HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE
CUA CAMPUCHIA: KET QUA VA HAN CHE
TRtfdNG QUANG HOAN*
Tom tat: Sau cugc tdng tuyin cd ndm 1993 vd trd thdnh thdnh vien eda Hiip hgi cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN) ndm 1999, Campuehia chil truong ddy mgnh hgi nhgp kinh te qudc ti thdng qua thuc hien cdc cam kit md eda thi tritdng, edi cdch he thd'ng the chi kinh ti Campuehia da dgt duac nhieu kit qud ddng khich le trong phdt triin kinh ti, cdi thien thu nhgp cho ngudi dan, md rgng hogt dgng thdang mgi vd thu hat ddu tu trite tiip nudc ngodi (FDI). Tuy nhien, qud trinh hgi nhgp kinh te quoc te eda Campuehia cdn tdn tgi nhiiu hgn chi, thdch thitc, bao gdm sdphu thuoc ngdy cdng ldn vdo thi trUdng Trung Qudc, udo ngdnh thdm dung lao ddng gid re, gid tri gia tang thdp.
Tit khoa: Campuehia. hdi nhgp kinh te qudc ti, kit qud, hgn chi, ASEAN.
1. C h u t n f d n g v a nhiXug c a i e a c h t r o n g qua trinh hOi n h a p k i n h te q u o c te c u a Campuehia
1.1. Chu trii&ng hgi nhap kinh te khu vitc va quoc te cua Campuehia
Sau cupc tong tuyin cd qud'c gia nam 1993 va trd t h a n h thanh vien chinh thde cua ASEAN vao nam 1999, Campuehia tiep tuc tbeo dudi ebinb saeh hdi nhap sau rpng hdn vao kinh te khu vUe va quo'e te.
Trong dudng ldi ddi ngoai cua minh, Campuehia cbu trUOng cung ed quan he vdi cac nddc trong kbu vUc, nha't la cac nddc ASEAN, qua do gdp phan dUa Ddng Nara A trd t b a n h khu vUc hda binh va phat trien. Chinh phu Campuehia cho
rang, hop tae khu vUe ASEAN c6 tbl mang lai nbilu ldi ieh kinh te cbo dat nUde, bao gom: ASEAN la nhan td giup ndng eao va cung co long tin cua cac nha dau tu d Campuehia; ASEAN tao ra sU lien ket gida eac nen kinh te vdi dan sd tren 600 tridu ngUdi; ASEAN la nhdm nUdc co kinh te tdng trUdng nhanh; ASEAN la cau ndi quan trpng de Campuehia hdi nhap vao kinh te the gidi; ASEAN la moi trudng de Campuehia phd'n dau phat triln trude khi xin gia n h a p To chdc thdcfng mai the gidi (WTO). Campuehia tieh ede tbam gia vao eae khudn kho hpp tac khu vdc n h u Hpp tae Tam giac p h a t trien Campuehia - Lao - Vidt Nam (CLV), Hdp tae giijfa bdn qudc gia Campuehia, Lao, '' Ths. TrifOng Quang Hoan, Vien Nghien ciJu D6ng Nam A
yuang Quang Hodn - Hgi nhdp kinh te qudc ti'cixa Campuehia... 13
Vlyanmar va Viet Nam (CLMV), Chidn Udc Hdp tac Kinh te Ayeyawady-Chao Phraya-Mekong (ACMECS), Hpp tac Tiiu /ung sdng Me Kdng md rdng (GMS), Sang d e n h d p tae Mekong - Lan TbUdng*^'.
Irong khi dd, Campuehia ky vpng viee gia i h a p WTO gidp thu hut dau tU, md rgng :hi trudng xua't khau, thue d^y thUdng mai phat trien, qua dd gdp phan thue day tdng :rUdng, tao viec lam va ndng cao ddi sd^ng :ho ngudi dan.
Ben eanh day nhanh hdi nhap kinh te khu viTe va qudc te thSng qua ASEAN va WTO, Cling vdi eae t h a n h vidn ASEAN, Campuehia ehu dpng t h a m gia tich cue vao 3ara p h a n va ky ket eac thoa thuan thUdng mai t u do (FTA) gida ASEAN vdi Trung Qudc (ACFTA), N h a t Ban (AJEPA), H a n Qudc (AKFTA), An Dp (AIFTA), Uc va New Zealand (AANZFTA). Hi§n nay, Campuehia dang t h a m gia vao qua trinh dara phan Hidp dinh Ddi tac Kinh td Toan dign Khu vUe (RCEP), la higp dinh dUpc ky vgng ciing ed cae thoa thuan thUdng raai td do hien cd giCta ASEAN vdi eae ddi tae khu vUc eung n h u cae hiep dinh song phUdng va da phUdng khae.
