Phat trien giao thdng tht^ ndi dia nham phuc vu logistics tai tinh Thai Binh
Nguy& Cao Y Ng6 "mi Thanh Hoa Truong Dai hpc Giao thong van tai
Dil cd nhidu lpi thd va tiem nang nhung Vcin tai thiiy npi dia d tai Thai Binh vdn chua dupc chii trpng ddu tu diing miic. Hidn tai van tai thuy ndi dia chi chid'm thi phan kha khidm tdn do cdn nhieu diem nghen ve tinh ket ndi, vg eo sd ha tang cting nhu ngudn huy ddng vdn ddu tu. Thdng qua viec nghien etru thue trang hd thdng giao thdng thuy ndi dia tai tinh Thai Binh, dong thdi dya trgn co sd nhiing khao sat sd ligu thuc tg tai cae dia phuong, nhdm tdc gia da dua ra nhiing bign phap thiet thuc gdp phdn hodn thien va phat trign giao thdng thily ndi dia tai Thdi Binh.
i.Datvande
Khu vyc phia Bdc ndi ehung va khu vye tinh Thai Binh ndi rigng cd vj tri dia ly va digu kign tu nhien thu$n lpi de phat tridn van tai dudng thiiy ndi dja vdi trdn 42.000 km sdng, kdnh cd kha nang khai thae van tai, trong dd mdi dua vao td ehiic quan ly dupc trdn 19.000 km, dat 45%. Do dd, vdn cdn rdt nhieu tiem nang dd ddu tu, khai thac va phat tridn hoan thidn van tai thiiy ndi dja dpc eac hanh lang kinh td, tao didu kign thiic ddy loai hinh dich vu van tai da phuong thiic, logistics phat tridn trong giai do^n hpi nhap qude td hda sdu rdng ve mpi mat hidn nay.
Hidn tai, Khu vyc tinh Thai Binh eung dang phdi ddi mat vdi tinh trang qua tai vd dtrdng bd trong khi day la khu vye cd dieu kien tu nhign vd ciing thudn lpi cho vige phdt trien van tai thily npi dja vdi nhidu sdng kdnh cd thg khai thae van tai va hang tram km dudng bd bidn. Tuy nhign trong thdi gian vira qua, van tdi thiiy ndi dia d khu vye nay phat trign chua tuong ximg vdi tigm nang, chua phat huy vai trd ciia minh trong hg thd'ng giao thdng van tai tai khu vye. Tde dp tang vg san lupng hang hda van ehuyen bdng dtrdng thiiy ndi dja chua cao va khdng dn djnh. Vige ddu tu, khai thae phuong tien van tai thily trdn cac sdng kdnh eung nhu xay dyng cac cang - ben xep dd dpc cdc bd sdng cdn mang tinh ty phat.
2. Thirc trang phat trien he thong thuy noi dja tai tinh Thai Binh
2.1. Thirc trang cdc ngudn von va nhu cdu vdn dau tu vdo ha tdng tuyen thuy noi dia tiii tinh Thai Binh
- Bgn canh vdn lit eae ngudn ho trp ( ODA) thi vd'n tir ngan sdeh Nhd Nude dupe xde djnh Id ngudn chinh ddu tu eho phat bien ha tdng dudng thily ndi dia tai tinh Thdi Binh. Dau hr cho ha tdng tuyen ludn la gdnh
nang eho ngdn sdeh vi lupng dau tu kha Idn trong khi ngudn thu trye tigp tir khai thac bi han ehg.
- Nhu edu ve vd'n ddu tu vao co sd ha tdng thiiy ndi dia theo giai doan tai Tinh Thdi Binh eting kha cao.
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- D^u lu cho cang, ben trong nhung nam vua qua tai tinh Thai Binh da huy dpng duoc nguon v6n tu c^c nguon cu th^ nhu vd'n ngan sach, vdn doanh nghiep, von BOT, BT va cac ngudn xa hdi hoa cua cac to chuc, ca nhan.
2.2.Thirc trang he thdng co s a ha tang thiiy ndi dia tai tinh Thai Binh
Theo Thdng tu sd 46/2016/TT-BGTVT ngay 29 thang 12 nam 2016, mdt phan sdng Hong giap danh gitra tinh Thai Binh va Nam Bjnh (Tir phao sd "0" Ba Lat hudng ve phia Ha Ndi va cang Viet Tn). Trong dd sdng Bay tu phad sd "0" Cua Day den Ninh Binh cdn duoc quy hoach vao c^p dac biet ddn nam 2030.
