QUYEN KINH TE, XA HOI VA VAN HOA
Nguyen Linh Giang
Q
uyln con ngudi, ton trgng, thyc Men va bao ve quyen con ngudi hien dang la mgt van de thu hut sy quan tam eua cong dong quoc te va nhieu qudc gia tren toan the gidi. D6 chinh la mgt tieu chf, la thudc do cua mgt xa hgi dan ehu, cdng bang, van minh va cua Nha nudc phap quyen. Cac quoc gia du d trinh do phat trien nao cung can phai ty gidi ban quyen lye ciia minh va thyc hien cac nghTa vu doi vdi van de quyen con ngudi.Khac vdi ITnh vuc quyen dan sy, chinh tri, cac quyen ve kinh te, xa hgi va van hda dugc xem la khd cd the danh gia dugc cy the cac vi pham va vi the cung khd xac dinh dugc pham vi nghTa vy cua Nha nudc doi vdi nhom quyen nay. Dong thdi, nhieu lap Man cho rang nhdm quyen nay khd thyc hien vi khong phai quoc gia nao ciing cd du nguon lyc de nhan biet, thyc hien va bao ve cac quyen nay cua ngudi dan. Vay, cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda lieu cd dan gian chi la nhiMg "tham vgng" ciia cong dong quoc te doi vdi quyen con ngudi? va cac quoc gia c6 nhimg nghTa vu phap ly cu the nao doi vdi nhdm quyen nay?
1. Cac hinh thftc the hien nghia vu quoc gia thanh vien cac dieu u'ffc quoc te ve quyen con ngircri
NghTa vu phap ly cua quoc gia dii vdi cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda trudc bet la ngi ham ciia nghTa vy quoc gia thanh vien cac dieu ude quoc te ve quyen con ngudi.
La thanh vien cua cac dieu \x6c quoc te, trudc bet qudc gia phai tdn trgng cac nguyen tac CO ban eua Luat QuIc tl, dac biet la
nguyen tic Pacta Sunt Servanda dugc quy dinh trong Dilu 26 ciia Cdng ude Vien ve Luat dieu ude quIc tl nam 1969: Mgi dieu uac dd cd hieu luc diu rdng budc cdc ben tham gia vd phdi duoc cdc ben thi hdnh vdi thien chi, dong thdi cac qudc gia khdng the vien ddn nhicng quy dinh phdp ludt trong nudc cua minh de ldm ly do cho viec khdng thi hdnh mdt dieu uac'. Viec mgt quoc gia trd thanh thanh vien cfta mgt dieu ude quoc te da the hien tren thyc te sy ton trgng cua quoc gia va sy ty nguyen chap nhan mgi rang huge ve mat phap ly vdi dieu ude dd. Vi the, nghTa vu dau tien cua qudc gia la phai thyc hien cac cam ket cua minh mgt each tan tam va co thien chf, ngay ca khi nhung cam ket dd trai vdi phap Mat quoc gia.
Ddi vdi ITnh vuc lien quan den quyen con ngudi, trach nhiem phap ly cfta quoc gia dugc the hien d ba hinh thuc sau:
1.1. NghTa vu tdn trgng (Obligation to respect)
NghTa vu tdn trgng trudc het la mgt nghTa vy thy dgng, nd ddi hdi cac quoc gia thanh vien phai tranh sft dung cac bien phap can thiep, can trd hoac ngan can mgt each trye tiep hoac gian tiep vao viec thy hudng quyen cfta ngudi dan. Tuy nhien, d khia canh nao do, nghTa vu tdn trgng cung van phai la nghTa vu mang tfnh chu dgng. Bdi le, de dam bao viec ton trgng quyen cua ngudi dan, Nha nudc bugc phai ty gidi ban quyln lyc cua minh. NghTa vu ton trgng d day dugc thi hien bing viec Nha nudc ban hanh Hien phap va phap Mat de tu gidi ban quyln lyc cua minh, ton trgng quyln va cac tu do co
Ths.,Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat.
' Dilu 27 Cong uac Vien ve Luat dilu uoc quIc tl nam 1969.
NGHIA VU PHAP LY CUA
ban ciia ngudi dan, vi thi, d khfa canh nay nghTa vu ton trgng mang tfnh chu dgng.
NghTa vu ton trgng bj vi pham khi Nha nudc ban hanh cac chfnh sach hoac cac dao luat gay anh hudng din viec thy hudng quyen cua ngudi dan va di ngugc lai vdi cac chuan myc chung dugc ghi nhan trong cac dieu ude quoc te ve quyen con ngudi. Viec tri hoan thong qua cac dao Mat hoac cac chinh sach cung la sy vi pham nghTa vy ton trgng.
