc theo dung nghTa - nhu hg sap dat - de ciru nhflng ngudi theo Thuyet Van vat huu linh thoit khdi sir ddt nit. Nhflng ngudi tj nan Karen Mien Dien sdng d mdt sd lang dgc theo bien gidi eua tinh Mae Hong Son va hg da tirng phai ehju dung su buc hai cua nhflng ngudi linh Phat giio Mien Dien, Ii nhflng ngirdi theo dao Co' dde nhiet thanh va cung li ngudi giing dao cho nhung lang Karen d Thai Lan.
Hien tai, sd lugng tin dd Co' dde giio thugc cac nhdm dan tdc thieu so d miln Bie Thai Lan ngiy eang ting len, mac du ti le
Heibeii R. Swanson, Khrischak Muang Nua.
Nghien ciru ve lich sir nhd tha ngirdi Thdi a miin Bdc (Bang C6c: Nxb Chuan. 1984, tr. 5).
Chumpol Maniratanavongsiri. "Ton giao va su tha>
doi xa hpi. Su tiep noi mang tinh tpc ngucri va su thav doi cua nguai Karen a Thai Lan". trong Phdt trien hay khai hda'.'' Cdc ddn Icic ban dia a Dong Ncim .A.
chu bien Don McCaskill va Ken Kampe (Chiang Mai:
Silkworm. 1977). tr. 238; Hayami. "Nghi le va chuyen doi ton giao". tr. 96-101; Hovemyr. Tim hiiu vua Karen.
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4 - 2009 61
ngirdi theo dao Co dde giio tren toin Thii Lan mdi chi duy tri d mire khoang I%'^
Nhung tin dd Bap-tiL Hdi Trudng lao. vi Hgi Giim Iy eua My dugc co cau Ii mdt bd phan cua Giio hdi Co dde giio d Thii Lan (CCT). Hiep hdi truyen giio hii ngoai (OMF). Hdi truyen giio bd lac mdi vi tin dd Bip-tit mien Nam (Hiep hdi cac tin dd Bap-tit Thii Lan) la mdt bd phan cua Hiep hgi cua cic tin dd theo phii Phuc am Thii Lan (EFT). Tat ea cac giao phii Tin Iinh phii li thinh vien cua mdt trong nhflng td chuc bio trg tren. ehju su giam sit cua Cue Tdn giao. Hgi nghi cae giim mue Thii Lan.
dugc coi li hdi ddng tdi cao eua Giio hdi Thien chua giio, cung phii giai quyet cic cdng viec cua Cue nay.
C> Mien Dien, ngudi Karen dau tien ten li Ko Thya Bu dugc Adoniram Judson, nha truyen giio ngirdi My gin bd vdi cic tin dd Bip-tit rira tdi nam 1828'''. Khi nhung nha truyen giio dau tien xuat hien vio dau the ky XIX, ngudi Karen dugc ggi nhd ve cudn cham nijdn. mi trong dd cd su sing tao
Theo TBMF 8.000 nguiri La Hii theo giao phai Bap-til la thiinh \ien ciia Hiep dinh Giao phai Biip-til La Hii Nil 6.000 nguoi Akha theo giao phiii Bap-tit Ihuiic Ciiao hiii Akha (Tiii lieu mii bii ciia Hiii tru>en gicio Bap-til Thai Lan. niim 2000); trong nam 1999.
diin sii nguiri La Hu la 84.264 nguiri \a Akha la 56.162 nguiri (Vien Nghien ciru Bp tiic. "Thong ke \ e dan tpc thieu sii"). Doi vcri 250.000 tin do Thien chiia giao ir Thai Lan va nhu'ng ngucri tin do dao Tin lanh khiing thuiic phai Bap-tit khiing lam le rira tpi . khong he thay mpt con so nao cua nhiim vo than (tu lieu tir
"Lich sir ciia Giao hpi Thien chiia giao a Thai Lan", hltp: //www. stjohn.ac.th/Depai-tment/info/ch_history.html va .so lieu do Cha Nipot cr Diocese, Chiang Mai cung cap). Si) lupng tin dii dao Tin lanh ngay cang tiing trong nhiim nguiri La Hii \a ,^kha; ti le cac tin dii Ca diic giiio Irong nhom nguoi Lisu \a Hmdng lai it di.
