CHO PHU NO BI BAO LUC TlNH DUG 6 Vrifr NAM

TAP CHl LUAT HQC S6 9/2016 NCm&NCCV- TRAOBdl

KHUC PHUC DAO CAN N H k D A O DAM Tlfe) CAN C36NG II CHO PHU NO BI BAO LUC TlNH DUG 6 Vrifr NAM

PHAN THI f-AN HlfONG * T6m tfit: Thdng qua vi^c nghien oeu ede quy djnh cua phdp lugt hipn hdnh cung nhu edc rdo cm trong tiip cgn cong li ddi vai phg nie b{ bgo lgc tinh dgc & Vi^t Nam. bdi viit di xudt cdc bi$n phdp nhdm tiep cgn cong li cho phg nie bf bgo lgc dnh dye.

Tie khod: Bdo ddm, bgo lgc tinh dge, khdc phgc, phg nir. tiip cgn edng li. rdo cdn, Vi^t Nam.

Nhgn bdi: 17/5/2016 Hodn thdnh bien tgp: 04/10/2016 Duy^t ddng: 10/10/2016

OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO ACCESS TO JUSTICE OF SEXUALLY ASSAULTED WOMEN IN VIETNAM

Abstract: By researching the current law of, and the barriers to access to justice of sexually assaulted women in Viemam. the paper offers proposals lo guarantee the access to Justice of sexually assaulted women.

Keywords: guarantee; sexual assault; overcoming: women; access to Justice; barrier; Viemam Received: May 17*. 2016; Editing completed: Oct •/*. 2016; Accepted for publication: Oct lif, 2016

1. Boi canh

Ngdy 24/9/1982, Vipt Nam gia nhgp Cdng udc quoc te ve cdc quyln kinh t l , xa hpi va vdn hod, Cdng udc quoc t l v l cdc quyen dan sy, chinh trj. Trudc dd ngay 27/11/1981, Vipt Nam da cMnh tiiiic phd chuin Cdng udc quoc te ve xod bd mpi hinh thiic phan bi$t doi xti vdi phy nii (CEDAW).

* Giing vifin, Tnrimg Dai h^c Lu$t Hi N9i E-mail: lanbuongpban2001@yBhoo.com (1). Bii viit niy d u ^ t6m tit tir nghi£n cuu dinh gii chinh sich mi tac gii du^c mJri lim chuy£n gia ciia UNWOMEN 6 Vi^lNam, thing 12/2015, trinh biy l?i Tpa dim: " Tiip c$n cdng ll cho phif nff bi bgo lifc tinh dvc d Vi4t Nam". Xem thfim t?!: http-Jlvnw/.

dangcongsan.vn/xa-hoiAiep-can*cong-ly-cho-phu-nu- bi-bao-luc-linh-duc-o-viet-nam-359835.html, tmy t^ip ngiy 01/02/2016.

Kl tir khi phe chuin CEDAW, Vi^t Nam dd khdng ngimg no lyc trong vi^c xdy dyng khung phap lugt toan dipn de bdo vp quyen ciia phy nfl', trong dd cd cdc quy djnh ve bgo lyc doi vdi phy nii. Hiln phap ndm 2013 ik diu tien quy djnh ve quyln con ngudi tiong Chuong II. Day la mpt trong nhihig dilm tiln b$ trong hogt dpng lgp phdp ciia nudc la, hudng tdi myc tidu cdng bing, din chu, vdD minh. Dilu 26 Hien phdp ndm 2013 quy djnh: Cdng dan nam, nii binh ding vl mpi m$t; nghiem d m phan bipt doi xii ve gidi.

Cimg vdi dd, mpt s6 vdn bdn lugt vd nghj djnh da dupc ban hdnh tgo khung phdp li co bdn dl bdo vp quyen ciia phy nil nhu: Lu^t bhih ding gidi ndm 2006; Lugt phdng ching bgo lyc gia dmh ndm 2007; BO lu|t hinh sv ndm 1999, 2015; Bp lu§t td tyng hinh sv 22

AP CHI LUAT HOC S 6 9/2016 NGHIEN Clfu - TRAOBdl dm 2003, 2015; Luat xii li vi phgm hdnh

liinh ndm 2012; Phdp lenh phdng chdng igi ddm ndm 2003.

Tuy nhien, bao lyc doi vdi phy nu: d Viet Iam van la van de dang lo ngai. Bgo lyc doi di phu nir bat ngudn tii phan biet ddi xii 'en CO sd gidi hay cac mdi quan he bat binh Ing nam nii vd dd xdy ra trong khodng thdi ian dai. Cd the ndi , bao luc bat nguon tu ihirng dnh hudng tir quan niem cua Nho ,iao va Khdng tii md theo dd dan dng dupc 3n trpng hon so vdi phy nii vd nhiing djnh ien gitji da tdn tgi tiong cdc quan nipm ruyen thdng, ljch sit, vdn hod, phdp ludt hinh la nhiing bi$n minh cho bao lyc ciing ihu tgo ra khoang trdng trong cdc quy djnh :iia phap lugt ve cdc bidn phdp chl tdi doi 'di van de bgo lyc.

Theo CO quan Lien hpp quoc ve phdng

;h6ng tpi phgm va ma tuy (UNODC), cd rit t phy nii Viet Nam dupc trp giup phdp li, n% ngn nhan ciia bgo lyc gia dinh khdng rinh bdo vdi co quan chiic ndng. Nghidn ciiu ludc gia ve bao Iyc gia dinh ciing cho thay, J0% ngn nhdn nS chua bao gid ke vdi ai vl n^ bgo hdnh, 87% phy nii bi bgo lyc tham

>ia nghien ctiu cho biet chua bao gid tlm dim sy ho trp tii cdc dich vy ho§c cdc co juan tip giiip phdp li chlnh thtic.*^' Bgo lyc inh dye vd hau qud ciia nd dd dnh hudng ighiem trpng dd n ddi song ciia phu nii. Vi ly, ddi vdi nhiing ngn nhan bi hiep dam, hdu lud Id nhflng anh hudng hay rdi logn vd tdm iinh li nhu bi tram cdm, Igm dyng thuoc hay

cd y dinh ty tii.*'^' Tuy nhien, cdc ngn nhdn cua bao lyc phdi ddi m§t vdi nhiing rao can ldn, can trd khd ndng tim kilm cdc bi^n phap bao ve thdng qua hp thdng tu phap chi'nh thirc vd khdng chinh thiic ciing nhu cdc djch vu ho trp can thiet (y tl, cdng an, tro giup phdp li vd cac dich vy xd hdi).

Ddng chii y la bao lyc tinh dye mdc du da dupc phap Iuat quy dinh nhung vipc tiep can cdng li ciia nhiing ngn nhan bj bgo lyc tinh dye van cdn gap phai nhieu rao can trong thuc tiln nhu: phdp lugt chua quy djnh diy dti vd toan dien ve cac hdnh vi bgo lyc tinh dye (nhu quay rdi tinh dye); ngn nhan bj bgo luc tinh dye cdn e ngai, khdng ddm khai bdo vl vy vipc; thieu co chl trp gitip hi?u qud de bao vp quyen cua ngn nhdn bj bgo Iyc tinh due. Nghien ctiu gin ddy ciia Lidn hpp quoc da chi ra nhiing khoang trong trong phdp Iuat Vipt Nam ve bdo vp phy nfl Id nan nhan ciia cdc hinh thiic bgo lyc tinh dye va dd ciing Id nhiing diem yeu trong thyc thi phdp lugt hipn hdnh vl bdo vp phy nfl.

Nghien cihi cting cho thiy nhflng dnh hudng ciia djnh kien gidi ddi vdi viee gidi thich vd dp dyng cdc quy dinh phdp luat hinh sy ciia nhd lam lugt, ngudi thuc thi phdp ludt va cdn bd tu phdp. Do dd, phy nfl phdi d6i mdt vdi nhieu trd nggi khi trinh bdo vl vy vide bao lyc va nhthig dnh hudng tieu cyc trong hp thdng tu phap hinh sy, vi du nhu sy ki thj doi voi nan nhan ^i lam 4ung tinh (juc khi Ijo trinh bdo vy vipc.^'''

2).Xem: Nhiiu phu nir bf bgo hdnh chua dugc trg

^iiipphdp li chinh thuc, nguin: http://vovgiaothong,vn/

a-hoi/nhieu-phu-nu-bi-bao-hanh-chua-duoc-tro-giup- )hap-Iy-/'83061.tniy clip ngiy 15/5/2016.

(3).Xem: Violence and Abuse in Society: Understanding a Global Crisis. Fundementals, Effects, and Extremes, ABC-CLIO, 2012,226.