1.2. Nghia vu bdo ve (Obligation to protect)
NghTa vu bao ve ddi hdi cac quoc gia thanh vien phai thyc hien cac bien phap khong cho phep ben thu ba can thiep vao viec thy hudng quyen eua ngudi dan. Day la mgt nghTa vu ehu dgng va Nha nudc phai chil dgng xay dyng cac co che, he thong va cac bien phap de bao ve quyen cua ngudi dan; ngan chan, xft ly cac hanh vi vi pham quyen cua hg.
NghTa vu bao ve khdng thyc hien dugc khi Nha nudc that bai trong viec dieu chinh hanh vi cua ca nhan hay cua mgt nhdm, mgt to chuc nliam ngan can hg vi pham den quyen ciia ngudi khac. VI du nhu that bai trong viec bao ve quyen lgi cua ngudi tieu dung trong ITnh vyc ve sinh an toan thyc pham.
1.3. Nghia vu thirc hiin (Obligation to f'dfil)
NghTa vu thuc hien ddi hdi cac quoc gia thanh vien phai thyc hien cac bien phap tfch cyc, tao dieu kien va ho trg cae ca nhan va cong ddng dugc hudng quyen. NghTa vy thirc hien cung la mgt nghTa vu ehu dgng, nd doi hoi cac quoc gia phai ap dyng cac bien phap lap phap, hanh chinh, ngan sach, tu phap, khuyen khieh va cac bien phap khac phii hgp de tien tdi hien thyc hda triet de cac quyen ciia ngudi dan.
Theo quy dinh chung, cac quoc gia thanh vien phai c6 nghia vu thyc hien cac qu>ln cy thi nao do trong mgt cong uac
quIc tl vl quyen con ngudi khi mgt ca nhan hay mgt nhom ngudi khong co kha nang hay vi nhiMg ly do ngoai tam kiem soat cua hg thi quIc gia phai thyc hien quyen do bang mgi phuang thftc. Tuy nhien, pham vi cua nghTa vy nay luon phy thugc vao timg van ban cong ude.
Tuy vao tinh chat cua quyen ma nghTa vy thyc Men cd the la thyc Men ngay lap tuc va cd nghTa vy thyc Men timg budc. Vf du, cac quoc gia thanh vien phai thyc hien nghTa vy ngay tftc thi ddi vdi viec thuc hien quyen dugc giao due ma khong cd su phan biet dudi bat ky hinh thftc nao, hay quoc gia thanh vien phai thyc hien tue thi nghTa vy pho cap giao due tieu hgc mien phi, trong khi do thi viec hien thyc boa giao dye trung hgc va giao dye bac cao cho ngudi dan la nghTa vy thyc hien timg budc.
NghTa vy thuc Men bi vi pham khi cac nudc thanh vien that bai trong viec trien khai cac budc can thiet de dam bao viec thu hudng quyen cua ngudi dan, chang ban do that bai trong viec thong qua cac chfrA sach, do khong du chi phf, do phan bd ngudn lyc khong hgp ly, hoac do that bai trong viec giam sat viec thyc Men eae chfnh sach.
Nhu vay, cd ba loai nghTa vu lien quan den quyen con ngudi ma Nha nudc phai dam bao thyc hien, do la nghTa vy ton trgng, bao ve va thyc Men. NhiMg thieu sdt trong viee thyc hien chi mgt trong ba nghTa vy nay se dan den viec quyen con ngudi bi vi pham.
2. Nghia vu cua quoc gia thanh vien Cong irftc quoc te ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hoi va van hoa
Trong cac tranh Man ve quyen con ngudi vao thap ky 50, 60 cfta the ky trudc, trong khi cac nudc xa hgi chu nghTa va cac nudc phuang Dong luon ung hg viec cong nhan cac nhom quyen ve kinh te, xa hgi va van hda thi cac nudc phuang Tay luon cho rang, chi cd quyen dan sy va chinh tri mdi thyc sy la quyen con ngudi va cac nhom quyen kinh te, xa hgi, van hoa khong dugc
xem la quyen va khong c6 tieu chi rd rang de xem xet va giai quyet nhiMg vi pham ve cac quyen nay.