JelTrey Louis Petry. "Liri phan ciia Chiia: Tin dii dao Ca doc. nguiri Karen, thuc dan vii su hinh thanh nuirc Mien Dien" (Luan iin tiijn sT. 1993), tr. 77. .
than thoai cua hg ve nhflng dira tre cua thin Yod. Chua sing tao, hg di nhan dugc cudn sach dd nhung sau dd lai bj mit di do sir bit can. Cau chuyen huyen thoai ke ring, mdt hdm ngudi anh da tring da mang quyen sich trd lai cho ngudi anh em ddng dao cua anh ta la ngudi Karen. Mdt sd ngirdi Karen da thay cic nhi truyen giao eung vdi sich Kinh thinh cua hg nhu ngudi anh em da trang trong truyen than thoai eua hg. Mdt sd ngirdi truyen giio My dau tien nghi ring ngudi Karen da hinh dung ve Chua, bdi vi theo quan diem cua hg khii niem ve nhi tao hda Yod rat gin vdi nhi sang tao Yahweli. than eua ngudi Do Thii, hai vj than tham chi cd ten tirong tu. Mdt vai nhi truyen giao cdn tin chic ring ngudi Karen thuc chat li mgt trong 10 bd tdc da bj mat cua dan Do Thii'".
Mdi lien he niy da dugc khai thic de cii dao ngirdi Karen sang Co dde giio de dang hon, va cac quan niem ve dao ly eua cic tin dd Co dde giao lien quan tdi Idng trung thanh ha) quan he tinh due phu hcip vdi tin ngucing tru)en thdng ciia ngudi Karen. Tat ci nhung ngirdi Karen theo Co' dde giio dugc phdng van - vi ke ci nhung ngirdi theo Phat giio - cung ndi ring hg cam thay thoii mii hon sau khi bd viec thd cung td tien. The gidi tdn giao nhu Co dde giio tao ca hdi tiep xiic vdi the gicii ben ngoai vi loai bd di nhung han che cua than Iinh dja phuang, trong khi Kinh thinh dai dien cho chan \y ca bin vi tao ra
" Ananda Rajah. "Sac tpc, chii nghTa dan tpc, \'a nha nuac - dan tpc. Nguiii Karen a Mien Dien va Thai Lan". trong Cdc lgc ngirdi .xuyen bien gidi a Dong Nam .A luc dia. chii bien Gehan Wiieyewardene (Singapore: ISEAS. 1990). tr. 113; Hayami, "Chuydn doi ton giao, tin nguang", tr. 88. Hau het nhirng nguai Karen theo Ca doc giao deu tin ring Yod va than linh trong Kinh thanh giong nhau.
su ddi khing vdi tdn giio cua nhdm tdc ngudi cd anh hudng Idn hon"'.
Cae nha truyen giao dao Ca dde xay dung chu viet eho nhfl'ng ngudi dan vung eao that hgc trudc day. Tin dd dao Bap-tit da tao ra chu' viet cho ngudi Karen bang each SU' dung bing chu' cii Mien Dien vao dau the ky XIX. Mdt thdi gian ngan sau. nhung ngudi theo dao Cdng giio da gidi thieu chu La Ma cho nhfl'ng ngudi Karen d Mien Dien, trong khi dd ehu viet cua tin dd theo dao Cdng giio dugc su' dung d Thii Lan ngiy nay da cd tu nhfl'ng nam 1950. Tham ehi ngiy nay, trong do tudi tu 15 den 20 cd 90%
ngudi theo dao Cdng giao - chi cd 1% ngudi theo dao Phat - ngudi theo Thuyet Van vat huu linh - la nhung ngudi thao mdt trong nhfl'ng chu viet ciia ngudi Karen"". Trong nhfl'ng nim 1950, do viec truyen dao dang gianh dugc anh hudng d mien Bie Thai Lan, hg da md rdng pham vi anh hudng cua minh sang ITnh vuc giio due, chain sdc sue khde vi ky thuat canh tic ndng nghiep. Vio thdi diem dd, cac ca quan nha nude cung nhu cac td chirc phi ehinh phu deu khdng ed sir ho trg tuong tu nio ddi vdi cic ddi tugng bj coi la khdng quan trgng d vung eao.