(4).Xem: UN Women, Trial of Rape: Understanding the Criminal Justice Systems Respwise to Sexual Violence

TAP CHi LU»T HOC S6 9/2016

Theo Lien hop quSc, tiSp c|n cong li la kha nang cua ca nhan tim kiSm va dat dugrc mOt bi?n phap khic phye thong qua cac he th6ng tu phap chinh thiic va phi chinh thiic d6i voi cac thiet h?i phu hop voi cac tieu chuin quySn con nguoi."' Cac khuySn nghi chung cua Uy ban CEDAW (s6 33) v6 tilp can c6ng li cua phy nO da dua ra cac huong dan chung cho die quoc gia thanh vien ve each vu<jrt qua cac rao cia, thach thiic do va hoJn thi?n he thong tu phap. CEDAW da dua ra khuySn nghi chung cho cac quoc gia thinh viSn xem xit 6 yiu ti co quan h$ chat ch5 va tdc dpng lan nhau ve bao dam tiep c?n c6ng li cua phy nQ d6 la:

1) Kha ntog tiep can cong U Qusticiability);

UL kha nang ma phy nQ co the thong qua cac thiSt chi tu phap di yeu cau vi bao v$ quySn l()ri hpp phap ma khong c6 bit ki tro ngsii nao;

2) Sy sin co (Availability): L4 tiSu chi ve vi?c thanh lap, duy tri va bao dam kinh phi cho h? thong to4 an, cic co quan kh4c ngoai hf th6ng tu phap, cac to chtic khac tren mpi dia bin l§nh th6 cua mpt qu6c gia (vi dy: dd thi, n6ng thon, vimg sau, vimg xa).

3) Tinh tiep cSn (Accessibility): Li yeu ciu tat ci h$ th6ng tu phap, bao gom ca chinh thiic va khong chinh thiic phii dim bio, phii hpp vi t h u ^ ti?n cho vi?c tiep cgn

in India, Thailand and Viet Nam, forthcoming. Ngu6n:

http://www,acadeniia.edu/22324556/PoUcy_Brief_Ac cess_toJustice_for_survivors_of_sexual_vioIence_in _Vietiiani, Iruy c | p ng^y 14/5/2016.

(5).Xem: UNDP, Programming for Justice: Access for All: A Prttctitioner's Guttle to a Human Rights-Based Approach to Access to Justice, Bangkok, 2005. Ngu6n:

http://www.apjrf.com/APJRF%20Content/UNDP%

20-%20Prograniming%20For%20Justice%20-%20 Access%20For%20AU.pdf, tmy cjp ngiy 5/01/2016.

NGHIEN cira-TRAO Bdi cua phy nG va phii dupc cii cich de dip ting hpp li cic nhu ciu cua phy nil, bao g6m ci nhGng nguoi phii doi m^t v6i cac hinh thuc phin bi$t d6i xti va bao lyc;

- 4) Chit lupng tot (good quality): Li yeu ciu tit ci cic bp phjn ciu thanh ctia h^

th6ng tu phap phai dip iing cic ti6u chuin:

phu hpp vdi cac tieu chuin quoc te ve ning luc, hi?u qui, tinh d0c lap va khich quan;

xay dyng cic bien phip kliic phye h^u qui phii hpp voi d?ic thii nh?iy cam giiSi cho tit ca phu nu theo tiSu chuin ve th&i gian, hpp li va hi$u qui; thtic diy tiip c$n cong li cho phy nG 6 cic khia canh nhu dim bio tinh da dang, ping d$ng, sy tham gia, phit huy cic sing kien thyc tien, nhgy cam gioi vi phii tinh din nhu ciu tiip c|to c6ng li ngay cang ting cua phu nG.

5) Quy djnh vi cic bi?n phip khSc phye (Provision of remedies): Li bio dim cho phu nO nhjn dupc cac bi?n phip bio ve khi thi vi cio bi?n phip khic phye c6 yi nghia dii vdri nhOng thi^t hai mi hp phii ganh chju;

6) Tinh chiu trich nhifm (Accountability):

Li ySu ciu thong qua hogt dpng kiem soil h$ thing tu phip di bio dim su phu hpp vdi cic nguyen tic, yeu ciu khio ciia khi nSng tiip cgn c6ng li, su sin c6, tinh tiep c§n, chai lupng tit va khi ning khic phye h§u qui.

Tinh chiu trich nMfm ctia h$ thing W phip cirng yfu ciu vifc kiem soat toan bp cic ho^l dOng cua cic cin bp tu phap vi trich nhi^m phip li ctia hp khi vi phgm phip lujt.*

Di quyin con nguirt, dSc bift li quysi ctia phy nG dupc ton trpng vi bio dim th^rc

(6).Xeni: CEDAW G R 3 3 : Khuyen nghj chung v i ik cSn cdng 11 d6i v(M phy nit - Uy ban ve xo& phlnbi^

dfli xit d6i vdi phy n(t ciia Lign hi?p qu6c.

24

TAP CHf LUAT HQC S 6 9/2016 NGHIENCVV- TRAOBdl hien, cdc quoc gia thanh vien cua Lien hop

quoc phai thyc hi|n cdi cdch phap luat dya tren cac khuyen nghi ve tdng cucmg tiep can cong li cua CEDAW.

2. Cdc rdo cdn trong dam bao tiep can cong li doi voi ph^ nOr bj bao luc tinh due

Viec tiep can cong li ciia phu nil bi bao lyc tinh dye bi anh hircmg boi nhieu yeu to.

Dya tren cdc tieu chi danh gid ve tiep can cong li theo khuyen nghi ciia CEDAW, 6 Vi$t Nam cac rdo can tiep can cong li doi voi phy nii bi bao lyc the hifn d nhihig diem sau.

2.1. Ve khung phdp li lodn diin vd khd thi bdo dam khd ndng tiep cgn cdng li

Thir nhdt. phap luat cua Viet Nam c6n thi^u tinh todn difn trong viec quy dinh ve cac hdnh vi bao lyc tinh due cung nhu cdc bifn phdp che tdi ap dyng doi v6i cac hanh vi ndy. Khdi nifm bao lyc tinh dye theo phdp luat Viet Nam tuong doi hep: B^o lyc tinh dye la hdnh vi cirdng ep quan hf tinh dye (Dieu 2 Lu^t ph6ng chong bgo lyc gia dinh). Cac hdnh vi bao lyc tinh dye a cdc miic dp khdc nhau nhu tpi pham hinh sy hay vi pham hanh chinh (VPHC) vd dupc quy djnh 6 nhieu vdn ban khdc nhau nhu Bp luat hinh sy; Lu^t bao vf, chdm s6c vd gido dye tre em; Phdp Ifnh phong chong mgi dam va cac nghj djnh cua Chinh phii (vi dy Nghi djnh s6 167/2013/ND-CP; Nghi dinh s6 176/2013/ND-CP).''^ Tuy nhien, trong thyc te, cdc hdnh vi bao luc tinh dye doi voi

(7). N^i djnh ciia Chfnh phii so 167/2013/ND-CP quy djnh xit ph^ VPHC trong ITnh V\TC an ninh, tr$t tg, an t o ^ xS h$i; ph6ng ch6ng tf n ^ xS hfi; phdng vi chda chiy; ph6ng chdng b^o lyc gia dinh. Nghj djnh ciia Chlnh phu s6 176/2013/ND-CP ngiy 14/11/2013 quy djnh xir ph?t VPHC trong Hnh v\rc y tc-.

phy nij rat da dang, bao gom cdc loai bao luc tinh dye trong gia dinh, a noi c6ng cong, ned ldm viec. Trong khi do, Bp luat hinh sy va cdc nghi dinh quy dinh cac hdnh vi VPHC trong ITnh vyc phong, chong bgo lyc c6n thieu nhieu npi dung nhu: chua co quy dinh ve t^i quay roi tinh due; tan cong tinh dye khong dugc coi la mpt hanh vi pham t0i rieng doi vdi nQ thanh nien tir 16 tuoi tra len vd khong c6 tpi deo bdm.*^' Ngodi ra, cdc khai niem ve tpi hiep dam va cuong dam con tucmg doi hep; cdch hieu ve hiep dam trong hon nhan khong r5 rang. Phdp lugt con thieu cdc quy dinh ve xijr phgt VPHC doi v6i hanh vi quay roi tinh dye nai cong cpng hay tren cdc phucmg tifn cong cpng;*'' thieu quy dinh ve xii phgt hanh chinh doi v6i nguai mua dam khi khong trd tien hay lira doi phy nii bdn dam di dgt du<?c muc dich thod mdn ve tinh dye hay lira doi de phye vy nhieu ngucri... (Nghi dinh s6 167/2013/ND-CP chua c6 quy djnh ve hdnh vi ndy). Phdp luat ciing c6n thieu quy djnh ve xir phgt doi vdi hdnh vi bao lyc tinh dye nhu: khdu dam (cdc lai noi tho tyc);

su dyng cdc dyng cy nguy hiem de quan hf tinh dye khong c6 sy dong y ciia nan nhan.