Nham khac phyc nhiMg khd khan nay, Nguyen tac Limburg nam 1986 va Hudng' dan Maastricht nam 1997 ve vi pham cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda da dugc thong qua. Uy ban ve quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda cung da thong qua cac binh Man chung ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa, bao gom binh Man chung ve quyen c6 nha d toi thieu, quyen c6 Mong thyc, quyen dugc cham soc sftc khoe, quyen dugc giao dye, quyen su dung nudc, quyen dugc lam viec, vai tro cua cac co quan nhan quyen quoc gia trong viec bao ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa, quyen binh dang cua nam va nu trong viec hudng thy tat ca cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa va quyen ciia mgi ngudi dugc hudng lgi tu viee bao ve cac quyen lgi ve vat chat va tinh than la ket qua cua bat ky san pham khoa hgc, van hgc hoac nghe thuat nao ma ngudi d6 la tac gia. Dong thdi, Cao iiy Lien hgp quoc ve quyen con ngudi va Tieu ban ve thuc day va bao ve quyen con ngudi da tien hanh cac boat dgng dieu tra va bao cao ve tinh hinh thyc thi quyen kinh te va xa hgi tai nhilu quoc gia tren.the gidi va da thong qua nhieu nghi quyet ve \'an de nay.
Thong qua cac tai lieu ke tren, cac hgc gia quoc te da dua ra cac chuan myc va dua ra nhiMg nghTa xu co ban ma cac quoc gia phai thyc hien nham bao ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa.
2.1. Cdch tiep can "Nhan biit tich cire"
(progressive realization)
'Nhdn biet tich cue" da dugc quy dinh trong khoan 1, Dieu 2 ciia Cong ude quIc tl ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda, theo do: ''Cdc qudc gia thdnh vien phdi tien hdnh cdc budc cdn thiet, vdi nd luc ciia qudc gia do hodc thdng qua su tra giiip hodc hgp tdc qudc te, ddc biei Id ve ky thiigt vd kinh le, ldn dung ldi da ngudn luc sdn cd, nhdm dgt
duac su nhdn biit lich cue ve cdc quyen duoc quy dinh trong Cdng uac ..."
NghTa vu "nhdn biit lich cue" doi hoi cac quoc gia thaMi vien cua Cong uac quoc te ve cac quyln kinh tl, xa hgi va van hda phai the Men sy "nhan bilt" cua minh thong qua viec xay dyng he thing chinh sach, chien luge va thyc hien cac chuang trinh, dy an de dam bao cac quyen tren. Tuy nhien,
"nhgn biet tich cud' la mgt nghTa \'y kho danh gia, vi thi, mgt tieu chf quan trgng de danh gia mgt quoc gia thanh vien cd "nhdn biet lich cud' hay khdng chinh la viec xem xet xem qudc gia cd "sic dung tdi mice tdi da cdc ngudn luc sdn cd'' (maximum available resources) (bao gom ca nguon luc trong nudc va sy trg giup quoc te) hay khong trong cac chuang trinh hanh dgng.
Tuy nhien, tren thyc te, de danh gia mftc do "nhdn biei tich cue" cua cae quoc gia ciing nhu viec huy dgng "ngudn luc sdn cd" cua hg trong viec bao dam va thyc hien cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa la mgt cong viec vo cung phuc tap, doi hoi cac so lieu thong ke cu the va chfnh xac . Vi vay, can phai co cac each tiep can khac trong ITnh vyc nay.
2.2. Cdch tiep can "vi phgm"
(violations)
De khac phyc nhimg ban che ciia each tiep can "nhgn biet tich cue", mgt each tiep can khac da tap trung vao viee xac dinh va nhan dien cac vi pham. Cach tiep can nay da dugc de cap trong ban dy thao cua Nghi dinh thu khong bat bugc cfta Cdng ude quoc te ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa, cung nhu la trong nguyen tac Limburg nam 1986. Day dugc xem la nhung c l ging diu tien nham lam ro nghTa ciia khai niem vi
^ Xem: Victor Dankwa, Cees Flinterman and Scott Leckie, Commentary on the Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, http://www.uu.nl/facultv/leg/NL/organisatie,^departem enten/departementrechtsgeleerdheid'organisatie/onder delen/studieeninformatiecentrummensenrechten'piihli eaties/simspecials/20.'Documents/20-02.pdf
NGHIA VU PHAP LY CUA
pham cac quyen kinh tl, xa hgi va van hda.
Cach tiep can nay sau d6 dugc Tiln sT Audrey ggi la "cdch tiip can vi phgm" trong viec giam sat viec thyc hien Cong ude quIc te ve cac quyen kinh tl, xa hgi va van h6a^
Hudng dan Maastricht da xem xet cac khia canh khac nhau cua nghTa vu nha nuac lien quan den viec cong nhan cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi, van hda va dac biet chu trgng vao cac nghia vu phat sinh theo Cong ude quoc te ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda.
Phan II cua Hudng dan Maastricht da dua ra mgt loat cac van de co ban lien quan den viec vi pham eae quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda, va da ket thuc vdi mgt danh sach chi tiet cac hanh vi cu the va thieu sdt dugc xem nhu la hanh vi vi pham cac quyen nay.
