TRIET HOC, SO 6 (217), THANG 6 - 2009
NGHj QUYET X CUA
D A N G V A T H U C TIIN C U O CSONG
1(1^
TRACH NHIEM
D A O T A O N G U O N N H A N L U CTRONG DIEU KIEN KINH TE THI TRUCING 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
LirONG DINH HAK*)
Trong thai dai ngdy nay, nguon nhdn li/c duac coi Id yeu to hdng ddu quyct dinh quy mo, tdc do, tinh chat vd hieu qua cua siCphdt trien kinh te - xd hoi d moi qudc gia. Ddo tao nguon nhdn liic ndy Id trdch nhiem ciia xd hoi, cua nhd niidc, cua cdc cong dong vd cua moi cong dan. Nhu cdu tao di/ng nguon nhdn liic ndy dbi hoi phdi phdn dinh vai trb cua cdc bo phan trong nguon nhdn lite (dm ngu tri thdc, tang Idp chinh khdch vd doanh nhdn). Vdi Viet Nam hien nay, viec tao dUng vd phdt trien tarn gidc nhdn lUc ndy Id trdch nhiem xd hoi cua todn the cong dong, cua cd qudc gia, trade het Id cua Nhd nUdc, khong ai c6 the lam thay Nhd ni/dc trong viec xdy diCng chien luac tdng the ve phdt trien nhdn liic.
\1 p h a t trien cac l\ic liJdng san xuat cua n h a n loai suo't chieu dai lich sii da tich tu t r o n g no sii p h a t trien inang ti'nh b u n g no trong giai doan hien nay va tao nen h\i6c n h a y vot mdi cua ddi song kinh te noi rieng, ddi song xa hoi noi chung. Sii h i n h t h a n h kinh te tri thijfc dang md ra mot thdi dai mdi trong lich sii n h a n loai vdi r a t n h i e u he qua ma hien nay, chiing ta chxla the n h a n thiic va t h a u hieu het. Co le cuoc khiing h o a n g toan cau ma c h u n g ta d a n g chilng kien hien nay chi la mot t r o n g n h i e u bieu hien ciia sii xung dot giiia kinh te tri thiic d a n g hinh t h a n h va ngay mot p h a t trien vdi nhiJng the che cu do nen dai cong nghiep tao n e n nhUng da khong con thich ling vdi thdi dai mdi. Ngay ca con ngUdi c u n g da khong con thi'ch ilng vdi nhufng boat dong ciia nen k m h te mdi theo n h i i n g quy tSc khac vdi thdi dai cong nghiep. Kinh te t n thiic du mdi chi h i n h t h a n h d mile do khiem ton so vdi nen dai cong nghiep d a n g t h o n g tri khSp nOi, nliUng no lai d a n g doi hoi ban t h a n con ngifdi c u n g phai t h a y doi tren nhieu plufdng dien. T r o n g thdi dai ngay nay, khi
ma kinh te tri thiic dang ngay cang trd t h a n h hien thiJc vdi toe do n h a n h hdn nhieu so vdi toe do p h a t trien kinh te cong nghiep triidc day, thi nguon n h a n \\lc cua quo'c gia trd t h a n h nguon iUc chinh yeu n h a t cho sii p h a t trien dat nifdc. Muo'n day n h a n h sU phat trien, thue hien p h a t trien ben viing ca tif noi dung moi trUdng tii nhien Ian moi triJdng xa hoi, ca tii goe do vi mo Ian vi mo thi khong the khong tao diJng nguon n h a n liic quo'c gia.
Cach m a n g khoa hoe va cong nghe la mot dae diem noi troi ciia the gidi hien nay, mot mat, thiic day m a n h me sU phat trien ciia kinh te tri thiic; mat khdc, tao cd hoi tot cho cac quo'c gia dang p h a t trien c6 the p h a t trien n h a n h , ben viJng. Neu n h a n h chong nam bat duac cac t h a n h txiu va van dung diidc c h u n g vao ddi song kinh te - xa hoi thi cac qudc gia nay c6 the day n h a n h toe do p h a t trien de dat tdi trinh do phat trien cao ciia the gidi. Nhiing, each m a n g khoa hoc va cong nghe eiing tao nen thaeh thiic rat Idn cho chinh ho, bdi neu khong (*) Plio giiio SU, lien s] khoa hoc, Pho vien truoiig Vieii Tiiei lioc, Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.