(8). Hdu h€t c ^ n ^ nhdn ciia quiy r6i tinh due \i phy nd (78,2%) vi df ni6i cua hp IA tit 18 - 30. Xem chi tiet: Thftc trgng bgo l\fc vi gidi d Vi4l Nam, nguon:

http://tiengchuong.vn/Nghien-cuu-Chuyen-de/Thuc- trang-bao-iuc-ve-gioi-ta!-Viet-Nam/I5218.vgp), truy c$p ng4y 15/5/2016) (xem them t^i: UN Discussion Paper on GBV, p. 20).

Xem thfim: UNODC vk UN Women, Khity'in nghj chung vi sua ddi Bg lugt hinh sg nhdm ldng cu&ng ung phd hifu qud bgo Igc ddi vdi phtf nit, 2015.

(9). Bf lu^t lao dOng nSm 2012 quy djnh cium quAy r6i tinh dye t?! noi 14m vi§c nhung khfing dua ra dinh nghTa cho cic hinh vi quiy r6i tinh dye (Di^u 8).

TAP CHi LUAT HQC S6 9/2016 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl Thie hai, cac quy dinh ve chung cii va sir

dyng chimg cti co the gay kho khdn cho ngn nhan ciia bgo lyc tinh dye."*" Dieu 86 va Dieu 88 Bp ludt t6 tung hinh sy quy dinh ve chiing Cli chua tinh den cac yeu to nhgy cdm ve giai,*"* vi dy khong co quy djnh ve cdch dp dyng chiing cii rieng trong cde vy an bgo lyc tinh dye doi v6i phy nii (co the dan den tinh trgng phdn biet doi xu neu sii dyng qua khii ciia nan nhan dg bdo chu^ cho hdnh vi bgo lyc tinh due). Lai khai cua nan nhan vd nhan chiing td chting cii de xet xii vy an hinh sy nhung khong dii de tien hanh bupc tpi, tuy nhien trong cdc vy an bao luc tinh dye kho thu thdp chiing cii de chiing minh 16i khai ciia nan nhan (ngn nhan thu6ng e nggi, xau ho trong cung cap l&i khai); nan nhan ciia bgo lyc tinh dye thudng phdi trd ldi cdc cau hdi lien quan den npi dung vy vifc vdi nhieu ngudi tien hdnh to tyng (cong an, vien kiem sdt, tod dn, lugt su), dieu nay co the gay t6n thuang ve tinh than cho hp. Phdp lugt ciing chua c6 hudng d ^ cy the ddnh cho cdnh sdt vd cdc ca quan dieu tra ve thu thgp chiing Cli trong cdc vy dn bao lyc thih dye

{10).Xcm: UNODC, UN Women, Ddnh gid tinh hinh phv nie irong hf thdng lu phdp Hinh su Vift Nam.

2013. Nguon: https://www.uiKxlcorg/dociitnents/southe astasiaandpaci fic/vietnam/pubIicati(Mi/2014/Women_in_

Justice._VieEnamese.pdf, tmy q&p ngay 15/5/2016.

(II). "Chung cu Id nhirng gi cd thgt. dugc thu thgp iheo trinh tyr, thd gte do Bg lugt ndy quy dfnh. dugc diing lam cdn cd di xdc dfnh cd hay khdng cd hdnh vi phgm tgi. ngu&i thgc hi4n hdnh vi phgm tgi va nhimg linh tiit khdc cd y nghTa irong vifC gidi quyil vu dn"^

(Dieu 86); chimg cij bao gom v$t chung, Ifri khai cua ngudi lim chiing, n ^ nhin, b | don hojc ngufiri c6 quyen Ic^i, nghTa vy lifin quan den vy i n (nhir cflng an, di^u tra vien); ket lu§n giim djnh; v i bifin bin v^ ho?t df ng diiu tra, xit xu vi cic tii li^u, d6 v§t khdc.

doi vdi phy nQ, vd hp c6 thfi suy dodn rfing trudng hpp nir gidi bi bao lyc tinh dye Id do loi cua nan nhan vi dn mdc qud hd hang, kheu gpi (thS hien §u ki thi, phan bif t doi xii); chua c6 quy dinh ve trach nhiem ciia cdc co quan lien quan phdi thu thgp chiing cii mOt cdch it xam phgm sy rieng tu nhat va bdo vf nhan phdm cho ngn nhan; yeu cau ngn nhdn phdi cung cap cdc bdng chiing ve sy khdng cy hay cdc chirng cii chiing minh hanh vi bgo lyc tinh dye nhu: cdc dogn bdng hinh, ghi dm hay CO ngudi ldm chiing trong trudng hpp bgo lyc tinh dye la rat kho thyc hien.

Thie ba, cdc bifn phap che tdi con thi^u tinh kha thi. Cac bifn phap che tdi bao gom:

hinh phgt dp dyng doi vdi cdc cd nhan th\rc hifn hdnh vi phgm tpi lien quan d^n bgo lyc tinh dye (bao gom: canh cao; phat tien; cai tgo khfing giam giii; tryc xuat; til c6 thdi han; tii chung than; tu hinh); cdc bifn phdp xu li VPHC dugc dp dyng d6i vdi cdc cd nhan c6 hdnh vi bao lyc gia dinh (bao gom:

cdnh cdo; phgt tien; bupc xin l6i c6ng khai khi nan nhdn c6 yfiu cau).

Lien quan din cdc hanh vi bgo iyc tinh dye (bao lyc gia dinh), Nghj djnh s6 167/2013/ND-CP quy dinh: Phgt tien tii 500.000 dong den 1.000.000 dong doi vdi mpt trong nhiing hdnh vi sau day; cudng ip thdnh vien gia dinh thyc hifn cdc hdnh dpng khieu dam, sir dyng cac logi thuoc kich dye;

c6 hdnh vi kich dpng tinh dye ho^c Igm dyng than the d6i vdi thanh vien gia dinh md thanh vien do khong phdi Id vp, chong (khodn 3 Di^u 52). Quy dinh tren cho thdy chua dii quy djnh di xu phgt cac hdnh vi bao lyc tinh dye trong gia dinh, nai cong cpng, ncfi ldm vifc.

26

TAP CHi LUAT HQC S 6 9/2016 NGHIENCVV- TRAOBdl Cac bi?n phdp xijr phgt kfadng mang tinh

kfad thi. Dac bi^t trong tni6ng hpp bao luc tinh dye trong gia dmfa (vg - chfing), vi?c phat tien s8 anh huong din tfau nhip ctia ca vt) va chong, do d6 nhiiu nan nhan luong l\r khong muon yeu ciu xti li hanh chinh."^' Ngodi ra, mtic tien phsit,chua thuc s\r du mtic rdn de d5i voi mpi hdnh vi bao luc tinh due.

2.2. Vi j!c sin co cua h$ thdng tuphap va hS Brft nan nhdn

Thii nhdt, ngu6n kinh phi cho cdc boat dpng ho trg nan nhan bj bgo luc tinh dvc c6n thiSu.

Kinh phi cho cac djch vy chdm soc y ti;

noi tam ldnh, hod gidi dl ho trg t5t nhat cho ngudi bi b?o l\rc tinh dye c6n thilu. Nliilu phvi nft b) bao hfc tinh dye khong the tilp can dich vy bdo failm y tl (phy nil nong thon, phy ntt bdn dam) vi thuong thu^c di?n nghto, khong c6 dilu ki?n tham gia bdo hilm y tl ty nguyin. Cdc co so trg gitip thuimg dugc qudn li vd sti dyng kinh ph! nhd nu6c, dja phuang nhung thilu trang thilt bi, nhan viSn thieu kl ndng tu van, do dd cdc boat dgng trg gitip dli vdri ngucri hi b?o lyc tinh dye thu&ng khong dat hi$u qud cao.

(12). "K^t qui nghien cthi cho thSy cdc bi§n phSp \\i ph^t nhir c4nh cSo, ph?t ti^n, vd gido dye t^i c^ng d6ng Id khong d^y dii vd khSng ngSn chjn dupc tinh hling b^io l\rc tdi diSn. Trong m^t s6 tru6ng hpp, ph^t ti^n c6 finh hudmg tifiu cue vd cdn trdr phy nO liep c§n cflng 11 vi n^n nhan khdng mu6n nOp ti^n ph^t thay cho ching minh". Xem: Hoc v i ^ chinh trj quoc gia H 6 Chf Minh vd UN Women, Bdo cdo "Tiep cdn cing li trong he thing phdp 11 da kenh - Nghien cuu diin hinh vi bgo Ivc gia dinh dot vdi phu nH a Vift Nam", 2015, d-. 61. Ngufln: http://www2.unwomen.org/

~/media/fieid%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/20 15/06/access%20to%20iusdce%20in%20vietnam%20re poftpdl?v-l&d-20150623T075142,tniyc#n^ 15/52016.

Thu hai, h? thing tu p h ^ hinh sy van chua dap ting dugc quyfin ctia phy nil la nan nhan cua bao luc tinh due.