Hidn trang mpt sd cdng trinh tren sdng d$c biet la hien trang he thdng dudng day dien cad the chay ngang qua mdt sd sdng chinh trdn dia ban khu vuc nghien cuu. Hau het cdc sdng chinh bao gdm doan sdng Hdng ch4y qua ba tinh, sdng Lupc d4u cd dudng day didn cao thd bac ngang qua cac l<huc sdng. Vdi do cao cua he thd'ng dien cao the bac qua cac sdng hien nay se lihdng anh hudng den hoat ddng vin tai thuy ndi dia cung nhu viec phat tridn vjn tai thiiy ndi dia trong tuong lai l(hi ap dung thi diem van chuySn con-
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tainer trgn mdt so tuydn vdn tdi thuy ndi dia nhdm gia tang thi phdn van tai thuy ndi dia eung nhu gidm dp Iyc van tai len dudng bd.
Ngpai hien trang hg thdng dudng day dign va cap dien eao the qua cae sdng ehinh trong khu vyc nghign cuu thi nhdm nghign eiiu cpn di khao sat thye te mpt sd cdu tai Thai Binh. Ciing vdi viee khao sat thue tg, nhdm tidn hanh thu thap thdng sd ky thuat ciia tdt ea cac cau bde qua cac sdng chinh trgn eac tuyen thupe khu vye nghign cihi tir nhieu ngudn khde nhu tir Cue dudng thiiy ndi dia Viet Nam, mot sd thdng sd ky thuat cdu tir TEDI, mdt sd thdng sd ky thuat cua cdu khac dupe thu thap tir Vign ehign lupe phat tridn giao thbng van tai.
Sd lieu lihao sat thu thdp dupe eho thdy, hign nay trgn eae tuyen dudng thiiy ndi dja nghign cuu edn ed nhimg khiie eua vdi ban kinh cong hep khoang 200 m, nhtrng khiie ed ban kinh cong d miic nay se gay khd khan eho phuong tien thiiy ndi dja ed tai trpng dudi 300 tan boat ddng chu ehua ndi den phuong tien ed tai trpng Idn hon. Ddi vdi tuygn thtr nhdt di ttr cum cang Ninh Binh tdi cang Hdi Phong qua dudng sdng Ludc.
Trgn sdng Lupe ed khoang 7 diem den vdi ban kinh cong trong khoang ttr 200 m dgn 250 m, ca biet cd hai doan eong Thang Thiiy va An Khe vdi ban kinh eong Idn lupt chi khoang 195 m va 200 m; Ngoai ra cung trgn tuyen thiiy ndi dia nay cdn ed khiie cong Dde bd trgn sdng Dao Nam Dinh vdi ban kinh ehi khoang 200 m.
Day cd the dupc xem la nhung diem den tren tuyen thuy ndi dia va edn phai uu tign giai quyet ngu mudn phat trien tuyen thiiy npi dia nay van ehuyen vdi phuong tign thuy cd trpng tai Idn hay van chuygn container.
Hg thdng edng va ben thuy ndi dja trgn dia ban tinh Thai Binh hign tai dang tap trung trgn 04 con sdng do Trung uong quan ly va hanh lang van tai ven bign.
Mat dp sdng khu vyc nay kha cao, bgn miic binh quan ea nude (0,17km s6ng/]km2 so vdi 0,127km/km2 cua ca nude), eae sdng ehay qua hdu hgt cdc thanh phd, edc khu dan cu, khu eong nghiep tap trung. Cae tuyg'n van tai ehinh eiia khu vyc gdm:
Tuyg'n Quang Ninh — Hai Phdng di Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, Thai Binh, Hung Ydn, Ha Nam va Thanh Hda.
Hang hda van chuygn chu yg'u la than da xuat khdu, than eho dign, eho san xudt xi mang, eho edng nghigp khae va eho tieu dting; cac loai vat lieu xay dyng: dd, cdt, sdi, gach, ngdi, sat xay dyng, nguyen lieu va vat tu xi mang, thiet bi, sdt va phdi thgp, phan bdn, lua gao, xang dau ... Tuygn Quang Ninh — Ninh Binh la tuyen van tdi edp III -IV, cd tdng chieu dai la 266,5 km vdi nhieu doan nhd cd ehidu dai tu 3 km ddn 33,5 km.
Trong dd kich thude ludng tau tren eac doan ed sy khae bigt idn. Chigu rdng trung binh cua tuyg'n trgn cac doan la 40 - 60m (rdng nhdt la doan sdng Cam 150 m), dp sau ludng dat tir 1,6 dg'n 4,5m.