0 Mien Dien, tdn giio da khoet sau mdi bat hda gifla quan phien loan ehu yeu la ngirdi Karen theo Ca dde giao va Chinh phu
Charles F. Keves. "lYa thanh tin do Ca doc giao Tin lanh trong the giai Dong Nam A", .JSE.AS, 27, 2 (1996): 288; David Bradley. "Ban sjc. Tinh bin bi cua cac nhom tpc ngucri". trong chii bien: McKinnon va Wanat, Nlnrng nguai ddn viing cao a Thai Lan.
tr. 52; Cornelia Ann Kammerer. "Phong tue va su chuyen doi sang dao Co doc a ngucri Akha viing cao cua Mien Dien \ a Thai Lan". Nha ddn toe hoc My.
17. 2 (1990): 285.
"' Chumpol. "Ton giao \ a su thay doi xa hpi". tr. 242;
Nicholas Tapp. "Tac dpng ciia truyen giao dao Ca diic den cac nhom tpc nguai bi each I) ra khoi nhip dieu phat Iricn \a hiii". .JSE.IS. 20. 1 (1989): 75.
Miln Dien theo dao Phat. Sir khic biet ve tdn giao li nguyen nhan gay ra sir bat hda trong Lien minh Qudc gia cua ngudi Karen (KNU), Lien minh nay da khdng ngirng chdng lai Chi'nh phu Miln Dien tir nim 1949. Mdt bd phan cac chien sT theo dao Phat trong Lien minh Qudc gia eua nguoi Karen (KNU), vdi sir hd trg cua mdt thay tu ding kinh thugc nhdm Pwo Karen, da ndi day chdng lai sir lanh dao eua td chirc KNU Co' dde giao de hgp tie vdi quan ddi Mien Dien dudi cii ten Quan ddi Phat giao Kayin Dan chil (DKBA). Quan ddi Mien Dien da rat kinh nghiem trong viec gia ting nhflng xung dot dang tdn tai ben trong KNU"^.
Ban sac dan tgc va ton giao
Mdi nhdm dan tdc nhieu hay it deu mang ti'nh ndi hdn. Cam nhan cua ti'nh thdng nhat dua tren Ijch su', ngdn ngu va su sip nhap ehung. Khdng mdt ban sac rieng Ie nao tdn tai; dung hon la cd mgt sd ban sic (tinh ddng nhat) thay ddi khdng ngiing nen ddi khi gifla chiing gay ra nhung xung dot. Ban sac dan tdc va tdn giao la hai trong nhieu ban sic ciia con ngudi ed bien ddi quan trgng; hai ban sac dd khdng phai Iiic nao cflng phu hgp, nhu trudng hgp cua ngudi Karen""*. Bin sic tdc ngudi mi tdi sir dung d day dugc djnh nghTa
Mikael Gravers. Chu nghTa ddn toe nhir Id sir da nghi chinh tri a Mien Dien (Richmond: Curzon.
1999); Don McCaskill, "Chia re va chinh phuc. Chu nghTa be phai, chii nghTa co hpi va su sup do ciia Manerplaw", trong Phdt trien hay khai hoa?. do McCaskill va Kampe lam chii bien, tr. 602-9.
Ulrich Schneckener, "Cac van de \k su lu tri tap the:
tpc nguai. dan tpc. quoc gia", Ngogi bien. 67. 17 (1997): 29; Eugene E. Roosens. Tgo nen ddn toe. Qud trinh hinh thdnh toe ngirdi (Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
1989). tr. 16; Jessica Jacobson, "Ton giao va sSc toe.
Cac nguon thay the va su sa hiru ban sdc 6 nhirng ngucri Pakistan goc Anh tre tuoi". Nghien ciru cluing toe vd siic ldc [tir na) ve sau gpi lii ERS]. 20. 2. (1997): 238-56; \a Manning Nash. C«/ vcic cuu ddn ldc irong thi giai hien c7<7/(Chicago: University ot'Chic.igo Press. 1989).