Phy nix hi bao lyc gdp kho khan trong tiep can cac can bg tu phap (cong an, kiem sat vien) khi co yeu cau bao vS, trg giiip phdp li. He thing tu phdp chua dap ting dugc mong muon ctia nan nhan bi bgo hdnh noi chtmg (bao lyc tinh dye n6i rieng) va chua tao ra eo che phap li thi'ch hgp dl phy nO bi bao luc thuc hien cdc tfau tyc phdp U.

Chdng han, phy nu bdn dam khong dam trinh bdo ve vy viec hiep dam do su ki thi x3 hgi vd phdp luat quy djnh hdnh vi bdn ddm Id hdnh vi VPHC.

Thtf ba, thieu cdc tnmg tam trg gitip phy na bj bao Iyc tinh due co hieu qud.

Co sd trg gitip ngn nhan bgo lyc gia dinh bao gom; co so khdm b|nh, ehiia b?nh; co sd bdo trg xd hgi; co sb h5 trg ngn nhan bgo lyc gia dinh; co so tu van vl ph6ng, ching bgo lyc gia dinh; dia chi tin egy 6 cOng dong (Dieu 26 Lugt phdng ehlng bao lyc gia dinh); nhu vgy, chua mdt rOng cho cdc nhdm ddi tugng bi bgo luc tinh dye khdc nhu phy na- bdn dam. Co sd vgt chdt, trang thilt hi can tfailt cfao vi?c cung cap cdc djch vy ho trg todn di?n nfau: khdm chira benfa, tu vin tam li, ug giip phdp li van cdn thilu vd kfadng hieu qud. Ngodi ra, thilu co efal cfauyen tuyln fai?u qud giira cde trung tam trg giiip ndy. He tfaong to cfaiic cdng tdc xd fagi dd dugc thdnh lgp 6 mgt si dia phucmg dl thuc hien cdc boat ddng lien quan din trg gitip ngn nhan cda bao luc tinh dye.

Thti hi, cic dudng day ndng, cdc dich vy ho trg tu vdn tam li, chdm sdc sue kfade hi?n

TAP CHI LUAT HC>C S 6 9/2016 NGHliNCOV- TRAOBdl

nay hogt dpng chua thyc sy hieu qua, phy n&

bi bgo luc tinh due chua tiep can, sir dyng cdc dich vy nay.

Cdc thong tin ve cdc dich vy ho trg phy nO" hi bao lyc tinh due con thieu. Vi d\^: so dien thoai 113 dugc sii dyng de thong bdo cac v\i vi?c nghifim trpng, s6 18001567 duge thiet lap dS su dyng cho cac nan nhan bi bgo luc Id phy nir vd tre em nhimg rat it nguin biet ve so dien thogi nay. Thong thu6ng ngufn dan chi su dyng dudng day n6ng dS bdo cao cac truong hgp c6 tinh chat tpi pham, c6n tru&ng hgp bgo lyc tinh due trong gia dinh hay bgo luc tinh dye doi v6i phy ni^ bdn ddm - khdng c6 tinh chat cua tpi phgm nen ngn nhan cho rdng khong sir dyng du6ng day n6ng nay. Ben canh do, nguoi bj bgo lyc khong tin tuang vdo chat lupng ciia cac dich vy ho trg nen khong tiep cgn sir dyng djch vy.

6 cdp x3, phucmg, thi trdn (cip c a s6) kh6ng CO du6rng ddy n6ng de phy nii lien h? khi bj bgo lyc tinh dye. Thong thuang, hp tryc tiep den bdo cong an, chinh quyen c a s6 hay to chiic dodn the a dja phucmg (hpi phy nii).

Cdc phdn iing cua ngudi co thdm quyen (chu tich xd, cong an) doi voi cdc vy viec bgo lyc tuang doi chgm. Cdc bi?n phdp phong ngira bgo iyc vd ho trg nan nhan Id phy nO: bdn dam chua dugc quy dinh rieng.

2.3. Vi tinh tiep can cua h? thdng tuphdp Phy nii bj bgo luc tinh dye ciing gdp nhieu rdo can doi v6i vi$c ti6p can c6ng li di bdo v$ quyen va lgi ich hgp phap ciia minh, Cac rdo can do the hi?n a mgt so van de sau:

Thu nhdi, thii tyc giai quySt phtic tgp H? th6ng phdp li da kenh trong bdo v6 phy nQ bj bao lyc tinh dye cung la rao can

d6i v6i tidp can cong li cua phu nCt."^' Tr6n thyc ti, he th6ng thyc thi phap lu§t 6 co s6 mang tinh lien nganh, chu y l u dugc thyc thi bai cdc ca nhdn va to chiic nhu to trudng khu dan cu, cong an, hpi phu nii, uy ban nhSn ddn thudng xem nhe tinh c h i t nguy hilm ciia hdnh vi bao lyc (khong mang tinh t^i pham).

Hoa giai giiia nan nhan va ngudi vi phgra thudng Id gidi phap uu tien, do do c6 thi den tinh trgng cham tre trong viSc xii h' hinh sy, ddc bi?t la khong dam bdo dugc sy cap thiet ciia vi$c bdo ve, chdm sdc y te, ho trg nan nhan va thu thap chiing cii. Tuy nhien, rat it ngudi hdi 16ng voi cong tac hoa gidi.*'*** Doi vdi cdc trudng hgp bgo Iyc tinh dye trong gia dinh, thudng sau khi hoa giai md tiep tyc CO vi phgm thi cdng an mdi vdo c u $ c / ' ' ' Doi vdi vi?c gidi quyet thong qua h? thong ccr quan nhd nudc ciing bpc 1$ cdc hgn c h l dli vdi vi?c t i l p cgn cdng li cua phy nil Id nan nhdn ciia bao lyc tinh dye, vi dy nhu: li 1§

ldn cdc trudng hgp bgo lyc khong dupc phdt hi?n vd truy td, ti le nan nhan c6 nhu cau dugc ho trg Id rat cao, viec bdo v$ vd vice phdp khdc phye khdng dugc thira nhan ciing nhu khdng d u g c ddp iing;^'*' vi?c ty

(13).Xem: H(?c vi^n chinh trj qu6c gia H 6 Chl Minh vi UN Women, tIdd, tr. 47.

(14). 77% s6 vy hda giai khong mang l^i kil qui mong mu6n vd b?o Iyc vin tilp diSn (UNODC 2011).

(15).Xem: UN Women, Bdnh gid linh hinh phif nu trong h? thing tuphdp hinhsvVi^t Nam, 2013. tr. 18,

19. Nguon: https://www.unodc.ors/documents/ southc astasiaandpacific/vietnam/publication/2014/Womenjn _Justice._Vietnamese.pdf, tray c^p ngiy 15/5/2016.

(16).Xem: T6ng cyc th6ng ke, Kit qud tir nghiln ciiu qudc gia vi bgo l\ec gia dtnh ddi vdi phy nQ a

Vift Nam, 2010. Xem thfim: UNODC. HEUNI. Trung tam nghifin ctru gidi vi phdt triln, Nghiin cuu vi 28

T»P CHi LUAT HQC S 6 9/2016 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl dinh chi cac vy vi?c lien quan din bgo Iuc

tinh due do viec giai thich cac quy dinh vl chung Cli chiem ti le cao.'"' Thii tyc giai quyet phiic tap khdng chi gay kho khdn cho cae ngn nhan bi bgo luc ma con cd nhimg can bd co thdm quyln.*'^*

Thte hai, cac rdo can trong hoat ddng trp giup phap li

Phap luat chua cd hudng dan frinh ty, thii tuc rieng ddi vdi phu nQ Id nan nhan bgo lyc gidl; nhieu ngn nhan cdn chua bilt den hodc e ngai khi tilp can trg giiip phap li.*'^' Dieu kien dupc frg giiip phdp li bi hgn chl bdi cac li do nhu: khdng co quy dinh r6 rang vS thu tyc bao cao ban diu ciia cdc ngn nhan hi bao Iyc tinh dye hodc cac frg giup vd thdng tin can thiet; each gidi quyet cua cdnh sdt c6 thi lam tdn thuang phy nfl- nlu khong chii y den cdc tdn thuang ma hp phdi chiu dyng; cdc ngn nhdn thudng nggi chia se chat lugng tu phdp hinh sg ddnh cho cdc ngn nhdn cua bgo lifc gia dinh d Vift Nam, 2010. Ngu6n:

https://www.google.com.vn/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=u94cVaC bJYKg8wfT6oDgDg&gws_rd=crtq=Nghi%C3%AA n+c%El%BB%A9u+v%El%BB%8l+ch%EI%BA%

A5t+t%C6%BO%E 1 %BB%A3ng+t%C6%B0+ph%C 3% A1 p+h%C3%ACnh+s%El %BB%B 1 +d%C3%A0 nh+cho+c%C3%A 1 c+n%E 1%B A% A1 n+nh%C3%A 2n+c%E I %BB%A7a+b%El %B A%A 1 o+l%E] %BB

%Blc+gia+%C4%9l%C3%ACnh+%EI%BB%9F+V i%El%BB%87t+Nam%2C, truy c§p ngAy 14/5/2016.