1.2. Nhiing cat cdch, dieu chinh chinh sach va thUc thi cam ket hoi nhap kinh te quoc te ciia Campuehia
Trong qua trinh hdi n h a p kinh te qudc t l , dac biet trong ASEAN va WTO, Campuehia da thUe hien nhieu dilu chinh chinh sach quan trpng, bao gdm:
Thd nhdt, xac lap va hoan thien the chg' kinh td thi trUdng, bao gdm: hoan tbien he thdng luat phap; eai caeh he thdng cae chinh sach kinh te vi md; xae lap quyen sd hiJu t u nhan, thUe hign tU nhdn hda.
Thd hai, thUe hien dilu ehinh cd ca'u va thue thi cai caeh kinh te cf cac khu vUc, bao
gdm: phat trien ndng nghiep, thUc hien muc tieu xda ddi giam ngheo va cai thidn ddi sdng eua cd ddn ndng thon; phat trien eae nganh cong nghiep pbuc vu nhu cau xuat khau, gdp phan tao viee lam.
Thd ba, dilu chinh chinh sach, che dp thUdng mai va cac chinh sach kinh td khae cho phu hdp vdi nhu^g quy dinh eua WTO, bao gdm thUe hien ehinh sach tU do hda thuong mai, cai each chinh sacb tai khda, kg't ca'u lai hg thdng ngan hang, eai each dieh vu h a n h ebiiih cdng va nang cao nang lUc quan Iy.
Thd td, thue hien cai each the ehd va phap luat theo hUdng dan cbu bda vdi sU thara gia ngay cang eao cua ngddi dan trong qua trinh lap kd hoach, chinh saeh va phan bo tai chinh d dia pbdPng; xay diftig nang lUc d ed sd va tang eddng quyen ban, trdch nhiera eho eac ca'p cbinh quyen dia phuong; xay dung he thd'ng phap luat ddng bg va toan dien; tai cd eau bp raay h a n h ehinh'^'.
Campuehia cung nd lUc thue bien eae cam ke't cat giara thud quan trong ASEAN va WTO, bao gdm viee xoa bo cac ddng thug' cd ty le thue quan eao (nhU eac mdc 40%, 50%, 90% va 120%). Tinh ddn ndm 2011, so' lugng cae nbdm thud dUdc cat giam td 12 xudng cdn 4 nhdm, vdi cac mdc tuong ling: 0%, 7%, 15% va 35%, trong dd vigc ap dung mde thue 35% nhdm bao ve m6t sd san pham ehd b i l n va hang hda tieu dung nbU thit va sda, rau eu qua, do uo'ng, thudc la, giay dep va cae pbUdng tien van tai. Ben eanh do, khoang 53,4% dong thud thupc pham vi raien thue quan hoae cat giam thue xud'ng ty le td'i thieu 7% vao nam 2011, so vdi miTc 44% eua ndm 2001.
Ty Ig thue quan td'i hue qudc (MFN) ap dung cho cac san phara ndng nghiep trong WTO d mde 14,5%, trong khi ddi vdi eae
Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so 9/2019
san pham cong nghiep la 11,3%. Danh sacb tbue quan cua Campuehia eung dUpc cai tien dda tren be tbd'ng hai hda (HS) d mUc it nbat 8 chd so nham phu hpp vdi quy dinh trong WTO. Tong sd ddng thue' da dugc cat giam tU 10.700 xud'ng cdn 8.314 giai doan 2007-2011. Ciing vdi viec cat giam thue quan, Campuehia edn thuc bien nhilu bign phap cat giam, loai bo eac hang rao phi thug' quan va nhiTng b a n chd v l sd lupng theo cam ke't trong Cpng dong Kinh td ASEAN (AEC) cung nhu cac sang kidn, thoa thuan hgp tac kinh td khac ed su tham gia cua Campuebia'^\
Trong linh viic dau tU, Campuehia thuc tbi nhdng cai each ve chinb sacb va khung khd phap ly de tbu hut dau tu tnrc tig'p nudc ngoai (FDI). Hien nay, Campuehia la qu5'c gia CO chd do dau tU nUde ngoai tU do va md vdi khung pho phap ly dieu cbinh tbeo hudng h i trg nha dau td va cac doanh nghigp. Cae Uu dai ve dau tU ldn nha't bao gora cbo phep nha d^u tu nddc ngoai sd hufu 100% doanh nghigp, ap dung mien, giam tbue' doanh nghiep, tdi da len tdi 8 nara.