Tgp chi Ddn ldc hgc sd 4 - 2009
bdi sir tdng hgp tinh bam sinh (primordialism) va tinh bdi cinh (situationalism). Cic khia eanh co' bin eua djnh nghTa nay bao gdm nhung phin sau:
"[nhdm dan tdc] bieu tugng chu the hoic sir dung mdt khia canh nio dd eua vin hda mang tinh bieu tugng, de phan biet sir khic nhau giua hg vdi cic nhdm khic. Nhung bieu tugng nay cd the bj ap dat tu' ben ngoii hoic di cd tu' ben trong"^^.
Bin sic tdc ngudi bam sinh vi do bdi canh chi phdi cd the tdn tai ddng thdi. Bien gidi tdc ngudi cd the vua khdng chac chan, uyen chuyen, lai vua cd djnh. Day la diem quan trgng, bdi vi tin thanh cich tiep can ban sic tdc ngudi ludn thay ddi dua tren co cau xa hdi trong mdt thdi gian dai la hoan toan hgp thdi^^. Thuyet bam sinh ket luan ring mgt tdc ngudi gin bd mat thiet vdi nhau qua mdi quan he than thugc. ngdn ngu' vi tdn giao; Harold Issacs nhan manh nhu
George De Vos. "rhu)et da ngu)cn tpc ngucri:
Xung dpi \a thoa hiep". trong Bciii sdc ldc ngirc'ri. linh lien luc vd thciy ddi cua vdn hda. chu bien: George De Vos va Lola Romanucci-Ross (Chicago: Uni\crsity of Chicago Press, 1982). tr. 17. Ciing xem Roland Platz, "Di cu va ban sac tpc nguai", Dien ddn chau ,A quoc te. 30. 3-4 (1999): 295-312; va Platz. Sir bin bi vd ihciy ddi cua ban sdc tgc ngirdi. Tdm quan trong cua di cir trong vi dii ve ngicdi Lisu vd Karen o mien Bdc Thdi Lan (Bonn: Nxb Flolos. 2000).
Xem vi du, Edmund R. Leach, He thdng chinh tri a vimg cao Mien Dien. tai ban lan thir hai (London:
Athlone Press, 1970). Frank Proschan dua ra vi du ve nguiri Kha-mu - Tpc ngucri noi tieng Mon - Khame a Thai Lan. Lao \a Viet Nam - ki miit \ i du \e nhu'ng bien giiii phirc tap nay. Cac duirng bien gioi, nhu ngiin ngii' \a dong hp. da dupc xac dinh ro rang, nhung dong thiri nhirng ngucri nuac ngoai eung hpi nhap. f) My co nguiri Kha-mii. nhu'ng ngucri ma each day khong liiu hp cim su dung ngon ngir ciia hp nhung tu hp \an coi minh lii nguiri Khir-mii; Frank Proschan, "Tat ca chiing tiii deu la ngucri Kho-mii, giong nhu nhau. Tpc danh. ban sac tpc nguiri \a cac dan tpc". ,V/w Ddn ldc hgc .\ly. 24. 1 (1997): 92.
eau dugc Ii thinh vien eua mdt tdc ngudi"^.
Khii niem bam sinh ve bin sic tdc ngudi cung nhic qua mue, tuy nhien, cic nhi phe binh cho ring khii niem niy khdng bao gdm sir thay ddi ban sic tdc ngudi, trong khi dd tinh tdc ngudi lai dugc ehu y qua mirc vi y nghTa eua sir anh hudng lan nhau ve mat xa hdi thi lai bj bd qua'^.
Theo Thuyet bdi cinh (ehu nghTa hinh thuc vi chu nghTa tinh hudng), mat khic, nhung net van hda ehung phu thude vao tinh hudng cua cac chu the de quyet djnh bien gidi tdc ngudi dugc xie djnh nhu the nao. Tdc ngudi. la cae thuc the xa hdi bat ngudn tu' su ddi lap mang tinh cau true giua cic nhdm cd su tic ddng qua lai vdi nhau. Viec xie djnh cic nhdm rieng biet khdng phii d nen van hda ehung nio mi d viec uin cho nd vi sir tu nhan cua chu the"''.