(17).Xem: UNODC, HEUNI, Trang tam nghien ciiu gidi vd ph4t triln. Nghien cdu ve chdt lugng luphdp hinh sg ddnh cho cdc ngn nhdn cua bgo lifc gia dinh d Viit Nam, tldd, tr. 65.

(I8).Xem: H^c vi?n chinh trj qu6c gia Ho Chi Minh vi UN Women, Udd. tr. 48.

(19).Xem: Che gidu vifc bf bgo Ivc di dugc hudng bdo hiim y ti, ngu6n: http://phapluatxahoi.vn/doi- song/che-giau-viec-bi-bao-luc-de-duoc-chi-tra-bao- hiem-y-te-86286, truy c§p ng4y 14/5/2016.

thdng tin ve tinh frang bi bgo luc ciia minh do xau ho, sg hai bi dinh kien, phan biet ddi xir: nhiing ngudi thuc hien cdng tac frg giiip p h ^ li chua nhdn thiic day du ve bgo luc gia dinh ndi chung va bgo Iyc tinh due noi rieng; sy phdi hpp giira cdc ca quan, dan vi frg giiip phdp Ii cho ngn nhan bgo lyc gidi, nhat la giira cac td chtic thuc hien cdn chua hieu qua.*^''' Ngoai ra, hogt dpng frg giiip phdp li chua md rpng tdi tat ca cdc ddi tupng. nhu cac ngn nhan la phy nir thupc di?n fren ngheo khdng nhgn dugc trg giiip phap li do khdng thupc doi tugng dugc quy dinh ve frg giup phap H.'^'*

Thu ba, cac rdo cdn frong frinh bdo vl vu vi?c bgo lyc tinh due

Rao cdn nay xuat phat tir chinh suy nghT, nhan thtic ciia phy nir bi bgo lyc tinh dye bdi ngn nhan thudng cd tam li sg hdi sy chi trich, phan bi^t ddi xiir tij cpng dong nen khdng mudn bdo cdo ve vy viec bao lyc tinh dye.

Tinh nha}»cam ciia bgo Iyc tinh dye, ddc bi?t Id bgo lyc tinh dye frong gia dinh, noi ldm vi?c ciing han chl ngudi bi bao lyc frinh bdo vy viec (thudng cd tam li che diu). Cac cdu hdi thilu thien ttr phia cdc can bp thyc thi phdp ludt, frg giiip phdp li cflng khiln hp ndn chi frong vi?c khdng djnh quyln ciia bdn than. Phy nir bi bao lyc khd thu thgp chiing cii de chiing minh hanh vi bgo lyc tinh dye (20).Xem: UNODC vi 8$ tir ph4p (Cyc trg giiip phdp IQ, Sd tc^ huang ddn vi trg gidp phdp ll d dfa phuang ddi vdi cdc vi/ bgo iuc gia dinh, 2011.

(21). Th6ng tu cua BO tu phSp s6 07/20n/Tr-BTP ngiy 31/3/2011 hudng dSn bfio d ^ binh dang gidi trong t6 chiic cSn bg vi ho^it dgng trg giup phip li quy djnh phy nO \i n ^ nhan ciia bao lyc tinh due 1^

mOt trong cic nh6m ddi tugng dugc uu tien cic djch vy trg giup phip li.

TAP CHi LUAT HQC s o 9/2016 NGHIEN CUV - TRAOBdl nen thudng tim den cac thiet che phi nha

nudc d l tim kilm sy trg giiip hem la trinh bdo tgi CO quan co t h i m quyen (cdng an).

Ngodi ra, trinh dp, kien thuc phap lugt thap ciia phu nu bi bgo lyc tinh dye cung la trd nggi Idn cho viec tiep can cdng IL Phy nir bi bgo Iyc thudng khdng hieu rd the ndo la bgo luc tinh dye. Bao luc ttnh dye thudng hi Id di va khdng dupc cdng nhgn d Viet Nam bdi vi tam li chung coi tinh dye la chu de nhgy cam vd thudng khdng dugc tranh luaiL Ddi vdi mpt so phy nir, mdt so hanh vi bao Iuc tinh dye khdng dugc coi la hdnh vi vi phgm phap lugt. Vi dy, 80% ngn nhan khdng bilt v l quay roi tinh dye; nhieu phy nil dd khdng cho rdng hanh vi bao lyc cua chdng Id khdng the chip nhan dugc. Ddc biet phy nir Id ngn nhdn cua bgo lyc d nhimg khu vyc ndng thdn, mien mii khdng biet ve Luat binh ddng gidi, Lugt phdng chdng bgo lyc gia dinh nen hp Cling khdng biet each thiic bao v? khi quyen bi xam phgm.*^' Do quan ni§m tmyen thdng ve quyen ddi hdi quan he tinh dye ciia ngudi chong, hdnh vi cudng biic tinh dye frong hon nhdn chua bao gid bi truy td hinh sy. Cudng buc tinh dye trong hdn nhan dugc x l p vdo hdnh vi VPHC frong Ludt phdng chong bao lyc gia dmh. Phy nii bj bgo lyc tinh dye khdng hilu diing ve vai frd ciia tat cd cdc can bp tu phdp frong he thdng phdp li da kenh;

nhieu ngudi trong sd hp khdng nhgn thiic dupc rdng chinh quyen dia phuang cd trach nhiem ho trg vd bdo ve phy nu: ciing nhu cac quyen dugc yeu cau khdc phye hgu qua, do d6, hp thudng tim den cdc kenh phi nha

nudc (hpi Hen hiep phy n&, gid ldng, trudng ban, td dan phd) de trinh bdo ve hanh vi bj bao Iyc tinh dye. Do d o , ngn nhan thudng thilu k i l n thirc phap Iu at lien quan den bao ve quyen cua phy nii va binh ddng gidi de trinh b a o v e vy vi?c va yeu c i u bao v? quyha ciia minh kjp thdi.

Thr hr, ca c h l chuyen ti^en khdng hi?u qua Sd lugng cac vu bao lyc tinh dye van chilm ti 1? cao nhimg sd lugng vy an dugrc phat hien vd x u li cdn it do vi?c xdc djnh the nao hanh vi bao luc tinh due cdn han che^^*

(thudng chi xdc dinh hanh vi phdi c6 tinh chit hinh sy thi mdi trinh bdo de xii li).

Nhdn vien y t l thudng khdng bdo cdo vdi cac c a quan chiic nang (cdnh sdt) khi hp nghi ngd mp nil b^nh nhan la nan nhdn ciia bgo lyc tinh dyc;'^"*' nhan vien ciia cac Uimg tarn bdo frg xd hpi, thdnh vien cita cdc td chiic xd hpi (hpi phy nfl:) chua thyc sy phdt huy vai frd ho frg ngn nhan tiep can vdi h? thong tu phdp nhd nudc, cdc bien phdp ho frg can thi?p hi?n nay thudng khdng khuyen khich ngn nhan yeu cau c a quan cd tham quyen (cdng an, chinh quyen dia phuang) tham gia giai quylt (cdc trudng hgp bao lyc tinh dye frong gia dinh thudng dugc gidi quylt theo cdch thuc hod gidi, thieu cdc bi?n phdp h5 frg d l giiip phu nii hi bao luc tinh dye tiep can h? thong tu phap nhd nudc).

(22)JCem: Hgc vi?n chfnh trj quoc gia H6 Chi Minh vi UN Women, tldd, tr. 44.

(23). 87% phy nd Vi^t Nam li n^n nhfln cua qu^y tii tinh dye noi cdng cgng, 58% phy nQ kit hdn dS cho bill hg da timg bj b^o luc vl thi chit ho?c tinh dgc tir chinh chong cua minh. Ngu6n: http://tuoitrenews.

vn/society/31882/87-percent-of-vietnamese-women- admit-to-being-sexually-harassed-survey, truy qSp ngiy 14/5/2016.

(24).Xem: UN Women, Ddnh gid tinh hinh phv nS trong hf thdng luphdp hinh sw Vi4t Nam, tldd, tr. 25.