Hudng dan cung dua ra dinh nghTa ve sy vi pham dya tren ba loai nghTa vu cfta quoc gia thanh vien da noi d tren: D6 la nghTa vu ton trgng, bao ve va thyc hien cac quyen con ngudi.
Nhu vay, vdi each tiep can "vi phgm", Hudng dan Maastricht da phan biet giua hai tieu chf de xac dinh sy "vi phgm" - d6 la
"khdng cd khd ndng" va "khdng sdn sdng"
thyc thi cac nghTa vu cua mgt quoc gia thanh vien. So vdi each tiep can "nhgn biet tich cue", each tiep can "vi phgm" dudng nhu mang tinh phap ly cao hon, tieu chi danh gia ro rang ban cung nhu phuang phap giam sat viec thyc thi se don gian va hieu qua ban.
Tuy vay, vdi thuat ngu "vi phgm", each tiep can nay cd the gay khd khan cho cac to chftc phi chinh phu boat dgng trong ITnh vyc bao ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda. Vdi thuat ngu "nhdn biet tich cue", viec hgp tac vdi cac quoc gia nham bao ve va thiic day cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda se thuan lgi va de dang ban"*.
•' Audrey R.Chapman, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.18, 1996, p.23-66.
•* Xem: Nguyen Hong Anh, Sir phdn chia cdc the he quyin con ngiroi: co thuc sir cdn thiet?, Quyen con
2.3. Cdch tiip can "Nghia vu ca bdn tdi thiiu" (Minimum core obligations)
"NghTa vu ca bdn tdi thieu" dugc ghi nhan trong hudng dan so 9 cfta Hudng dan Maastricht, theo dd, cac vi pham dugc xem la xay ra khi cac Nha nudc khong dap img dugc cac yeu cau ma Uy ban ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda ggi la "cae nghia vu ca bdn tdi thieu de dam bdo su thda mdn U nhdt, a mice dd cdn thiet tdi thieu eiia mdi quyen". "Nghia vu ca bdn tdi thieu" dugc ap dyng trong mgi hoan canh, mgi trudng hgp, mgi trinh do phat trien, bat ke nguon lyc san cd cfta quoc gia lien quan la nhu the nao, hay bat ke cac yeu td hay khd khan nao khac.
Moi Nha nudc deu co nghTa vu phap ly va phai chap nhan rang trong mgi trudng hgp, ke ca trudng hgp khd khan hay khan hiem nguon lyc, cac "nghia vu ca bdn tdi thieu"
va cac quyen thiet yeu van phai dugc dam bao. Chang ban, d quoc gia thanh vien Cong ude nao d6 ma van cd mgt so Mgng dang ke ngudi dan khong cd dugc luong thyc thiet yeu, khong cd nha d hay khong dugc cham soc y te ban dau, nhu vay la quoc gia do da khong thyc hien day dft nghTa vu ciia minh theo Cong ude. Mgt quoc gia thanh vien cd the bien minh cho viec khong thyc hien dugc "nghia vu ca bdn tdi thieu" vi thieu nhiMg nguon lyc san cd, thi quoc gia do phai chung minh rang tat ca cac nd luc da dugc thyc hien de sft dyng tat ca cae nguon lyc nam trong pham vi quyet dinh cua quoc gia do vdi mgt nd lyc nham dap ung, uu tien cac
"nghia vu ca bdn tdi thieu " dd^.
Cach tiep can "Nghia vu ca bdn tdi thieu" dugc xem la each tiep can c6 the khac phyc dugc nhiMg ban che cfta each tiep can
"nhgn biet tich cue" va "vi phgm". Cach tiep
nguai: Tiep can da nganh va lien nganh luat hpc, Nxb. Khoahpcxahpi, 2010, tr.61.
^ Xem: Binh luan chung so 3 cua Uy ban ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hpi va van hoa ve ban chat nghTa vu ciia quoc gia thanh vien, dugc thong qua tai phien hpp thir 5 nam 1990.
can nay tao ra nhirng chuan myc co ban toi thieu ma cac quoc gia thanh vien cua Cdng ude bugc phai thyc hien trong mgi hoan canh.
Ngoai ra, theo Hudng dan Maastricht, cac quoc gia cung co nghTa vu qudn ly (obligadon of conduct) xa nghTa vu ket qud (obligation ofresultj. NghTa vy quan ly doi hoi cac quoc gia phai tinh den cac hanh dgng hgp ly dl hien thyc hoa viec thy hudng cac quyen cu the ciia ngudi dan. VI dy, trong trudng hgp cua quyen dugc dam bao ve sue khde, nghTa vu quan ly chinh la viec thong qua va thyc hien cac ke hoach hanh dgng nham giam ti le tu vong cua phy nu khi mang thai va sinh nd. NghTa vy ket qua ddi hoi cac quoc gia phai dat dugc cac myc tieu cy the nham dap img cac tieu chuan da c6.