LUDNG DiNH HAI
t a n d u n g diidc cd hoi ay thi k h o a n g each t u t h a u cang xa va tinh t r a n g t u t h a u cang trd nen t r a m trong. Cd hpi va t h a e h thiic dan xen n h a u , cung tae dong len cac quo'c gia d a n g p h a t trien. Quo'c gia nao c6 dieu kien chii q u a n to't, c6 t h e t a n d u n g diidc cd hoi thi quo'c gia do c6 t h e p h a t trien n h a n h chong, CO t h e t h o a t khoi nguy cd t u t h a u ngay cang xa n h a n h hdn cac quo'c gia khac.
Mot trong nhiJng yeu to' chii q u a n dae biet q u a n trong chinh la nguon n h a n lUc. Co dufdc nguon n h a n liic tot mdi c6 t h e t h a y doi cd che, n h a n h ehdng thich d n g va n a m b a t ed hoi, sii d u n g eo hieu qua eae nguon liic khac.
Toan eau h6a la dae diem t h d ba ciia thdi dai ngay nay. No d a n g dien r a vdi quy mo va toe do ngay cang n h a n h va m a n h . Khong chi eo toan cau boa ve kinh te, ma ca van hda, chinh tri, 16'i song va nhieu m a t khac ciia ddi song xa hoi. No loi keo ngay cang n h i e u niidc trvie tiep t h a m dii vao tien t r i n h ciia no, va no buoe ho phai can dii ngay cang sau hdn, m a n h hdn, toan dien hdn vao qua t r i n h ay va buoe cac quo'c gia, buoe tdan t h e gidi phai tiing biide t h a y ddi, khong CO each nao can diidc. Khong chi cac quo'c gia phai t h a y doi ma toan c i u boa Cling buoe moi eon ngiidi phai t h a y doi de thich ling vdi t h e gidi va ddi song xa hoi d a n g t h a y doi. T r o n g toan cau hda, sii tri tre dong nghia vdi lac h a u va cham tien.
T h e gidi d a n g buoe cac quo'c gia va moi con ngiidi phai t h a y ddi. N h a n thiic diidc sii t h a y doi de dong h a n h c u n g the gidi, ehii dong, tich eiic hoi n h a p cung sii t h a y doi, t h a m gia tich eiic vao sii t h a y doi de cung t h a y doi t h e gidi trd t h a n h t r a e h n h i e m eiia mdi qudc gia, moi cong dong, moi con ngiidi. Noi cu the hdn, trong moi quo'c gia d6 la traeh n h i e m ciia xa hoi, ciia n h a niidc, ciia cac cong dong va eiia moi cong dan.
NhiJng, de t h a y doi, de t h d e thi traeh n h i e m , du do la t r a e h n h i e m cua xa hoi hay ciia n h a niidc, cua cac cong dong hoac eiia ea n h a n thi n g u o n n h a n liie van la yeu to' can b a n de tich ciic, ehii dong t h a m gia viec t h a y doi the gidi. Tao dUng nguon n h a n life tot mdi CO the chii dong va tich ciic t h a m gia toan cau hda, gdp p h a n lam t h a y doi the' gidi va thich ling diidc vdi siJ thay doi.
Nhiing, tao diing nguon n h a n lUc dap iing tot ddi hoi ay d a n g la bai toan phiic tap cho t a t ca cac quo'c gia muo'n tich eiic va chu dong hoi n h a p toan cau hda cung n h a n loai.
Nhieu ngiidi cho r a n g , de p h a t trien thi qudc gia can cd cac yeu to, n h i i the che, q u a n he san x u a t tien tien, n h a niide phap quyen, xa hoi d a n s\f, k i n h te thi trUdng,...