Sau giai doan nay, Ceunpuebia ap dung thue doanh nghigp d mdc 20%, cung vdi do la miln thug' nhap khau hang hda tU ligu san xua't va khong ban che viee cac nha ddu tu rut vdn ra khdi Campucbia'*\ Chinh phu Campuehia chu trddng thu hut FDI tren ta't ca cae linh vdc va cae nganh kinb te, dac biet cac nganh san xuat nang lUdng, ha tang thdng tin, dich vu thddng raai, du lich, hang khdng, ngan hang va giao thong.
2. Ket qua va h a n c h e t r o n g hpi n h a p kinh te' q u o c te c u a Campuehia
2.1. Ket qud
NhOftig thay doi ve dddng ldi, ehinh sach kinb te theo hUdng cdi md, bgn canh moi trudng khu vUc va qude te thuan loi da giup
kinh te Campuehia tang trUdng nhanh chong trong vdng hdn mpt thap nidn qua.
Trong dd, tang trUdng giai doan 2003-2007 la rat cao, trung binh tren dUdi 10%/nam, vdi ty le tang trddng cao nhat dat 13,2%
vao n a m 2005. Tuy the, tang trUdng tong san pham qud'c npi (GDP) cua Campuehia sut giam manh giai doan 2008-2009, vdi ty le tang lan lUpt cbi cdn 6,6% va 0,1%, chu yeu do nbiing anh budng tidu cUc td eupc khiing hoang kinh te toan eau. Da tang trUdng phue hdi nhanh chdng, len mdc 5,9% vao nam 2010. Ke ttr 2011 den nay, tde dp tang GDP cua Campuehia dat trung binh 7%/nam, dUa Campuehia vao nhom eac n i n kinh te tang trUdng nhanh nbat tren the gidi. Tang trddng kinh td kha quan giup cai tbien nhanh chdng thu nh$.p va ddi sdng ciia ngddi ddn Campuehia, tang ttr gan 400 USD nam 2003 ldn tdi 786 USD va 1390 USD lan Iddt eac nam 2010 va 2017^^\ Ke't qua la, Campuehia cbinh thdc bude vao nhdm cac qud'c gia cd thu nhap trung binh thap. (Xem hunh 1).
Trong linh vUc thUOng mai, Hinh 1 cho tha'y, tdng trao ddi thUdng raai hang h6a gida Campuehia vdi the' gidi tang bon 5 lan, t u gan 4,6 ty USD Ign ddn 25,5 ty USD giai doan 2003-2017. Trong do, xuat khau tang td 2,7 ty USD len 11,9 ty USD, nhap khau tang td 2,5 ty USD ldn 13,6 ty USD. Dti can can thuong mai hang hda eua Campuehia luon bi thara hut nbUng mdc t h a m hut co xu hUdng giam kha nhanh thdi gian gan day, ttr 3,5 ty USD nam 2012 xudng gan 2,0 ty USD nam 2017.
Tddng tu, tdng trao doi thddng mai dich vu cua Campuehia vdi ben ngoai md rpng nhanh ehong, td gan 1,0 ty USD nam 2003 tang len xa'p xi 7,0 ty USD giai doan 2003- 2017. Trong dd, xuat khau tang td 0,5 ty USD Ign den 4,6 ty USD; nhap khau tang
rucfng Quang Hoan - Hgi nhdp kinh ti'qud'c te'cua Campuehia...
Hinh 1: Xuat nhap khSu hang hoa cua Campuehia vol th^ giM, 2003 - 2017 (trieu USD)
- X u a t khSu - N h a p kliau
Nguon: Tong hgp vd tinh todn cila tdc gid tie UNCTAD Database
ttr 0,4 ty USD Ign 2,2 ty USD. Vi thd, can ean thuctog mai dieh vu cua Campuehia ludn t h a n g dU, len den 2,4 ty USD n a m 2017, eao hon n h i l u thang dU 114 trieu USD eua n a m 2003'^'. NhU vay, ng'u ggp ea thuong m a i h a n g hda va thuong mai dich vu, can can thuong mai tong thd cua Campuehia dat t h a n g dU (du khdng nhilu).
Ben canh dd, Campuehia ngay cang da dang hda cae thi trUdng xuat khau ciia minh. Thi p h i n 10 thi trUdng xuat khau ldn nha't t r e n tdng xua't khau cua Campuehia giam manh, tU 92,7% nam 2003 xudng con 82,8% va 71,7% lan lUdt cae nam 2010 va 2016. Cac thi trudng xuat khau h a n g hda ldn n h a t cua Campuehia chu ye'u vdn la eae qudc gia phat trien nhu Hoa Ky, Ddc, Anh, N h a t Ban, Pbap. Trong do, Hoa Ky la ddi tac xuat kh^u quan trgng nhat cua Campuehia. Tuy nhien, thi phan xua't khau sang Hoa Ky tren tdng xua't khau r a the gidi ciia Campuehia da giam manh tir gan 55% n a m 2003 xudng edn 40,8% va 16,6% lan lUpt cac n a m 2010 va 2016. Top 10 thi trddng xua't khau ldn nhat
con bao gom nhieu qud'c gia dang phat t r i l n trong khu vdc Dong A nhU Trung Qude, Thai Lan va Viet Nam, chig'm 15% tong xuat khau eua Campuehia''^'- (Xem binh 2).