" I larold R. Issaacs. Than tirpng ciia bii lac: Ban sac ciia nhom ngucri va su thay doi chinh tri (New York:
llarper & Row, 1975), tr. 397. Thao luan ve tinh bam sinh. xem Wsevolod W. Isajiw, "Nhung dinh nghTa ve tiic ngucri". Toe ngirdi. 1 (1974): 111-24; Clifford Gcertz. "Cuiic each mang de hpp thiinh mpt the thong nhat. Nhirng quan diem ca ban va chinh the diin su trong nhirng nha nuac mai", trong Cdc xci h(>i cu vd nhung nhd nudc mdi: Tim kiem linh chdt hien dcii a chau .4 vd chau Phi. chii bien: Clifford Geertz (New York: Free Press of Glencoe. 1963), tr. 105-57;
Andrew M. Greeley, Tgc nguai a My: Khao sdt sa bo (New York: Wiley, 1974); va Edward Shils, "Cac moi quan he nguv'en sa, ca nhan, thieng lieng va cong dan", Tgp chi xa hdi hgc Anh quoc, 8. 2 (1957): 130-45.
'^ Elaine M. Burgess, "Su hoi sinh ciia tpc nguai:
HuyIn thoai hay hien thuc?. ERS. 1, 3 (1978): 266; va .lames McKay. "Tong hop giai thich ve cac phuang phap tiep can theo thuyet bam sinh \a thu>et van dpng trong \ iec nghien ciru cac hien tupng mang tinh tpc nguai". ERS, 5, 4 (1982): 398.
' ' Fredrik Barth. "Lai giai thieu". trong Cdc dim toe vd bien gidi: Td chirc .xd hoi cua sir khdc biet van hoa. chu bien Fredrrik Barth (Bergen:
Universiteitsforlaget, 1969). tr. 10. Cac thiio luan khac gom co Leach, Cdc he thong chinh tri, Leo A.
Despres. "Huiing tcri mpt ly thuyet ve hien tupng
Cho den thdi diem ni) Abner Cohen dua ra viec .vie djnh cic tdc ngudi la cac nhdm ed ehung Igi ich ciing hanh dgng mdt cich hgp ly. nhung tren thuc te hg cd the khdng bj bat budc phii phuc tung cic nhdm cd ehung Igi ich bdi vi cam ket cim tinh ed the tdn tai mi khdng dugc tinh toan mdt each hgp I). Thay ddi xiy ra. nhirng khdng lien tue;
pham vi cua nd bj gidi han hon nhieu so vdi nhfl'ng dieu dugc thua nhan cua nhfl'ng ngudi theo trudng phii bdi eanh^*^. Thay ddi ban sic tdc ngirdi chi cd the xi)' ra khi hai ngdn ngfl' va hai nen vin hda cung tdn tai;
neu mdt tdc ngudi khdng chap nhan ngudi
mang tinh tiic ngirtri". trong Toe nguai vd sir canh iranh ve ldi nguyen Irong cdc xa hoi da ldc ngirai.
chu bien Leo A. Despres (The Hague: Mouton.
1975). tr. 187-207: .Arnold L. l-.pstein. Tdc ngirdi vd ban sdc: lia nghiin ciru ve tiic ngirdi (London;
Tavistock. 1978): Eruin Orywal \a K. Ilackstein.
"Dan tiic: Giai thich tinh xiic thuc \ e tpc ngucri".
trong .S'ri lay Ddn ldc hoc. chu bien Thomas Schwei/er (Berlin: Nxb Reimer. 1993). tr. 595;
Lawrence Rosen. Du tinh ve tinh xdc time: .Xdy clung cdc mdi quan he xd hiii trong cdng ddng Hdi giao (Chicago: Uni\ersit> of Chicago Press. 1984); va Toe ngudi dcmg hoat (long, chii bien: Sandra Wallman (London: Macmillan, 1979).