Diidng nhien, cac yeu to' ay deu dong vai trd dae biet q u a n t r o n g t r o n g sii p h a t trien eiia cac quo'c gia diidng dai. Neu nhin tiX gdc do cac yen to'ben trong, noi bd qudc gia thi do la n h i i n g yeu to' cd t i n h quyet dinh.
Neu xet tCi gdc do n g u o n lue thi do la mot trong n h i i n g nguon liic ciia p h a t trien, cd the goi la nguon liic t h e che ben canh cac nguon liic tii n h i e n , n g u o n liic eon ngiidi, nguon liic tai c h i n h . Nhiing, chiing khong the the hien vai trd cua m i n h , t h a m chi khong the hien hiiu siie m a n h ciia minh neu t h i e u yeu to' eon ngiidi h a y noi each khac la thieu n g u o n n h a n liic.
Nhii vay, ed t h e noi, trong thdi dai ngay nay, n g u o n n h a n liic la yeu to' h a n g dau trong sii p h a t t r i e n cua cac qudc gia. No quyet dinh quy mo, toe do, tinh chat va hieu q u a ciia sii p h a t t r i e n k i n h te - xa hoi eiia cae quoe gia. Vai trd mdi va miic dp quyet dinh cua no ddi vdi sii p h a t t h e n do chinh cac dae diem va cae q u a t r i n h dang dien ra trong xa hoi hien dai a n dinh.
NhiJng, neu hieu n g u o n n h a n liic la toan bo
TRACH NHIEM DAO TAO NGUON NHAN LUC
so d a n cii t r o n g do tudi lao dong cd kha n a n g t h a m gia lao dong thi do vkn la each hieu c h u n g . N h u c4u ve tao diing nguon n h a n liic t r o n g cac xa hpi hien dai ddi hdi phai p h a n dinh vai trd eiia cac bd p h a n trong n g u o n n h a n liic. Thiic te p h a t trien ciia cae quo'c gia eiing nhii ly l u a n p h a t trien ndi c h u n g cho t h a y k h o n g phai t a t ca cae bp p h a n ciia n g u o n n h a n liie deu cd vai trd n h u n h a u dd'i vdi sii p h a t trien. Trong viec tao diing n g u o n n h a n liie thi dpi ngii tri thiic, t a n g Idp chinh k h a c h va doanh n h a n la ba bp p h a n q u a n t r p n g n h a t , quyet dinh c h a t liidng nguon n h a n liic va c h a t liidng p h a t trien ciia dat niidc. Cu the hdn, ve npi dung, dpi ngii tri t h d c d day bad gdm ca liic liidng lao dong cd tay n g h e cao(l) (vay n e n ed ngiidi gpi day la t d n g Idp ky nghe gia), t&ng Idp c h i n h k h a c h bao gom ca eac n h a q u a n ly bac t r u n g va cao cap (vay nen cd ngiidi gpi la t a n g Idp q u a n ly gia), t a n g Idp d o a n h n h a n gom cae doanh n h a n h a n g viia va Idn. C h i n h n h i i n g ngiidi nay la liic liidng chii cho't eiia nguon n h a n liic.
Neu tCi gdc dp t r i n h dp, c h a t liidng nguon n h a n liic thi day chinh la nguon n h a n liic chat liidng cao ciia xa hpi hien dai. Mot quo'c gia hien dai khong the p h a t trien diidc neu t h i e u mot t r o n g ba dinh ciia tam giac n h a n liic nay. Chi khi cd dude t a m giac n h a n liic n a y thi cac n g u o n liie khac mdi diidc k h a i t h a e tot, mdi p h a t b u y dddc vai trd eiia chiing, k h a n a n g p h a t t r i e n n h a n h ciia d a t niidc mdi trd t h a n h k h a thi.