Tuygn van tai ven bign khu vyc nghign cuu tap tmng ehu yeu la tuyen Quang Ninh — Ninh Binh,
Thanh Hda, Nghg An va mdt sd lupng khac tir khu vyc Quang Ninh, Ninh Binh di eac tinli Bde Tmng Bd, mpt sd tuygn ttr bd ra dao va giua eae dao. Ngoai ra di qua khu vye nghign euu eua tinh cdn cd tuygn v^n tai ven bien ket ndi trye tigp cac tinh ndm dpc theo ven bign tir Quang Ninh dgn Quang Binh(Theo quygt dinh sd 2495/QD-BGTVT ngay 30/06/2014). Tuygn vdn tki ven bien nay hign cd 2 edp quan ly, mdt la Cyc dudng thiiy ndi dia Vigt nam (quan ly cac tau SI va SII) va Cue Hang hai Viet Nam (quan Iy cac tau SB).
Phuong tign van tai sij dyng hign nay chii ygu la phuong tign ty hanh, chigm khoang 80- 85% tdng sd phuong tign ed. Trpng tai tau sdng phd bien nhd hem hoac bdng 300 tan (<=300 tdn); Doan sa Ian ddy, kdo phd bign 2 - 4 sa lan/doan vdi ddu keo ddy edng sudt 150-300CV, sa lan cd Irpng tai binh quan 400 tdiVsa Ian; ty le chidm khodng <10% so vdi sd lupt phuong tign thdng qua eac tuygn. Tau mang edp VR-SB: sd lupng tau sdng dupe mang edp VR S-B hoat ddng trgn cac tuyen ven bign.
2.3. fianh gia ngudn nhan luc ciia cac cang, ben cang tren dia ban tinh Thai Binh
Theo khao sat eiia nhdm nghign ciiu, dp tinh thdi vu trong hoat ddng bde sep hang hda tai cac cang va ttiy theo loai hang hda, luong hang khdng ddng deu ngn cac cang chi thug lao ddng theo timg don hang ma khdng tuydn dung lap ddng thudng xuygn de giam chi phi, hien tupng nay thi kha phd big'n d nhirng cang nhd va thudc tu nhan quan Iy. Dd'i vdi nhdm lao dpng thude bign ehg cua eae don vi cung cd sy ehgnh lech Idn. Sd lao ddng nay gdm lao dpng trye tigp, la cdc nhan vien dieu hanh, dieu dp tai cang, nhan vign bao ve, nhan vign kho bai trgn cang... va lao ddng gian tiep tai cae td chirc nang tai cang.
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So Iirpng ngudi lao dpng tai cac dpn vj dupc dao tao ve van tai va Ipgistics chigm ty trpng rdt nhd va gdn nhu la khdng ed ai ed bdng cap chuygn nganh vd logistics, xuat nhap khau hay didu khign eae qua trinh van tai trong tdng sd lao ddng ciia cae don vi. M6t s6 cang thiiy npi dia cd ngudi lao ddng cd bdng edp nghiep vu lign quan den logistics nhung cung chi la da tham gia nhirng khda dao tap ngdn ban va dupc edp gidy ehiing nhan hoac chiing ehi ve nghigp vu logis- tics, nghigp vu xudt nhap khdu. Dieu dd eho thdy nhu edu can dupc dao tao, tai dao tao va nang eao trinh dp
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2.4. Danh gia khd nang ket ndi vdn tai da phuong thirc tren dia bdn tinh Thai Binh
Hien tai d Tinh Thdi Binh ed cac hinh thiie van tdi sau: Dudng bO, dudng thiiy, dudng dng (khdng cd dudng sdt, dudng khdng). Theo nhdm dieu tra nghign eiiu tW tinh Thai Binh hien vdn ehua ed quy hoaeh cy the ve sy phdi hpp giira cac hinh thiie vdn tai, cy the la quy hoach phdt bign vdn tdi da phuong thiie cua tinh.
Bang 3. H i t n l r g n g y t n S t e l H o t b a u g cac cang IhilynjUlia tai Thai Blub Ten bcB caag
Cang Nha may ohi^i di?a TB1 Caug hOa chSt mo Vinacomill Cai^ tliuy npi dia x ^ g dau dan Ou Thai Binh Cang Nha may nbie! dien TB2
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Qua ddy ed thg nhdn thdy sdng Ludc ddng mdt vai trd Idn trong vige ke't ndi tuygn dudng thuy sd 1 va sd 2 vol tuygn ven bien so 3. Trong khi sdng Tra Ly lai ddng vai trd kgt ndi tuyen sd 2 vd sd 3. Do dd, ngu phdt huy uu thd ndy nhdm nit ngan khodng edch giiia cac tuyg'n vdn tai Qude gia eOng nhu tdn dung edc uu thg nhdm phdt trign hg thdng giao thong dudng thiiy npi dia phyc vu phdt trien kinh te - Xa hdi thi hai tuyen sdng Tra Ly va sdng Ludc ddng mdt vai trd vd ciing quan trpng.