.Abner Cohen. "Loi giai thieu". trong Tdc ngudi thdnh ihi. chu bien: .Vbner Cohen (London:
Taxistock. 1974). tr. xvi. Ciing xem David Banks.
"Liri gioi thieu". trong Thay ddi ban sdc a Ddng .Nam .A hien dai. chu bien: David Banks (The Hague;
Mouton). tr. 1-3; Georg Elwert. "Dan tpc nhu la su gia thich \e mat l\' luan va thirc tien". trong Ddn tdc irong sir chuyen ddi. chu bien: Peter Waldmann \a G.
l-:iwert (Saarbrucken & Fort Lauderdale: Breitenbach.
1989). tr. 21-60; Thomas O. Hollmann. "Nhirng quan niem co ban \ e thuat ngir tpc ngucri trong dan tpc hpc: truang hop cac dan tpc a Diing Nam A luc dia".
Tiihus. 41 (1992): 177-86; Leach. Cdc he thong chinh //'/.Frederick K. Lehman. "Cac loai hinh tpc nguai a Mien Dien \a ly thuyet \ e cac he thiing xa hpi" trong Cdc ho tdc a Dong Nam A. ddn ldc thieu sd vd cdc ddn tdc. chu bien; Peter Kunstadter. Tap I (Princeton:
Princeton University Press). 1967. tr. 93-124; va Mgt nudc Mexico khdc. Ngirdi ban ciia lir Chiapas den Chihuahua, chu bien: Ellen Schriek \a 11. W. Schmuhl (Gic.s.sen:N.\b Focus. 1997).
ngoii hoic tir khep kin thi sir thay ddi khdng xiy ra'". Lieu quan niem cua nhung ngudi theo trudng phii bdi canh ed .xet tdi ngdn ngfl'. mdt trong nhfl'ng nhan td quan trgng nhat tao nen bin sic tdc ngirdi?
Nhung ngudi dan vung cao mien Bie Thii Lan hgc tieng Thai nhu li ngdn ngu thir hai thi khi ndi tieng qudc ngu se cd pha tieng dja phirong cua minh va ve mat cam xuc thi khdng the so sanh dugc nhu khi the hien cam xuc cua minh bang ngdn ngfl' ban dja^".
Ban sac tdc ngudi khdng phai cd djnh. mi ban than nd eung the hien la mdt qua trinh ludn ddng vdi nhflng han che ve tinh linh hoat. Su ddi lap trong cac ITnh vuc xa hdi. van hoi va tdn giao tie ddng tdi ti'nh ben vung eua ban sic tdc ngudi. va sir tu nhan eua nd dua tren su tuong tic mang tinh Ijch sir vdi cac tdc ngudi khic ed the gin lien vdi su ddi lap nay^^. Su tu nhan thirc ve chinh minh eua mdt nhdm ngirdi ed the phin anh su manh hon, kem hon, niem tu hao hoic tinh phdng ve. Yeu td ca ban cua bin sac tdc ngirdi la nhung hanh ddng khac biet va mang tinh ca nhan cua cic thinh vien tdc ngudi. Peter Kunstadter da ehi rd thue te rang ngudi Karen thieh md
Charles F. Keyes. "LiTi giai thieu". trong Sir thich nghi tdc nguai, chii bit!-n: Keves. tr. 6; vii William A.
Smalley. Su da dgng ngdn ngu vd thdng nhdt qudc gia: Sinh thai hgc ngdn ngu a Thdi Lan (Chicago;
Uni\ersity of Chicago Press. 1994). tr. 259.
George De Vos va Lola Romanucci-Ross. "Tinh tiic nguiri: Maeh y nghTa \a bieu tupng cua su tuang phan". trong Ban sdc ldc ngirdi. chii bien: De Vos va Romanucci-Ross. tr. 374-5. Ve khung canh dSc thii CLia mien Bac Thai Lan. xem Smallev. .Sir da dcmg ngdn ngir.