30

TAP CHi LUAT HQC S6 9/2016 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO BOI 2.4. Vi' chdt lirgng eda h0 thdng tuphdp

vd bi?nphdp khdc phuc hdu qud

Thie nhdt, ve chat lugng cua he thdng tu phdp

He thdng tu phdp chua ddp iing diy du cdc tieu chuan ve bdo ddm tilp cgn cdng li cho phy nir bi bgo luc tinh due vi nhilu li do:

cdn nhieu rdo can cho phy nii khi tilp can cdng Ii; can bp thuc hien cdng tac tu phap chua dugc ddo tao bat bupc ve cac ki nang lien quan den cdc vy an cd tinh chit nhgy cdm gidi; thieu sy nhan thiic vl binh ddng gidi tir he thdng tu phdp va phia ngudi bj bgo lyc tinh dye. Ngoai ra, phdp Iuat cdn thilu cac quy djnh ve bao v? vd ho frg nan nhan, d^c bi?t la frong cdc vy an hinh sy (cdc bi?n phdp ho frg hi?n nay dugc quy djnh tai Dieu 51 Bp lugt td tung hinh sy; cdc dieu 20, 21 Lu^t phdng chdng bao lyc gia dinb). Vi dy nhu khdng cd quy dinh vl bdo ddm tinh khdch quan vd cdng bdng ciia cdc bi?n phap hod gidi; cdn bp thuc thi phdp luat thilu trdch nhi?m frong bdo v$ ngn nhan.

Thie hai. ve cdc bi?n phap khdc phye hi?u qua

Cdc bien phdp khdc phye hau qud do hdnh vi bao lyc gdy ra doi vdi phy nir bi bgo lyc tinh dye cdn chua hieu qud. Dieu 5 Ludt phdng chong bao lyc gia dinh quy dinh ngn nhdn bj bgo Iyc cd quyen yeu cau boi thudng va cd nghTa cy cung cap thdng tin li£n quan den vy vi?c. Dieu ndy gay can frd cho phy nfl khi hp khdng cd dit thdng tin, bing chiing de chiing minh (d^c biet Id nhihig ngudi thieu kien thiic phap luat). Ben cgnh dd, thu tuc yeu cau bdi thudng phiic tgp, thudng phdi qua thuang lugng, hod gidi bdi vi cd nhieu co quan tham gia vao giai

quyet vy viec (cdng an, uy ban nhan ddn xS, hdi phu nu...). Mdt so vy an chi dugc khdi td theo yeu ciu cua ngudi bi hgi, do dd khi cd thoa thuan thuang lugng (ngoai tod an), ngudi bj hai nit dan khdi kien se gay hgn chl nhit dinh ddi vdi vi?c xii Ii ngudi vi pham. Nhilu tnrdng hgp cac bien phdp khdc phuc khdng dupc bao dam thyc hi?n vi yeu cau ciia ngudi bi hai d§ hi tir chdi hodc Id di, dac biet Id bien phdp bu^c xin loi cong khai, khdi phye danh dy, nhan pham cho nan nhdn bi bao lyc tinh dye (hp thudng khdng muon ngudi khdc biet, sg ki thj va phan biet ddi xii).

2.5. vi tinh chiu trdeh nhi^m cda cdc ea quan, to chiec, cd nhdn

Thu nhdt, co che kiem sodt vd ddnh gid d6 bdo dam trdch nhiem cdn nhihig khodng frong Hi^n nay, cd nhieu ca quan cd frdch nhiem kiem sodt va ddnh gid hoat d$ng tiep cgn cdng H cua phy ntt khi bi bgo lyc tinh dye (nhu Uy ban cdc van de xa hpi, Uy ban tu phdp ciia Quoc hpi; Bp lao dgng, thuang binh va xS hpi; Bp cdng an; Bp tu phdp), dan den thieu hi^u qua frong phoi hgp qudn li. Chinh phu (Bp y te, Bp vdn hod, thfi thao va du ljch) cd frdch nhiem diing dau trong cdng tdc qudn li, phdng chdng bgo lyc gia dinh, tuy nhien chua cd ca chl phoi hgp hi?u qud... Ngodi ra, ca quan cd trdch nhi?m chinh frong qudn li, thyc hien cdng tdc phdng, chong bgo lyc tinh dye chua dugc xdc dinh'ro (bao lyc tinh doi vdi phy nii khdng chi Id vdn dl rieng ciia bgo lyc gia dinh). Quy dinh trach nhiem eua cdc co quan frong quan li, thyc hien cdng tdc phdng, chong bgo lyc tinh dye chua rd rdng, dan den dim day frdch nhiem.

TAP CHi LUAT HQC S6 9/2016 NGHltN ctru- TRAOBdl Thu hai, cd rat it thdng tin ve cac hinh

thtic bgo lyc tinh dye ddi vdi phy nii Thdng tu ciia Bp van hod, the thao vd du lich sd 23/201 l/TT-VHTTDL ngay 30/12/2011 quy dinh ve thu thdp, xu li thdng tin ve gia dinh, phong chdng bao luc gia dmh da quy dinh ve hudng dan ghi sd ghi chep thdng tin (dp dyng cho uy ban nhan dan cap xa) nhung van chua thdng ke dupc diy dii sd lieu cua bgo lyc tinh dye (do nhieu trudng hgp nan nhan khdng din trinh bao hoac khdng bilt).

Cd nhieu ca quan nha nudc tham gia vao qudn li thdng tin ve bao luc tinh due ddi vdi phy nfl nhung thilu ca chl phdi hpp thu thgp vd chia se thdng tin. Cdc sd lieu thong ke ciia Chinh phu cdn han che, hiu hit cdc bao cao phdn tich ve bgo lyc ddi vdi phy nii (bao gom cd bgo lyc tmh dye) sii dyng so Ii?u tu ndm 2010, khdng ddnh gia kjp thdi tinh hinh bien dpng cua bgo lyc tinh dyc.*^^*

Thie ba, thilu cdc tieu chi danh gid H^ thong phdp lugt hi?n hdnh chua djnh nghTa tryc tilp vl khdi niem tiep can cdng li vd cdc tiSu chi ddnh gid tilp cgn cdng li nhu vl ndng lyc cua h? tii6ng tu phdp nhd nudc, n h ^ thuc gidi ctia cdn bg thyc thi phdp lugt, hi?u qud ciia frg giup phdp li, khd ndng yeu

(25). Hi^n chua c6 s6 li^u chinh x i c ve quiy r6i v i 19m dyng tinh dye d Vi^t Nam. C i c s i li^u th6ng kg quoc gta vl b^o lyc tinh dye ciing chua cd, tuy nhien, s6 li^u tir cic nghidn cuu quy mo nhd cho thiy 87%

phy n& v i tre em gii bi quiy roi tinh dye d noi cdng c^ng; gSn 30% gii mai d i m cho biet hg dH timg i i njin nhin ciia bgo lyc tinh dye v i 22% d i bj cudng £p tinh dye; 10% phy ntJ cd ch6ng d i bj bgo lyc tinh dye tir ch6ng ciia minh. Xem them: httpy/www.baodu lich.

netvn/Khoi-dong-chien-dich-truyen-thong-Cham-dut- bao-tuc-tinh-duc-voi-phu-nu-va-tre-em-gai-02-6865.html, truyc$pngiy 14/5/2016.

ciu khic phye hgu qua, hi?u qua ciia cdc dich vu ho frg, cac bi?n phdp bdo dam an todn, chong ki thi dli vdi nan nhan bi bgo lyc tinh due.

3. Mpt so khuyen nghj nhSm tdng cirdng tiep c ^ cong li cho phy nir bi bao luc tinh dye Bgo iyc tinh dye la mOt frong nhihig nguy ca Cd thi xdy ra ddi vdi phy nii d mpi nai vd hgu qua ciia bao lyc tinh dye cd the de lai nhflng tdn thuong vl mdt the chat vd tinh thin. Vi?c bdo dam cho phu nu- dugc tiep can cdng 11 d nudc ta cin phdi dugc hodn thi?n dya fr6n cac chuan muc quic tl cung nhu kinh nghidm cita cdc quic gia khac. De tdng cudng tilp can cdng Ii cho phy nfl bj bao Iyc tinh dye, cin tap trung vdo mpt so gidi phdp sau:

3.1. Xdy d\eng khung phdp li quy djnh todn di$n, ddy dd vi cdc hdnh vi bgo lgc tinh due vdphii hgp v&i cdc cdng u&c qudc ti

Thu nhdt, nghien ciiu bd sung cdc bi?n phdp chl tdi hinh sy va hdnh chfnh doi vdi cdc hdnh vi bgo lyc tinh dye mpt cdch day du va toan di?n

Bp lugt hinh sy ndm 2015 vin chua bl sung cae tpi vl bgo Iyc tinh due, do dd can nghien ciiu dl bo sung cac tgi danh nhu: tpi bgo lyc tinh dye, tpi tan cdng tinh dye, tpi deo bam. Ngodi ra, cd the cdn nhdc md rpng khdi ni?m vl cdc tpi bgo lyc tinh dye. Sira doi quy djnh vl tpi hilp dam va tgi cudng dam de md rpng khdi niem vl phgm vi ciia cdc hdnh vi hi cim; chuyen tir dinh nghJa dya vao diu hi?u "vii Iyc" sang djnh nghia dya fren diu hi?u "khdng co su ddng y cua ngn nhan"; bd sung quy dinh dl ldm ro tpi hiep dam vd cudng dam ciu thdnh "khdng 32

TAP CHi LUAT HQC S 6 9/2016 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO BOI phy thugc vao ban chat cua mdi quan he"

giiia ngudi pham tpi va nan nhan (vi du chdng cimg cd the phgm tgi hiep dam ddi vdi vg). Can xem xet dua cac khai ni?m ve viSc lam dung su tin tudng hodc Igi dyng vi the vdo vipc xdc dinh sy thuan tmh ctia cdc cd gdi tir 16 den dudi 18 tudi dugc coi Id cd du nang lyc phdp Ii cd thai dp thuan tinh vdi hdnh vi tinh dye.