Ve dau tU, IDnh 2 cho thay, vdn FDI vao Campuehia khong ngimg tang Ign k l td nam 2003. Cu thd, neu nhu nam 2003, vdn FDI vao Campuehia chda den 100 trieu USD, thi de'n nam 2010 da tang hdn 10 Ian, Ign den 1,3 ty USD. Dong vdn FDI tiep tue tang manh nhuhg nam gan ddy, lan luot dat 2,2 ty USD va 2,7 ty USD eae n a m 2016 va 2017. NhU vay, giai doan 2003-2017, FDI vao Campuehia da tang bdn 30 Ian. Xet tbeo ddi tac, ASEAN, Trung Qud'c, Lien minh chau Au (EU) la eae nha dau tU ldn nha't tai Campuehia.
Diem dang chu y la, dd vdn giuf vi tri quan trpng nha't, ty trpng dau tU tU ASEAN tren tdng FDI vao Campuehia da giara manh, td 45% ndra 2010 xudng edn 22% nam 2017; ngUdc lai, giai doan nay chcttig kien sU md rdng dang ke ciia ddng vdn dau td td Trung Quo'c vao Campuehia, vdi ty ph^n tang td 16% len tdi 23%<s'. Neu tinh ggp
Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, so 9/2019
H i n h 2 : F D I v a o C a m p u e h i a , 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 1 7 (tri^u U S D )
I 1701.0
• 1720.4
^ ^ I87I.7
^ 1835,2
• 1372.5 ' 1342,2
• • 928,4
• 815.2
• 867 3
1000
Ngudn- Dit lieu tu 2003-2016 trich ddn tif World Development Indicators cua Ngdn hdng ThS gi&i;
DH lieu nam 2017 lay tit ASEAN Database, https://data aseanstats.org/fdi-by-hosts-and-sources, truy cdp ngdy 8/10/2018
d a u t u ciia H d n g K o n g t h i T r u n g Q u d e d a v d d t q u a ASEAN" dd t r d t h a n h n h a d a u tU l d n n h a t v a o C a m p u e h i a . C a c n h a d a u tU l d n k h a e v a o C a m p u e h i a b a o g d m N b a t B a n , D a i L o a n ( T r u n g Qudc) v a H o a K y .
D a e bigt, C a m p u e h i a d a eo n h d n g n d lue d a n g k h e n n g p i d e t b a m g i a v a o c h u d i g i a t r i k h u vUc, t o a n cau, d a c b i e t t h d n g q u a v i e c t a n d u n g c a e Ipi t h e v l c h i p h i s a n x u a t , d i a l y d e t h u h u t F D I c u n g n h d t a p t r u n g e h u y g n m o n h o a m p t h o a c m g t v a i k h a u s a n x u a t p h u h p p . C a c d o a n h n g h i g p t h e o d u d i d i n h h d d n g xua't k h a u d C a m p u e h i a t h u d n g cd c a e c o n g t y m e d T h a i L a n h o a e e d n g t y m e l a N h a t B a n s d d u n g c h i e n Iddc T h a i L a n + 1 d e t d i Uu b o a s a n x u a t v a d o a n b t h u . N h d ed lgi t h e g i a n h a n cQng r e , c a c k h u k i n b t e d a c b i e t ( S E Z ) dpc b i g n gidi v d i T h a i L a n e u a C a m p u e h i a t h u h u t dUde k h a n h i e u v d n d a u t u nUdc n g o a i , d a e b i e t l i n h vdc s a n x u a t h a n g d e t raay, ttr do xuelt k h a u t r d c t i d p s a n g t h i t r d d n g T h a i L a n c u n g n h U eac
q u d e g i a k h a e t r o n g v a n g o a i k h u vUe D g n g N a m A . B a n g v i e c c h u y e n raon b o a vao k h a u e a t v a m a y , e a c s a n p h & n m a y m a c ciia C a m p u e h i a d a n g c a n h t r a n h n g a y c a n g g a y g a t v d i c a c s a n p h a m c u n g loai de'n td nhiilag q u d e g i a p h a t t r i e n h o n n h d Viet N a r a , A n D p v a t h a r a e h i c a T h a i Lan'^'.