Vi du, doi vdi quyen dugc dam bao ve sue khoe, nghTa vu ket qua doi hdi phai giam ti le tir vong ciia phu nu mang thai va sinh nd theo muc da dugc dua ra tai Hgi nghi quoc te ve Dan so va phat trien tai Cairo nam
1994 va Hgi nghi the gidi ian thu tu ve Phy nu tai Bie Kinh nam 1995^
De dam bao va bao ve quyen con ngudi cd hieu qua, cac quoc gia thanh vien phai Muc Men tot cac loai nghTa vu da ke tren.
Tuy nhien, phai nhan thay rang viec thyc hien nghTa vy quoc gia doi vdi cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa ciing cd mgt so dac trung khac vdi cac quyen dan sy va chinh tri. Trong khi hau het cac quyen dan sy va chinh tri deu dugc xem la cac quyen tuyet doi va co the thyc Men dugc ngay chft yeu thong qua phap Mat, thi cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda lai la cac quyen tuong doi va phai thyc Men dan dan thong qua cac ke hoach, chuang trinh, he thong giai phap... Doi vdi cac quyen dan sy va chirM tri, viec thong qua cac bien phap lap phap gan nhu da dam bao mgt phan ldn cho \'iec thyc hien nghTa xu ciia quoc gia. Nhung doi
vdi cac quyln kinh tl, xa hgi va van hda thi viec thong qua bien phap lap phap la chua dil. Trong trudng hgp ndy, ddi hoi cdc qudc gia thdnh vien phdi hieu sdu sdc. day du cum
tic "bdng tdt cd cdc bien phdp hap ly".
Trong khi mdi qudc gia thdnh vien phdi lu quyet dinh cho minh nhimg bien phdp ndo Id thich hgp nhdt, phii hap vdi tinh trgng lien quan den mdi mdt quyen, "su thich harp"
ciia cdc bien phdp duac lua chgn khdng phdi ludn ludn Id hien nhien^. Hon nua, viec dam bao thyc Men cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa doi hoi cac quoc gia phai khong ngimg hoan thien co che thyc hien qua cac thdi ky. Yeu cau dam bao nhdm quyen nay phai dugc nang cao phft hgp vdi da tang trudng kinh te va sy phat trien cfta xa hgi.
Dong thdi, de dam bao cac quyen nay, cac qudc gia phai tan dung toi da cac nguon luc san cd, ke ca nguon lyc trong nudc va trg giup quoc te de timg budc giiip ngudi dan thy hudng day du cac quyen cua minh.
Viec thuc hien nghTa vu cua quoc gia ve quyen con ngudi cung can phai luu y den tinh phy thugc va khong the phan chia cua hai nhdm quyen dan sy, chinh tri va kinh te, xa hgi va van hda. Dieu nay cd nghTa la quoc gia phai dam bao viec no lyc thuc day nhdm quyen nay can phai luu y den nhom quyen kia. Vi the, viec thuc day cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda phai dugc dam bao rang cac boat dgng do hoan toan phii hgp vdi viec thy hudng cac quyen dan sy va chinh tri. Vi dy: Khdng thyc Men cac dy an ve kinh te, xa hgi dya tren cac lao dgng cudng bftc^
Xem: Doan 7 cua Huang dan Maastricht ve vi pham cac quN'en kinh te, xa hpi va van hoa nam 1997.
^ Xem: Binh luan chung s6 3 vl ban chat nghTa vu ciia quoc gia thanh vien, dugc Uy ban ve cac quyen kinh tl, xa hpi va van hoa thong qua tai phien hpp thir 5 nam 1990.
^ Xem them Binh luan chung so 2 vl cac bien phap ho trg ky thuat quoc te dupc Uy ban vl cac quyln kinh tl, ,xa hpi va van hoa thong qua tai phien hpp thir 4 nam 1990 va Binh luan chung si 3 vl ban chit nghTa vu cua quoc gia thanh vien, dugc Uy ban vl cac quyln kinh te, xa hpi va van hoa thong qua tai phien hpp thir 5 nam 1990.