Kinh te tri thiic cang p h a t trien thi dpi ngu tri t h d c va lao dong cd tay nghe eao cung la liic liidng t h e n chd't cho mpi sii p h a t trien ndi c h u n g , quyet dinh td'c dp p h a t trien xa hpi va dinh hiidng p h a t trien ciia dat niide trong giai doan mdi, va vdi tii each hien tai, nguyen khi quo'c gia, liic liidng nay
se quyet dinh tiidng lai cua dat nUde. Viec phat trien ngudn n h a n liic chat liidng eao nay can phai tren cd sd tii duy mdi, vdi nhiing quan niem mdi, each lam mdi, phu hdp vdi nhiing quy tae mdi ciia kinh te t n thiic, khac vdi cac quy tae cua kinh te cong nghiep dang thong tri hien nay.
C u n g vdi t r i thiic, t ^ n g Idp doanh n h a n va gidi q u a n ly gia eiing dong vai trd dae biet trong sii p h a t trien eua xa hpi hien dai. Nhiing tii tiidng mdi, nhiJng p h a t kien khoa hoe, ky t h u a t h a y cong nghe mdi cua gidi tri thiic khd cd t h e trd t h a n h nhiing san p h a m cd t i n h c h a t dai t r a hoac diia vao cupe song xa hpi, trd t h a n h cac san p h a m thiidng mai, neu khong cd tiing Idp doanh n h a n , nghia la cac san phSm tri tue se khong trd t h a n h cac san p h a m tieu dung va tao ra Idi n h u a n thiic te diidc. Tuy nhien, dii t a n g Idp ddanh n h a n va tri thiic cd tai n a n g va dpi ngii h u n g h a u bao nhieu di nCta ma dpi ngii qutin ly gia qudc gia yeu kem thi c h a n g nhiing siie m a n h , n a n g liie c h u n g ciia hp khong diidc p h a t buy cho sii p h a t trien chung, ma ndi c h u n g la xa hpi khd cd diide mot hdp liie c h u n g du m a n h de diia dat niidc p h a t trien n h a n h , m a n h ,
(1) Cho den nay kliai niem tri thiic 6 Viet Nam vhn chira CO each hieu thong nhat. Cuoc thao luan ve tri thiic didn ra kha soi noi vin chua the kei thuc va cQng chua thi dua ra duac mot each hieu ve tri thuc Viet Nam CO the duge chap nhan rong rai. Nghi quyei Trung irong 7 khoa X (thang 7 - 2008) ve xay dung doi ngu tri thiic trong thdi ky day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nuoc, hoi nhap kinh te quo'c te, xac dinh tri thiic la nhung nguai lao dong tri 6c, eo trinh dp hoc vain cao v6 llnh vuc chuyen mon nhat dinh, c6 nang luc tu duy doc lap, sang tao, truyen ba va lam giau tri thuc, tao ra nhung san pham tinh than va vat chat c6 gia tri doi vdi xa h6i. Theo chung toi, c6 the hieu tri thirc la nhiing nguai lao d6ng tri tue, c6 trinh dp hpc vain, chuyen mon cao;
bang lao dong va cac sail pham lao dong ciia minh, c6 khii nang gay lac dong, gay anh huang den su thay ddi, phat trien ciia ITnh vuc chuyen mon cua minh, til do gSy anil huong den su phat trien ciia ddi song xa h6i.
LUONG DINH HAI
d u n g hiidng, ben viing. Ca ba t a n g Idp ay tao diing t a m giac n h a n liie doanh n h a n - tri t h d c - q u a n ly gia l a m t h a y doi n e n t a n g c h a t liidng n g u o n n h a n liic ciia xa hpi, quyet dinh tdc dp va ca xu the p h a t trien xa hpi tiidng lai.