N h i i n g k e t q u a t i e h e d e t r o n g h p i n h a p k i n h t d q u d e t l eiia C a m p u e h i a c o n dddc t h e h i e n d dU t r d n g o a i ho'i q u d c g i a v a l u g n g k i e u h d i l a o d p n g C a m p u e h i a gui ve nUde. C u t h e , t o n g dU t r i i n g o a i h o i qudc g i a e u a C a m p u e h i a t a n g n h a n h tU 0,98 t y U S D n a m 2 0 0 3 l d n d d n 1,41 t y U S D n a m 2 0 0 6 ; tig'p t u e t a n g I g n t d i 3,8 t y U S D v a 11,7 t y U S D l a n l u p t c a c n a m 2 0 1 0 va 2017*10'. T ^ ^ g ^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^ 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 1 6 , k i e u ho'i l a o d p n g C a m p u e h i a g d i v e nddc e u n g t a n g tU 1 2 5 t r i e u U S D l e n t d i 3 6 1 t r i e u U S D ' i i ' . Cd t h i n d i , dU t r d n g o a i hdi v a k i l u h d i l a n h i J n g n g u d n t a i c h i n h q u a n t r p n g g i u p c a i t h i e n t h u n h a p c u a ngddi d a n v a t a n g d a u tU c h o h e t h d ' n g cd sd h a
rdcfng Quang Hodn - Hgi nhdp kinh te quo'c te'cua Campuchia... 17 ang, giao due va an sinh xa hdi cua
Jampuchia cae n a m qua.
2.2. Han che
Du Campuehia chu trUdng thue d^y md
•Lfa, da dang hda quan hd kinh te qude te ihUng t r e n thdc td, cac thoa thuan thUdng nai tir do Campuehia tbam gia de'n nay ' I n ehUa nhieu, Iai chu ye'u vdi td each h a n h vien ASEAN. Dd so sanh, ngoai cac
^TA giiJa ASEAN vdi eac ddi tae. Thai Lan la ky ke't va thUc hien 8 FTA song phdOng rk dang eo gang ket thue dam phan 9 hiep linh khae d tuong lai gan. M5t t h a n h vien diac eua ASEAN la Viet Nam, t h a m chi ia ky ket 10 FTA, bao gom 4 FTA song jhdong da ed hieu lUe cung nhU hien dang hUdng lddng 4 FTA khae"^'.
Tucfng td, tuy chii trddng da dang hoa ddi ,ac, nhung mdc dp tap trung trong eae boat long thUdng mai va dau tu ciia Campuehia tha eao. Trong do, Campuehia ngay cang jhu thuge vao Trung Qude vdi tU each ddi a c cung cap hang hda ldn nhat eho
!!)ampuehia, trong khi du ty phan ed giam li nhdng n ^ d n vdn FDI vao Campuehia ' I n ehu ydu den tiT ASEAN va Trung Quo'c.
I!ung n h u vay, n g a n h du lieh cua
;)ampucbia phu thupc ldn vao ngudn khach lu lich den ttr ASEAN va Trung Qude.
Ve eO ca'u thUdng mai, tuy Campuehia la cd nhiing nd lUe va t b a n h edng nha't linh trong viec da dang hda danh muc lang hda xuat khau nhdng sd phu thupc 'do xua't khau nhdm hang det may va giay lep la n h d m h a n g t h a m dung cong nghe ha'p va lao dpng gian don v i n rat ldn, ldn ten 75% n a m 2016. Trong khi do, xua't di^u n h d m hang cdng nghiep cong nghe ao eua Campuehia ra thg' gidi nhuhg nam [ua ludn chiem ty trpng ra't thd'p ndu so a n h vdi cac qudc gia trong khu vUc. Cu
the, ddng gdp nhdm san pham t h a m dung ye'u td cdng nghe eao trong tdng xuSt khau cua Campuehia cbi dUdi 5% nam 2015, tha'p hOn n h i l u eua Malaysia: 43% (2016), Thai Lan: 21,5% (2016), Viet Nam: 26,9%
(2014)*i3\ Trao ddi thUOng mai npi nganh ddi vdi hang hda thara dung cdng nghe cao nhu thiet bi dien td, dung eu y te trong thuong raai h a n g hda qude tg' cua Campuehia cung la tha'p hdn ty trgng tuong dng cua nhilu n i n kinh td Dong Nam A khac.