2.5. Danh gia thuc trang khdi luong hang hoa qua cac cang tren dia ban tinh Thai Binh
Trong nhimg nam qua, luong chay tau trgn cac tuyen van tdi dudng thuy ndi dia chinh da duoc eai thign theo cdc tigu chudn ky thuat, dac biet Id dp sau ludng chay tau, he thdng bao higu dupc Idp dat va duy tu, bap dudng nham dap irng dupc nhu edu van tai; hg thdng cang, bgn phat trign tao digu kien cho phuong tien bdc xgp, tmng chuygn hang hda, hanh khach. Tuy nhien, v^n tdi thiiy ndi dia cung gap khdng it khd khan, nhu dieu kign thdi tidt, khi hau khde nghiet va dien bidn bat thudng; chi phi ddu vao eao, cude van tai khdng tang. Trong hoan canh khd khan chung, eac doanh nghigp, cd nhdn kinh doanh van tdi thuy npi dia da khde phuc khd khan, gidm ehi phi ddu vdP va tan dung khai thac tdi da lpi thg dg tiep tuc boat ddng va phat tridn.
3. Mot SO giai pliap pftat trien tliuy noi dja tai tinh Thai Binh
- Vg ngudn vdn
Ciing vdi dinh hudng ehung trong viee xa hdi hda ddu hr VdP DTND, UBND tinh Thai Binh nen day manh keu gpi ddu tu thep hinh thuc BOT, PPP, trdi phig'u
Chinh phii cho cac dy dn trpng digm phat trien kg't cdu ha tdng giao thdng DTND; tang cudng huy ddng vdn dau tu xay dung va bdo bi kgt cdu ha tang DTND;
day manh edng tac xa hpi hda quan ly, khai thac kdt edu ha tdng theo hudng tang eudng huy ddng vd'n ngodi ngan saeh nhd nude cho ddu tu xay dung, bdo tri kdt cdu ha tang DTND.
- Thu phi su dyng ddi vdi cde hang tau van tdi dudng thuy ndi dja de khde phuc tinh trang thieu tai chinh cho duy tu cae tuyen dudng thuy hien ed. Xem xet eo chg thu phi sir dung dudng thuy, bao g6m phi dang ky tau hang nam, phi su dung ludng hang hdi, thug nhign lieu va phi khu vye trude cang.
- Ddu tu eai tao tinh khdng edu va md rdng cac doan bdn kinh cong nhd: Tdp tmng ngudn vdn vao cai tao ban kinh eong nhd ....
- Cdi tao vd nao vet ludng laeh: Do dieu kign hg thdng sdng ngdi eua khu vyc phia Bdc ndi chung va khu vue tinh Thai Binh ndi rieng, dang bi sa bdi eiing vdi lupng nude phi thupng ngudn han ehg dp hg thd'ng thuj' dign, ngn ludng ra vao cac cira sdng den cang bi ban chg.
- Cai tign ddng co va dpi tau trong giao thdng vsin tai dudng thuy ndi dia. Giai phdp nay tap tmng vao viec thiic day hign d^i hda d6i tau nhdm nang cao higu qua ciia dpng co trong hoat dpng cua ddi tau thdng qua viec xa hdi hda ngudn vdn ddu tu.
- Phan dinh traeh nhigm rd rang dd'i vdi cac doan tuyen trong mang ludi DTND giua Cue dudng thuy ndi dia va Cue Hang hai d nhtrng diem ket thiie eua dudng thuy ndi dja va digm bdt ddu cua van tai bign ven bd.
- Cdn xem xgt cd co che dac thii cho vige ddu tu ciia khdi tu nhan theo hinh thiic hpp tac cdng tu vao viec phdt trign he thdng dudng thiiy npi dia.
Tai lieu tham l(hao
Luis C. Blanca, M.Baher EI-Hifnawi (2014). Thiic day thuong mai thdng qua giao thdng van tai ed siie eanh tranh va it khi thai. Tuyg'n dudng thiiy ndi dja va dudng bign d Viet Nam. World Bank.
Quy hoaeh tdng thg phat trien giao thdng van tai dudng thiiy ndi dia den nam 2020, djnh hudng dgn nam 2030.
Nghign eiiu lap Dy an Ddu tu Xay dung edng trinh nang cap tuyen hanh lang dudng thuy sd 2 (Quang Ninh — Hai Phdng — Thai Binh — Nam Dmh — Ninh Binh).
Du an Phat trien Giao thdng Dong bang Bde Bp (NDTDP) tuygn hanh lang dudng thuy sd 3 Ha Ndi — Ciia Lach Giang (hanh lang sdng tigp xiic vdi bien).