NGHIA VU PHAP LY CUA
Ngoai ra, trong ITnh vyc quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda, cac quoc gia cung co trach nhiem quoc te nham ton trgng viec hudng thu quyen cua ngudi dan tai cac nuac khac, ngan chan ben thu ba vi pham quyln tai nudc khac. Trong trudng hgp cac nudc thanh vien cung dong thdi la thanh vien cua cac to chuc tai chfnh quoc te nhu To chuc tien te quoc te (IMF), Ngan hang the gidi (WB) thi nen danh nhieu sy chft y cho viec thu hudng quyen cua ngudi dan thong qua cac tac dgng ve chfnh sach cho vay, hgp dong tin dung va cac bien phap tai chinh quoc te. Tren tinh than Hien chuang Lien hgp quoc, cac quoc gia thanh vien can hgp tac va cd trach nhiem vai cac quoc gia khac trong trudng hgp cd thien tai, chien tranh, trudng hgp khan cap can cim trg hay ho trg ngudi ti nan, ngudi vd gia cu. Cac nudc phat trien ve kinh te can cd trach nhiem va vai tro dac biet trong viec hd trg cac nudc ngheo, cac nudc dang phat trien.
3. Han che thyc hien cac quyen kinh te, xa hoi va van hoa
Ve CO ban, quoc gia phai tan dyng hej:
cac nguon lyc san cd cua minh de dam bao cac quyen con ngudi. Nhung trong mgt so cac hoan canh dac biet thi viec ban che thyc hien cac quyen con ngudi cung cd the dugc dat ra. Dieu 4 cua Cdng ude quoc te ve cac quyen dan su va chinh tri da cd quy dinh ve viec quoc gia cd the ap dyng nhiMg bien phap trai vdi cac nghTa vy neu trong Cong ude trong trudng hgp khan cap, de dga sy song cdn cua qudc gia. Doi vdi cac quyen dan sy va chfnh tri thi cd mgt so quyen la quyen dugc bao ve tuyet doi trong mgi hoan canh nhu quyen dugc song; quyen khong bi tra tan, doi xu tan bao, vo nhan dao hay quyln khong bi bit lam no le. Nhung ngoai ra, cac quyen khac cd the bi ban che trong hoan canh dac biet nhu quyen hgi hgp, quyln ty do di lai... Tuang ty nhu vay,
Cong ude quIc tl vl cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda da quy dinh tai Dieu 4 ve gidi ban ap dyng doi vdi cac quyen kinh te, xa ' hgi va van hda. Theo do, qudc gia thanh vien c6 thi dat ra nhung gidi ban vdi viec thyc hien cac quyen dugc ghi nhan trong Cong ude nhung phai dam bao cac yeu cau la: Thic nhdt, cae gidi ban dd chi dugc dat ra bang cac quy dinh cfta phap Mat, thic hai, cac gidi ban do chi dat ra trong chimg myc ban che va khong trai vdi ban chat cua cac quyen cd lien quan va thu ba, cac gidi ban dd phai vi muc dich thiic day phftc lgi chung trong mgt xa hgi dan chu.
4. Viet Nam voi viec thyc hien cac quyen ve kinh te, xa hoi va van hoa
Viet Nam trd thanh thanh vien cua Cong ude quoc te ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda tft nam 1982. Nha nudc Viet Nam luon thua nhan nhung gia tri chung ve quyen con ngudi va thuc hien nghiem tftc cac nghTa vu phap ly phat sinh tft Cong ude.
Bao cao quoc gia kiem diem dinh ky viec thyc Men quyen con ngudi d Viet Nam da khang dinh: Nhd nudc Viet Nam coi con ngudi la muc lieu vd ddng luc ciia mgi chinh sdch phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi vd ludn nhdt qudn trong viec ddm bdo vd thiic ddy cdc quyen con ngudi. Viet Nam dugc quoc te ghi nhan la mgt trong nhiMg quoc gia di dau ve xda ddi giam ngheo. Day la uu tien hang dau cua Chinh phu Viet Nam trong viec thuc day cae quyen con ngudi, phu hgp vdi hoan canh ciia dat nudc va cac Myc tieu Thien nien ky cua Lien hgp quoc. Viec thyc Men "Chien luge toan dien ve tang trudng va xoa ddi giam ngheo" dugc Chinh phu thong qua vao thang 5/2002 tren co sd Chien luge Phat trien kinh te xa hgi 2001-2010 da gdp phan giam ty le hg ngheo (theo chuan ngheo quoc gia) tren toan quoc tu 58,1% nam 1993 xuong con 14,82% nam 2007 va giiip Viet Nam trd thanh mgt trong nhiMg quoc gia
dau tien dat Myc tieu Thien nien ky ve xoa ddi giam ngheo .