Nhin ehung, Campuehia chu ye'u co ldi thd san xua't va xua't khau nhdm hang hda t h a m dung tai nguyen va lao dpng gian don nhd det may, trong khi mgt so' qudc gia ASEAN nhu Malaysia, Thai Lan, Philippines va Viet Nam da co ldi the' so sanb xud't khau vdi nhdm hang may mde va tbie't bi dien, dien td cung nhU phUdng tien van tai. Trong kbi dd, FDI vao nganh edng nghigp det may ehu yeu la vao nganh may mac ma rat it dU an dau tU vao nganh det, khidn Campuehia pbai nhap khau pban ldn vai td nddc ngoai d l phue vu eho nganh san xuat quan trpng nay. Cbinh dilu nay lam eho nganb cong nghiep may mac ciia Campuehia khdng gid dddc tinh chu dpng trong boat dpng san xulit kinh doanh. Khu vdc san xud't cdng ngbiep, nha't la trong nganb det may va giay dep cua Campuehia phu thuge nhieu vao cdc doanh nghiep da qud'c gia, dac biet la doanh nghiep Trung Qude, Nhat Ban, Han Qude, Dai Loan (Trung Qude). Su phu thupc do the hign qua viec ty trgng nhap khau san ph^m may mae, nha't la nguygn phu lieu phuc vu cho san xuat cua nganh nay chig'm tdi 1/3 tong n h a p khau eua Campuehia td ben ngoai. Trong khi do, nhap khau tU Heu san xua't nhU may moe, phUdng tien van tai cbi chie'm khoang 21%
18 Nghiin cdu Dong Nam A, sd 9/2019 tdng nhap khau'^^*. Thdc td nay chi ra vai
tro khiem td'n eua doanh nghiep Campuehia trong mang lUdi san xua't, phan phdi hang hoa khu vUe va qude td cung nhu sU yg'u kem cua cae nganh cdng nghiep phu trp ndi dia nUdc nay.
2.3. Nguyen nhdn cua han che Thd nhdt, mdc dp tU do boa thd'p va tinh trang quan lidu cua Campuehia vdn con dang ke du ehinh phu da thUe hien nhilu bien phap cai each, tU do boa thi trddng trong qua t n n h hgi nhap kinb te khd vUe va qudc tg'.
Thd hai, mdi trUdng kinh doanh va nang Idc canh t r a n h toan cau cua Campuehia cdn yeu kem. Theo Bao eao Moi trUdng kinh doanh 2018 ciia Ngan bang the gidi, Campuehia dtJng d vi tri rat tha'p, 153/190 qude gia dupe khao sat. So sanh vdi eae qud'c gia khae cua khu vdc, moi trUdng kinh doanb cua Campuehia chi tdt hon Myanmar (vi tri 171) trong khi thap hdn nhieu Lao (vi tri 141), Vidt Nam (vi tri 68), Thai Lan (vi tri 26) hay Malaysia (vi tri 24)'^^'. Tuong tU, tuy eo sU cai thien nhiing nam qua, ehi sd nang lUc canh tranh toan eiu eua Campuehia v i n tha'p, ehUa den tbang diem 4, xep hang 94/137 qudc gia khao sat'i^*.
Thd ba, du ehinh phu Campuehia tbiTc bien nhieu cai each de rut gpn eac thu tue hanh ehinh hai quan, nhifiig hieu qua trdn thiTc te la chua cao. Chi phi xuat nhap k h i u hang hoa cua Campuehia ra't ldn, ddng tbdi cd xu hUdng tang len dang k l theo thdi gian, trUc tiep anh hudng tieu cdc den kha nang canh trauih ciia san pham.
Thd tu, be thd'ng cO sd ha tang va dieh vu hau can cua Campuehia chda phat trien.
Theo Bao cao Cbi sd hieu qua hau can (LPI) 2018 cua Ngan hang The gidi, ehi so LPI
ciia Campuehia la 2,58, diing d vi tri thip, 98/160 qudc gia dugc khao sat. Trong khi dd, ngoai triT Myanmar (vi tri 137), thd hang hieu qua hdu e i n eua Campuehia thap hon nhilu nUdc ASEAN khac nhu Lao (vi tri 82), Philippines (vi tri 60), Indonesia (vi tri 46), Malaysia (vi tri 41), Viet Nam (vi tri 39) va Thai Lan (vi tri 32)^">. Tbue td nay cbi r a rang, du ehi tigu c6ng cho eae dd an phat trien diu tU eo sd ha t i n g da gia tang dang ke nhdng chat lUdng he thdng cO sd ha tang va dich vu hau can cua Campuehia cdn nhieu ban ehd, tae dpng tigu cue tdi sdc canh tranh san p h i m xuat k h i u eua nddc nay tren thi trUdng qudc te.
Thd nam, nhip dieu eai each cbinh sach kinb tg' cua Campuehia cd xu hddng cham lai, t b l hign qua td^e do tham gia dam phan, ky kdt eae FTA eiia nddc ndy dien ra cham chap so vdi nhilu qudc gia t h a n h vien ASEAN khac. Nguyen nhan ehu yg'u bdi nhdng lUe can ben trong dat nUde Campuehia, dae biet eac nhdm mudn bao hp eac nganh san xuat ngi dia, qua do duy tri ldi the canh t r a n h va ldi ich dang cd cua minh.