Ddi vdi cac bi^n phap xir li hdnh chinh, can nghien ciiu bd sung cac hdnh vi VPHC ve bgo lyc tinh dye ddi vdi phu nii bdn dam nhu: hdnh vi lira dli phy nfl- ban dam nhdm myc dich tinh dye ma khdng tra tiln; hdnh vi lua ddi phy nii ban dam de bit phye vy nhieu ngudi, nhieu lin ma khdng theo nhu thod thudn ban diu; hanh vi bgo lyc tinh dye khau dam hay bgo lyc tinh dye bing viec sur dyng cac cdng cy, phuong tien nguy hiem ma khdng cd su ddng y cua ngn nhan.

Quy djnh xir phgt hanh vi quay rdi tinh dye noi cdng c$ng (luu y can ldm rd khdi ni?m the nao la quay rdi tinh dye). Ddc bipt la can nghiSn ciiu xay dyng nghj djnh rieng quy djnh ve xii li VPHC doi vdi hanh vi bgo lyc ddi vdi phy nfl, frong do quy djnh cy the, day dli ban ve cdc hanh vi bgo lyc tinh dye dl dp dyng cho cdc ddi tugng bj bgo Iyc khdc nhau (thanh vien gia dinh, ncri lam vipc, nai cdng cgng...).

(26).Xem thfim: UNODC vi UN Women. Khuyin nghi chung ve sira ddi Bg lugt hinh sg nhdm tdng ctfdng ung phd hifU qud bgo lgc doi vdi phu nir, 2015. Nghien cthi ciia TS. Dio Lf Thu vi Eileen Skinnider chia si tgi HOi thio: "Bfnh kiin gidi trong h4 thong tuphdp vd tiip cgn cdng li cua phyi nir trong nhQng vv dn bgo l\rc trin ccr sd gidf, 8$ tu phip, UNODC vi UN Women. Hi Ngi, 01 - 02/4/2015.

Thu hai, sira ddi cac quy djnh lien quan den chiing cir

Cac quy dinh vl chiing cii ddi vdi cdc tpi vl bgo Iuc tinh dye can bao dam khdng tgo ra sy phan biet ddi xiir doi vdi phy nil khi bj bgo lyc tinh due nhu ban che quyen yeu cau cung cap thdng tin lidn quan den qud khir cua ngn nhan lam tinh tidt giam nhe tpi cho bi cdo (vi dy ngn nhan timg la phy nir ban dam). Viec quy djnh ve chiing cii can nhdm myc dich khdi phye, ciing cd su ty chii, ty quyet, tu frpng vd tdn frpng quyen rifing tu ciia ngudi bi bgo lyc tinh dye, do do cin bo sung quy dinh rieng ve vide thu thgp chiing Cli trong trudng hgp bgo Iyc tinh dye; xay dyrig nguyen tic phdi hgp lay ldi khai cita ngn nhan de dam bao ngn nhan chi phdi trinh bdo ve ndi dung vdi ca quan dau mdi duy nhat va bao dam nguyen tdc ngudi tiep nhgn Idi khai Id cdn bp nil.* ^' Ngodi ra, cin quy djnh ro trach nhiem cua ca quan dilu fra frong vipc thu thap chiing cii phdi tuan thii nguyen tic bao vp bl mat ddi tu, khdng phdn bipt doi xii ddi vdi nan nhan bj bgo lyc, ddc bipt la phu nil bdn ddm.

Thu ba, can nghien curu md r§ng quyln dupc frg giiip phdp li ddi vdi phy nii, ddc bipt la ngn nhan ciia bao Iyc tinh due

Luat frg giiip phdp li ndm 2006 chua quy djnh quyln dugc frg giiip phdp li cho (27).Xem thfim: UNODC vi UN Women. Khuyin nghi chung vi sua ddi Bg lugt id tyng hinh sg nhdm Idng cudng dng phd hi4u qud bgo lire doi vdi phyi nQ, 2015. Nghien ciiu ciia TS. Dio L^ Thu vi Eileen Skinnider chia se lgi Hgi thio: "Dinh kiin gidi trong h4 thdng tuphdp vd tiip cgn cdng li cua phtf nu trong nhimg vy dn bgo l\rc tren ca sd gi&i, B^ tu phip, UNODC vi UN Women, Hi Ndi, 01 - 02/4/2015.

TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 9/2016 NGHIEN ciru - TRAO Bdi phu nii, tuy nhien kinh nghiem qudc te cho

thiy viec tilp can sdm frg giup phdp li sg la ca chl bdo dam quyen cua phy nfl: dugc tdt ban. Ddc biet ddi vdi phy nil Id nan nhan cua bao luc tinh dye thudng cd tam li e nggi, xau hd va thdm chi sg hai khi tiet Ip cdc thdng tin ve bao Iyc tinh due, do do hp can dugc trg gitip phap li de hieu rd hon ve quyen cung nhu cac bien phap de bdo vp minh mdt each hieu qua.

Thu tu. cin bao ddm tinh khd thi cita cdc bien phdp che tai

Nen nghien ciiu dp dyng bipn phap budc lao dpng cdng ich de dp dyng cho trudng hgp ngudi thyc hipn hdnh vi bgo lyc tinh dye Id ching cua nan nhan thay thi cho bien phap phgt tien dugc cho la khdng kha thi frong trudng hgp nay. Ngodi ra, cdc bien ngdn chdn vd bao dam xu Ii nhu: each li, cam tiep xiic ngn nhan (cdc dieu 20, 21 Lugt phdng chdng bao lyc gia dinh) can phdi dugc quy djnh cy the frong cdc nghj djnh vl xii li VPHC lien quan den bgo Iyc doi vdi phy nfl- de ddm bdo cac nan nhan bj bao lyc dugc bdo vp mpt cdch tdt nhdt.

3.2. Bdo ddm hiiu qud cda cdc bi^n phdp hd trg cho ngn nhdn bf bgo luc tinh dgc trong liep cgn cdng li

De h5 frg cho ngn nhan bj bgo lyc tinh dye tiep c^n cdng li vd dap iing cdc yeu ciu ciia chudn myc qudc te lien quan din tinh tiep can, tinh sdn co, tinh chju trach nhipm, mpt sd bipn phap sau can dugc quan tam thyc hien:

Thie nhdt, can bdo ddm sy phoi hgp giua h^ tiidng tu phdp nhd nudc vd hp tiiong tu phdp phi nha nudc frong vipc phoi hgp cung

cip cdc djch vy ho frg, can thi$p cin thilt cho phy nfl: bi bao Iuc tinh dye, tgo dilu ki^

cho hg Iya chgn thiet chl tot nhit dl bdo v$

quyln vd lgi fch hgp phap ctia hp. Bdi tren thyc tl, cdc nan nhan ciia bao lyc tinh dye thudng tim den cac td chiic xd hgi de nh6 giiip dd (cdc kenh phi chinh thirc) vd tun kiem su gidi quyet thdng qua cdc bipn phdp boa gidi, thuang lugng. Tuy nhifin, do cdc bien phdp gidi quylt thdng qua hod giai, thuong lugng thudng khdng mang lgi hipu qud cao nen can quy djnh rd trdch nhidm phoi hgp cua cdc td chiic dodn thi d dja phuong vdi cdc ca quan tu phap frong vipc bdo vh quyln vd lgi ich hgp phdp cua ngn nhdn.

Thu hai, can day mgnh ca chl chuyin tuyen (phoi hgp) giila cac co quan tu phdp vdi cac td chiic xa hdi, cac to chiic frg gidp nan nhdn (trung tam y te, trung tdm bao try xd hpi, hpi phy nu:) vl bdo cdo vy vi$c, h6 frg phdp If cho ngn nhan bj bao lyc tinh dye.

Phap lugt ndn quy djnh nghTa vy cua cdc nhan vien y tl, nhdn vidn bdo frg x3 hpi vk viec frinh bdo cdc vy vipc khi c6 diu hieu nghi ngd ngn nhan bj bgo lyc tinh dye. Thyc tien cho thiy cd rat nfailu trudng hgp phy nil' bi chong hay ngudi than frong gia dinh bgo lyc tinh dye nhung khdng muln to cdo v6i ca quan nhd nudc cd thim quyln, do d6 vi§c quy djnh nghTa vy bdo cdo ciia nhdn vien y te, nhan vien bdo frg xa hgi sS gdp phin bdo v?

nan nhdn bj bgo Iyc linh dye hieu qud hem.