C6 the thay, cac ket qua dat dugc d tren la rit dang khich le va dang ghi nhan. Tuy nhien, cung con rat nhieu thach thuc va khd khan dii vdi Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
Cac kho khan do la:
Thu nhdt, he thong phap Mat cua Viet Nam ndi chung va cac van ban phap Mat lien quan den quyen con ngudi noi rieng cdn thilu ding bg, chong cheo, mau thuan, dan tdi khd khan, tham ehi hieu sai trong qua trinh van dung va thuc thi phap Mat d co sd'°.
Thic hai, viec thyc thi phap Mat con thieu nghiem minh va khong nhat quan da lam giam sut long tin ciia ngudi dan vao phap luat va gay kho khan cho viec bao dam va thyc thi quyen con ngudi.
Thic ba, xuat phat diem cua nen kinh te Viet Nam thap. Nen kinh te Viet Nam cdn rat nhay cam, cac van nan xa hgi nhu ma tuy, mai dam, that nghiep, tinh trang lay nhiem HIV/AIDS, tai nan giao thong, 6 nhiem moi trudng da gay can trd cho sy phat trien kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa, tu do can trd viec thy hudng quyen cua ngudi dan.
Cudi cimg, trinh do dan trf thap, nhan thuc ciia can bg co quan nha nudc, ke ca nhung ngudi lam cong tac trye tiep ve quyen con ngudi cung van con rat nhieu ban che.
Ban than ngudi dan cung khong hieu ve quyen ciia minh, khong biet ty bao ve minh va khi muon ty bao ve minh thi ciing khong biet phai lam the nao hoac la "ngai", khong muon hoac khong dam lam.
Tu nhiMg dieu da trinh bay d tren cd the thay, de dam bao thyc hien nghTa vy quoc gia trong ITnh vuc quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa, trong thdi gian tdi, Viet Nam can luu y den cac van de sau:
' Xem doan 12 Bao cao quoc gia kiem diem dinh ky viec thuc hien quyen con nguoi o Viet Nam.
'" Xem: Doan 71 ciia Bao cao quIc gia kiem diem dinh ky viec thuc hien quyln con nguoi o Viet Nam.
4.1. Can cd cdc ki hoqch gidm sdt viee thiec hien cdc chirffng trinh hdnh dgng, cdc chien lucre vi kinh ti, xd hpi vd vdn hda
Viec giam sat nay la vo ciing quan trgng de dam bao cho cac chuang trinli hanh dgng, cac chiln Mgc da dugc thyc hien dung myc tieu dl ra, dung thdi ban va dam bao chong tham nhung. Viec giam sat deu dan se dam bao viec ton trgng cac quyen va nhd dd nhan thftc dugc muc do hudng ihu quyen ciia ca nhan trong pham vi lanh thd quoc gia, kip thdi dilu chinh khi cd thay ddi va nhd the viec ton trgng va dam bao quyen con ngudi dugc thyc Men d muc do cao nhat.
4.2. Cdc chirffng trinh hdnh dpng, chien lircrc hdnh dpng phdi ludn gdn v&i mue tieu vl quyen eon ngirdi
Khong vi muc tieu phat trien kinh te ma quen di myc tieu vi quyen con ngudi. Viec dam bao cac quyen ve kinh te, xa hgi va van hda phai dugc tinh den viee dam bao va thu hudng cac quyen dan sir, chinh tri. Nhu vay, phat trien kinh te phai dugc gan vdi phat trien ben viing. trong do ed phat trien ben viMg ve quyen con ngudi.
4.3. Cdc chirffng trinh phdt trien kinh te, xd hpi cdn phdi tinh den quyen lgi ciia cdc doi tirffng de bi tdn thirong
Trong thdi gian qua, mac du Viet Nam da danh mgt nguon ngan sach dang ke cho viec cham lo den cac quyen lgi cua cac doi tugng dl bi ton thuang nhu ngudi gia, ngudi tan tat, tre em... song cac chuang trinh do mac du dung ve chu truang nhung each thftc thyc hien cdn chua tot, dan den sy meo mo trong viec thyc hien quyen. Vf dy, vfta qua da cd cac chuang trinh xay dung nha cho ngudi cd thu nhap thap, nhung thyc t l hoac la cac khu nha do khong dam bao chit lugng hoac nhung doi tugng dugc mua nha khong thyc sy la ngudi cd thu nhap thip... Tit ca nhirng dieu d6 da lam anh hudng din viec thy hudng quyen ciia ngudi dan, lam giam long tin cua ngudi dan vdi chfnh quyln. Hay nhu viec cham soc cho ngudi khuylt tat.