Thd sdu, cbi phi giao dieh tai ehinh cao d Campuehia. Trgn thUe te, sU bat ddi xdng thdng tin trong boat dpng eho vay tin dung cung nhu viec thue thi hpp ddng giao dich tuong ddi thap tai thi trUdng npi dia khien cdc doanh nghiep, dac biet eae doanh nghigp vda va nhd, eac hS san xua't tU nhan cua Campuehia thudng phai di vay vdi mdc lai suit eao hdn, gian tidp day cbi phi san xua't hang boa tang len. Them vao dd, viec thUe hign eae quyln ldi hdp pbap d l bao ve nhuhg ngudi di vay va cho vay trong cac bdp ddng tai chinb tai Campuehia kha yeu, khidn viee tie'p can cac ngudn tai ehinh eua cac doanh nghigp eang trd nen khd khdn hdn.
yuctng Quang Hodn - Hgi nhdp kinh ti'qudc te'cua Campuehia... 19
Thd bdy, cha't lUdng nguon nhan lUe cua l^ampuehia tha'p. Nhu'ng n a m qua, Campuehia v i n dUa vao lao dgng chi phi .hap de thu hut d i u tU nude ngoai va phat
;rien eac n g a n h san xuat, dich vu nhUng lang suat lao dpng trong cae nganb nghe lay vdn r a t t h a p ng'u so sanh vdi cae quo'c ria ASEAN lang gidng nhU Thai Lan va Vlalaysia. Trong khi dd, d i u tU eho cac loat dpng nghign cdu va trien khai (R&D)
;iia Campuehia ra't thap, ehi tdOng dUOng },1% GDP vao n a m 2Q15'^^\ Vi the, ve dai ian, neu khdng cai thign trinh dp de tang l a n g suat lao dpng va k h a nang canh :ranh t r e n thi trddng qude te, Campuehia ie rat khd duy tri dupe tdc dp phat trien i h a quan nhd hien nay.
Ket l u a n
Trong ehinh sach kinh td do'i ngoai, C^ampuchia chu trUong cung cd quan he vdi eac nddc trong khu vUe, nha't la eae nudc ASEAN, eoi day la eau ndi quan trpng de Campuehia hpi n h a p vao kinh tg' bhd gidi. Campuehia da thUe thi n h i l u dieu :hinh chinh saeh kinh tg', chd do thUdng mai, cai each the chg' va phap luat trong dpi n h a p kinh td khu vUc va qudc te, vdi ke't qua dang ehu y n h a t ehinh la viec judc gia nay trd t h a n h t h a n h vign eua WTO vao n a m 2004.
Nhu'ng dieu cbinh chinh sach kinh td, ziing vdi dieu kien bgn ngoai thuan loi da
^ u p k i n h te Campuehia phat t r i l n nhanh
;hdng, ddi sdng eua ngUdi dan khong igtmg dupe cai thien. Xuat nhap khau l a n g hda va dieh vu eiia Campuehia vdi 3gn ngoai ludn gia tang, thi trUdng xuat diau h a n g hda duoe da dang hda. Ngoai
a, thu h u t FDI, dU trd ngoai hdi, kieu hdi :ung chdng kien sd phat trien nhanh :hdng. Tuy nhien, hdi n h a p kinh td
Campuehia cdn tdn tai nbilu h a n ehe nhU xua't khau v i n phu thuge qua ldn vao nganh det may, giay dep va vSn ehi cd thd t h a m gia ehii ydu vao cdc giai doan ddn gian n h a t cua chudi gia tri, trong khi nhap k h i u hang hda ngay eang phu thupc vao ddi tac T n m g Qude. Giai quye't cac thach thdc, b a n chd nay ddi hoi Campuehia thUe hien quye't liet hdn niTa td do hda nen kinh te va hpi nhap kinh te quo'c te, tang cddng phong chdng tham nhung, eai thien radi trUdng kinh doanh, thu tue hai quan, tang dau t u vao CO sd ha tang, he thd'ng dich vu hdu e i n va cae ehUdng trinh dao tao ngudn nhdn lUc ky nang./.
C H U T H I C H
1. TrdOng Quang Hoan (2018a), Quan he Campuchia-Ldo td nam 1993 den nay, Nghien cdu DSng Nam A, so 5(218), tr.
13-19.
2. Xem them Trdong Quang Hoan (2018b), Chinh sdch kinh te Campuehia td ndm 1993 din nay, Dl tai Nghien cdu khoa hoc cap Cd sd, Vien Nghien cdu Dong Nam A.
3. Chap Sotbarith (2017), Country essays and papers: Cambodia, in ASEAN@50, Volume 3, edited by Ponciano Intal, Jr. and Lurong Chen, Jakarta: Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA).