Thie ba, can dam bao tuan thu cdc chudn myc quoc tl quy djnh vl frdch nhipm chinh frong vipc dieu tra, khdi to thupc vl cdng an vd hp thdng tu phap khdng phy thupc vdo nan nhdn ciia bgo lyc, mtic dp vd loai thuang 34

TAP CHi LUAT HQC S6 9/2016 NGHIEN CVV - TRA O Bdi tat, do dd nen ban che ca che giai quylt vy

viec ben ngoai he tiidng tu phdp va nhin mgnh quyen cua nan nhan trong yeu ciu bdi thudng tai tod an. Phdp lugt ciing can quy dinh bien phdp hod gidi chi dugc thyc hien frong trudng hgp phu n& bi bao lyc tinh due thyc sy cd mong mudn va yeu ciu tham gia hod gidi. Ddc biet cin quy djnh cim hod gidi Uong cac vu bao lyc vdi phy nu cd tinh chit hinh sy. Sua doi cdc quy djnh lien quan din den frach nhiem ciia co quan cdng an phai tien hdnh dieu tra ngay ca frong trudng hgp nan nhan khdng mudn hogc khdng thi lam chiing. Cdc bipn phdp bdo vp thdng tin, an toan cho nan nhan bi bgo lyc tinh dye cin phai dugc ciing cd vd thyc hipn cd hipu qud.

Thie tu, Chinh phu, Bp lao dpng, thuang binh va xd hpi can day mgnh triln khai md hinh trao quyen kinh te ddi vdi cdc ngn nhan ciia bgo luc tinh dye de giiip hp ty chii han frong ddi song, ddc bipt Id phy nil la nan nhdn ciia cdc tpi phgm bgo lyc tinh dye hay phy nir bdn dam, vi dy thyc hipn cdc chuang frinh dao tgo nghe, ho frg vay von, lap nghidp. cin huy dpng cdc nguon lyc cho vipc xdy dyng vd duy fri hieu qud cac trung tdm frg giiip md cd thi cung cip cac dich vy ho frg trpn gdi cho ngudi bj bgo lyc tinh dye nhu chdm sdc siic khde, tu vin tam li, trg giiip phdp li vd ddo tao ngbl.

Thie ndm, Chinh phii, Bp lao dpng, thuong binh vd x§ hpi can xdy dyng md hinh trung tam frg giiip "one-stop-centers" (mdt trung tdm cd nhieu hogt dOng trg giiip) cho tat cd cdc ddi tugng ylu thi, bao gom ca phy nfl la nan nhan ciia bao luc tinh dye.

Trung tam ndy se cung cip gdi ho frg todn

dien nhin chdm sdc y tl, tu vin tam li, frg giiip phap If, gidi thieu viec ldm. Chinh quyen dia phuong can xay dyng vd hodn thien cac dia chi tin cay tai cpng ddng de kip thdi ho trg ngn nhan, ddc bipt cdi thipn md hinh bao frg xd hdi hien cd. Can xay dyng dpi ngii cdn bd cdng tac xa hgi chuyen nghiep tgi cdc dia phucmg de thyc hipn cdng tac giup dd cdc ngn nhan bj bao lyc tinh due va tham gia vdo cdng tac phdng chong bao lyc tinh dye d dia phuang.

Thu sdu, sd lao dpng, thuang binh vd xa hpi can ddm bdo phy nil cd the tiep can de dang vdi cac djch vy frg giiip d dia phuang (nhu dudng day ndng, trung tam bdo frg x3 hpi) thdng qua vipc quy djnh s6 dipn thogi rieng cho cdc trudng hgp bgo lyc tinh dye.

Tien hdnh phd bien, tuyen truydn cac so dipn thoai, trung tam trg gitip doi vdi phy nil di dam bdo mpi ngudi ddn diu cd thi bilt dugc.

Bp lao dpng, thuong binh vd xa hpi cin nghien cuu xay dyng sd tay hudng dan nhgn biet ve bao lyc tinh dye va cdch phdng ching bgo Iuc tinh dye vd phd biln rgng rdi frong phgm vi todn quoc7.

TAI L i f u THAM KHAO 1. "Nhilu phy nfl: bj bgo hdnh chua dugc trg

giiip phap Ii chinh thuc", ngudn: http://vov gjaothong.vn/xa-hoi/nhieu-phu-nu-bi-bao- hanh-chua-duoc-fro-giup-phap-ly-/l 83061.

2. Violence and Abuse in Society: Understanding a Global Crisis. Fundementals, Effects, and Extremes, ABC-CLIO, 2012, 226.

3. UN Women, Trial of Rape: Understanding the Criminal Justice Systems Response lo

TAP CHi LUAT HQC S6 9/2016 NGHIEN cifu- TRAO Bdi Sexual Violence in Mia, Thailand and Vtet

Nam, forthcoming. Nguon; http://www.aca demia.edu/2232455&Policy_Brief_Access_

tojustice_for_survivois_of_sexual_violence _ in_Vietnam.

4. UNDP, Programming for Justice: Access for All: A Practitioner's Guide to a Hitman

Rights-Based Aj^oach to Access to Justice, Bangkok, 2005. Nguon: http://www.apjrf.

com/APJRF%20Content/UNDP%20-%20 Programming%20Foi%20Justice%20-yo20 Access%20For%20All.pdf.

5. Thirc trang bgo luc ve giai a Vi?t Nam, nguon: http://tiengchuong.vn/Nghien-cuu- Chuyen-de/Thuc-trang-bao-iuc-ve-gioi-' tai-Viet-Nam/15218.vgp).

6. Hpc vi?n chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh va UN Women, Bdo cdo "Tiep can cong li trong h4 thong phdp li da kenh - Nghien cuu dien hinh ve bao luc gia dinh doi v&i phy nu a Vi4t Nam", 2015. Nguon : http://www2.un women.Org/~/media/field%20office%20es easia/docs/publications/2015/06/access%2 0to%20justice%20in%20vietnam%20repo rt.pdf?v= 1 &d=20150623TG75142.

7. UN Women, Ddnh gid tinh hinh phu nu trong he thong tuphdp hinh su Viet Nam, 2013. Nguon: https://www.unodc.org/docu ments/southeastasiaandpacific/vietnam/

publication/2014/Women_in_Justice._Viet namese.pdf.

8. Tdng cyc thong ke. Kit qud tit nghien cuu quae gia ve bao luc gia dtnh ddi vdi phit nu a Viet Nam, 2010.

9. UNODC, HEUNI, Tmng tam nghien cuu gioi va phat trien, Nghien cuu vi chat lucmg

tuphqp hinh su ddnh cho cdc nan nhdn cm bao Itic pa dmh a Viet Nam, 2010. Nguon:

https://www.googIe.com.vn/?gfe_rd=cr&

ei=u94cVaCbJYKg8wfr6oDgDg&gws_r d=cr#q=Nghi%C3%AAn+c%E 1 %BB%

A9u+v%El%BB%81+ch%El%BA%A5l -H%C6%B0%El%BB%A3ng+t%C6%B 0+ph%C3%Alp+h%C3%ACnh+s%EI%

BB%B 1 -Ni%C3%A0nh+cho+c%C3%A 1 c+n%El%BA%Aln+nh%C3%A2n+c%E

1 %BB%A7a+b%El %B A%A 1 o+l%E 1 % BB%B 1 c+gia+%C4%91 %C3%ACnh+%

Er/oBB%9F+Vi%El%BB%87t+Nam%2C

\O.Che gidu viec hi bao luc de du^rc huong bdo hiim yte, nguon: http://phapluatxahoi.

vn/doi-song/che-giau-viec-bi-bao-luc-de- duoc-chi-tra-bao-hiem-y-te-86286.

11. UNODC va Bp tu phap (Cue trg giiip phap li). So lay huang ddn ve Ir^r giUp phdp li a dia phuang doi vai cdc vti bgo Iffc gia dinh, 20\ I.

12.http://tuoitrenews.vn/society/31882/87- percent-of-vietnamese-women-admil-to- being-sexually-harassed-survey.

13.http://www.baodulich.net.vn/Khoi-dong- chien-dich-truyen-thong—Cham-dut-bao- luc-tinh-duc-voi-phu-nu-va-tre-em-gai- 02-6865.html.

H.UNODCva UN Women , Khuyin ngH chung ve sua doi Bg lugt hinh su nhim tdng cuang ting pho hieu qud bgo life (loi vdi phu na, 2015.

15.UN0DC va UN Women, Khuyin n^

chung vi sua doi Bo lugt Id lung hinh JK nhdm ldng cudng ting phd hi^u qud bgo life doi vdi phy nu, 2015.

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