NGHIA VU PHAP LY CUA
Vua qua Viet Nam da co gang thyc hien cac chuang trinh viec lam va dao tao nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat, nhung mgt viec cin phai lam la dam bao cho sy tiep can vdi phuang tien giao thong ciia ngudi khuylt tat thi lai chua dugc dam bao va chua dugc tinh din trong qua trinh xay dyng cac co sd ha ting d Viet Nam.
4.4. Cdn tham khdo thirdng xuyen cdc khuyen nghi, binh luan cua Uy ban ve cdc quyen kinh te, xd hpi vd van hoa ciing nhir ciia cdc Cff quan chuyen mdn cua Lien hffp quoc
Cac khuyen nghi, binh Man cua cac Uy ban, cac co quan chuyen mon cua Lien hgp quoc se giup cac quoc gia hieu ro ban cac khfa canh cua cac quyen va dam bao thyc hien dugc cac quyen do tren thyc te mgt each c6 hieu qua nhat. Vf dy, ndi den quyen CO luong thyc thda dang, neu chi hieu quyen do la cd du luang thyc de an thi trong dieu kien cua Viet Nam hien nay cd the ndi quyen nay da dugc thyc Men tot. Tuy nhien, tren thyc te lai khong phai vay. Vi quyen cd luong thyc thoa dang bao gom ca khia canh
"an loan dinh dudng". Neu xet theo khia canh do thi hien nay quyen co luang thyc thoa dang d Viet Nam chua dugc dam bao".
Hay khi tinh den viec thyc hien quyen dugc giao dye can tinh den yeu to dam bao rang tre em phai dugc den trudng va dam bao cong dong va gia dinh khong phai phu thugc vao lao dgng tre em. Viec xda bd lao dgng tre em ciing gan vdi viec thy hudng quyen dugc giao diic ciia tre em'^.
4.5. Cdn thdnh lap cff quan nhdn quyen quoc gia
Viec thanh lap co quan nhan quyen qudc gia de dam bao viec giam sat, thuc day cac
" Xem them: Binh luan chung s i 12 vl Quyln dugc huong thu luong thuc tii thieu dugc Uy ban ve cac quyln kinh tl, xa hpi va van hoa thong qua tai phien hpp thir 20 nam 1990.
'" Xem them; Binh luan chung s i 13 ve quyen dugc njao due dugc Oy ban ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hpi va van hoa thong qua tai khoa hpp thir 21 nam 1999.
chuong trinh hanh dgng vi quyen con ngudi, cung nhu tien hanh cac boat dgng nghien cim, thim tra, xay dyng cac chuang trinh boat dgng vl quyen con ngudi; kiem tra va khuyin nghi ve sy xam pham cac tieu chuan quyen con ngudi vdi Nha nudc .
4.6. Cdn thuc hien tdt nghia vu vd tiin dp bdo cdo vdi cdc cff quan chuyen mdn cua Liin hffp qudc ve quyin con ngudi
De thyc hien tot nghTa vy quoc te trong ITnh vuc quyen con ngudi, viec bao cao trung thyc va dung thdi ban se giup cac quoc gia thanh vien xem xet mgt each ro rang cac quyen nao thyc sy chua dugc thyc hien va cac quyen nao can timg budc hien thyc hda, d dau can cd sy giam sat thyc hien chat che... Qua trinh lam va nop bao cao khong chi la thyc hien nghTa vu quoc gia thanh vien ma dong thdi cung la qua trinh de cac quoc gia ty nhin lai minh, ty phat hien ra minh da lam dugc gi va chua lam dugc gi.
Viec thyc hien cac quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hda la viec phai lam hang ngay, hang gid, doi hoi cac quoc gia thanh vien phai tinh den cac chuang trinh hanh dgng cy the.
Viec phat trien kinh te, xa hgi la mgt viec quan trgng rMung quan trgng ban ca la cac quoc gia phai tfnh den yeu to quyen con ngudi va dam bao cho mgi ngudi dan dugc thy hudng quyen con ngudi trong kha nang cao nhat cd the. Viec dam bao tfnh phy thugc ian nhau giua nhdm quyen kinh te, van hda, xa hgi va nhdm quyen dan sy, chinh tri cung la yeu to phai tfnh den trong cac chuang trinh hanh dgng. Ddi vdi Viet Nam hien nay, nhiem vy trudc mat can phai lam do la tang cudng giao dye quyen con ngudi cho mgi doi tugng can bg nha nudc va dan chung, dong thdi gan myc tieu phat trien quyen con ngudi vdi phat trien ben virng.
'^ Xem them: Binh luan chung so 10 ve vai tro ciia cac CO quan nhan quyen quoc gia trong viec bao ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hpi va van hoa dugc Uy ban ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hpi va van hoa thong qua tai khoa hpp thir 19 nam 1998.