4. Chap Sotbarith (2017), Tai lieu da din.
5. Nguon: Ngan hang Tbd gidi (2018c), World Development Indicators, http://datatopics worIdbank.org/world-development-indica- tors/, truy cap ngay 21/10/2018.
6. Nguon: Tong hpp va tinh toan cua tac gia tir UNCTAD Database, https://unctadstat.u nctad.org/EN/Index.html, truy cap ngay 21710/2018.
(-^^
20 Nghiin cdu Dong Nam A, so 9/2019
7. Ngudn: Tinh toan ciia tac gia dda tren dd lieu tir UN Comtrade Database, https://comtrade.un.org/data/, truy cap ngay 21/10/2018.
8. DCf lieu trich din td Ngan hang The gidi (2018c), tldd; va ASEAN Database, https://www.aseanstats.org/, truy cap ngay 21/10/2018.
9. Trddng Quang Hoan (2018b), tldd.
10. Ngudn: httpsy/knoema.com/atlas/Cambodi a/topics/Econo my/Balance-of-Payments- R e s e r v e s / T o t a l - r e s e r v e s - i n c l u d e s - gold?compareTo-ID,LA,MY,VN,TH, truy cap ngay 21/10/2018.
11. Nguon: https://knoeraa.com/atlas/Cambodi a/topics/Economy/Balance-of-Payments- Current-accounts/Personal-remittanceS"
r e c e i v e d - p e r c e n t - o f GDP?compareTo=MM,TH,VN,BN, truy cap ngay 22/10/2018.
12. Xem thgm Trung tam WTO-Phong Thddng mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam, 2016, Viet Nam dd vd dang tham gia 16 FT'A,http://www.trungtamwto.vn/tin- tuc/viet-nam-da-va-dang-tham-gia-16-fta, khai thac ngay 20/2/2017.
13. Ngudn: Tac gia tong hpp ttr Dd lieu cua Ngan hang t h i gidi (2018c), tldd, truy cap ngay 13/10/2018.
14. Nguon: Tac gia tong hpp td Dd lieu ciia Ngan hang the gidi (2018c), tldd, truy cap ngay 13/10/2018.
15. Ngan hang The gidi (2018b), Doing Business 2018, bttp://www.doingbusiness.o rg/en/data, truy cap ngay 12/10/2018.
16. World Economic Forum (2018), The Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018, https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-glob- al-competitiveness-report-2017-2018, truy cap ngay 7/10/2018
17. Ngan hang The gidi (2018a), CM sd Hieu qud hgu cdn quoc te 2018 (LPI),https '//Ipi. worl dbank.org/intemation- al/scorecard, truy cap ngay 12/10/2018.
18. Ngudn: https://knoema.corn/atlas/Cambodi a/RandD-expenditure?compareTo=PH,SG, truy cap ngay 15/10/2018.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Chap Sotbarith (2017), Country essays and
papers: Cambodia, in ASEAN@50, Volume 3, edited by Ponciano Intal, Jr. and Luroi^
Chen, Jakarta: Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA).
2. Cd sd dd ligu thdng ke cua ASEAN, https://www.aseanstats .org/
3. Cd scf dd lieu Thuong mai ciia Lien hop qudc (UN Comtrade Database), https://com- trade.un.org/data/.
4. Cd s5 da Keu cua Hpi nghi Lien hpp quoc vl ThUdng mai va Phat Trien (UNCTAD), httpsy/unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Index.html.
5. Ngan hang The gidi (2018a), Chi s6Hi%u qud hgu cdn qudc te2018 (LPI), https://lpi.world- bank.org/intemational/scorecard.
6. Ngan hang The gidi (2018b), Doing Business 2018, http://viTvw.doingbusiness.o rg/en/dat, truy cap ngay 12/10/2018.
7. Ngan hang The gidi (2018c), World Development Indicators, http://datatopics.w orldbank.org'world-development-indicators/.
8. Trung tam WTO-Phong Thddng mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam (2016), Viet Nam dd vd dang tham gia 16 FTA.
http://www.trungtamwto.vn/tin-tuc/viet- nam-da-va-dang-tham-gia-16-fta, khai thdc ngay 20/2/2017.
9. Trdong Quang Hoan (2018a), Quan U Campuehia - Lao td nam 1993 den nay, Nghien cuU Dong Nam A, sd 5(218), tr. 13-19.
10. Truong Quang Hoan (2018b), Chinh sdch kinh te Campuehia td nam 1993 den nay, Be tai Ngbien cdu khoa hpc cap Cd sS, Vien Nghien cdu Dong Nam A.
11. Worid Economic Forum (2018), The Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018, https://www.weforum.org/reports/tbe-glob- al-competitiveness-report-2017-2018.