" George M. Scott Jr. "Su tiing hop lai ciic phuang phap tiep can theo tinh l-)am sinh \a tinh boi canh doi vdi su doan ket tpc nguiri. Huiing lai miit mii hinh eiiii thich". ERS. 13. 2 (1990): 147-^71.
Tgp chi Ddn i(}c hoc so 4 - 2009 65
hinh "qudc gia cua cac dan tdc" hon li md hinh "noi tu eu" •*. Su phan chia tdc ngudi la mdt phan cua vin hda Karen: su tu nhan thirc ve chinh bin than hg di dugc the hien trong cic eau ehuyen than thoai ve viec la tre md cdi cua hg va phan anh su ehju dung ap bu'c vi phan biet ddi xir, die biet eia ngudi Mien Dien. trong nhieu the ky. Tuy nhien. ve phuong dien dao dire ngudi Karen cam thay minh d dang cap eao hon so vdi cac tgc ngudi khic.
Ban sic tdn giio cd the cd nhieu inh hirdng hon bin sic tdc ngudi, vi bien gidi cua ban sac tdc ngudi it rd ring hon khi mgt tdn giio phd bien li nhan td thdng nhat. Mdt vi du la nhung ngudi di cu Pakistan thugc the he thu' hai hien dang sdng tai Vuong qudc Anh, hg tu nhan minh la ngirdi mang trong minh hai ddng vin hoa, nhung van la mdt bd phan cua cdng dong Hdi giio xuyen qudc gia'\ Kim Hyung - .lun da ggi eho chflng tdi nhcV den sir ddi khing ngay cang manh giua Co dde giio vi Hdi giio d Java vdn da ehi phdi ddi sdng phi tdn giio thudng ngay""'. Gin diy quan dio Indonexia da trci thanh mgt vi du minh hoa ve cic cucic xung dot, ma noi day tiin giio da dugc coi li nhan td cua su khic biet. Dae biet, cic tdn giao thugc Thu)et dgc than nhu Ca dde giio vi Hdi giio cd xu hilling phan cue vi tir bd tdn giio eua
Peter Kunstadter. "Tiie ngui')i. loai hinh \a ban siic". trong .SV ihicli nghi ldc ngirdi do Keyes lam chil hien. tr. 1 19-63; Hiinh diing ciia cac thanh vien Irong nhiim. xem Smallev. Sir da dgng ngdn ngu.
tr. 337-40.
Jessica Jacobson. "Tiin giao \ a tpc nguai. Nguon goc kep \a khac ciia ban sac trong nhom nguai Pakisian goc Anh", ERS. 20. 2 (1997"): 238-56.
" kim ll\ung-Jun. "Den vai ton giao ciia anh \a tim giao ciia tiii: Miii quan he I loi giao - Ca diic giao trong mpi liing ciia nguiri Ja\ a". .Sojourn. Tgp chi Nhirng vdn di.xd hdi o Ddng Ncmi.i. 13. 1 (1998); 62-85.
minh. Trong trudng hgp tin dd dao Tin lanh ngudi Karen, ban sic tdn giio va dan tdc eua hg khdng tich rdi nhau. dan tdi viee tao thinh cic dudng bien gidi trong ndi bd tdc ngudi. Cic cudc xung dot ben trong cic dan tdc khic d mien Bie Thai Lan tham chi ngi) cing sau sac, tu) nhien, tdc ngudi Akha theo Co dde giao van td ra eoi thudng tin ngudng tru)en thdng. trong khi do nhung ngudi Hmdng theo dao Tin lanh lai cd xu hudng cd chip va ddi lap, dan tdi viee chia re khdng gian tdn giio trong cung mdt ling'' .
(Nguyen Thj Hong Nhj i//c7(
Tran Hdng Hanh hieu dinh)
Me eon ngirdi Si La d .\a Kan Hd, huyen Mudng Te, tinh Lai Chau
Anh: Tran Thu Hieu
•' Cornelia Ann Kammerer, "X'irt bo ciii thiing. Liim sang to truyen thong ciia ngucri Akha theo Co doc giao". JSEA.S. 27, 2 (1996): 320-33; vii Tapp, 'Tac diing ciia truyen giiio dao Ca doc".