T r o n g cd cau xa hpi, thupe ve t a n g t r e n ciia no, neu cd the ndi nhii vay, sii gan ket giiia cac t ^ n g Idp chinh khach, doanh n h a n va tri thiic la mot ddi hdi t h i e t yeu va q u a n trpng. Ve phiidng dien npi liic, n e u ba t i n g Idp nay t h o n g n h a t vdi n h a u se tao n e n mot CO xe t a m m a ed siie m a n h quyet dinh den td'c dp va c h a t liidng p h a t trien cua b a t cii qudc gia nao. B a t cii khi nao va b a t cii d dau, khong cd diidc eo xe t a m ma nay, do dii chi la mot t a n g Idp nao do diing ngoai hoac q u a y liing lai, thi toe dp va chat liidng p h a t trien chac c h a n se cd van de, sii van dong cua xa hpi se gap n h i e u t r u e trac va trd ngai.
Sii t h o n g n h a t ciia ba t a n g Idp nay trong viec p h a t trien qudc gia, dan toe la yeu to ed t i n h quyet dinh, cd the Idi cudn toan bp xa hdi, t a t ca cac t a n g Idp lao dong t u a n thii mot guong may c h u n g t r e n cong triidng xay diing qudc gia va chu dong hpi n h a p qudc te trong qua t r i n h toan cau hda. Ndi den yeu to' n h a n liic trong thiic chat, triidc het p h a i ndi den ba t a n g Idp nay, du vai trd ciia mdi t a n g Idp trong p h a t trien va hpi n h a p qudc te cd khac n h a u , nhiing chiing bo s u n g cho n h a u . Thieu vang b a t ed mot tdng Idp nao eiing dan den nhiing he qua xau cho sii p h a t trien. T r o n g thdi dai ngay nay, ba t a n g Idp n a y la liic liidng tien phong va chii dao t r o n g viec dap d n g n h i i n g ddi hdi ciia thdi dai, tiidng hdp vdi cac dae diem cd b a n cua thdi dai da ndi d p h a n dau bai viet. B a t cii qudc gia nao hien nay c u n g khong the b a t tay vao xay diing
kinh te tri thiie, sii d u n g each m a n g khoa hpc, cong n g h e va t h a m gia t o a n cau hda n e u k h o n g cd ba t d n g Idp t r e n dii m a n h . The va liic cua mdi quo'c gia t r o n g the gidi hien dai p h a n n h i e u diidc q u y e t dinh bdi cd t a m m a nay. Xet r i e n g tii gde dp nguon n h a n liic, cd t h e ndi, t a m giac n h a n liic c h a t liidng cao n a y c h i n h la ddu t a u cho sii v a n dong ciia xa hdi h i e n dai.
Toan cau hda d a t r a cho n h i e u qudc gia, trong do cd Viet N a m mot t h a e h dd' Idn, m a n g t i n h c h a t tong hdp, khd viidt qua nhii da ndi d p h d n t r e n . Dd la n g u y cd dan rong hdn niia k h o a n g each t u t h a u so vdi cae niidc p h a t trien hdn. Day la mot thaeh do' vdi t a t ca cac niidc, du mdi niidc miic dp gay can eiia t h a e h do' cd k h a c n h a u . De giai quyet t h a e h do nay, k h o n g t h e diia vao ai k h a c ngoai t a m giac n h a n liic c h a t liidng eao nay vdi tii each liic liidng chii liic, chii dao va quyet dinh td'c dp, quy md, phiidng thiic van dong cua ddi song xa hpi. Chinh vi vay, ddi vdi mot so' niide, van de cap thiet la phai n h a n h chong t a o diing cho diidc ba t d n g Idp dd du m a n h va gan ket thiic sii giiia hp vdi n h a u . N e u cd diidc dieu dd, viec giai quyet cac v a n de k h a c ed the de dang thiic hien. D a n g tiec la t r o n g n h i e u t h a p nien d t h e ky XX, mot so' niidc do khong chu y den dieu n a y n e n da p h a i t r a gia dat cho sii p h a t t r i e n va hdi n h a p trong toan cau hda hien nay. Day la mot bai hpc ehung, quy b a u ddi vdi t a t ca cae qudc gia, dan tdc dang mong mudn phat trien n h a n h .
Ddi vdi Viet N a m , viec t a o diing t a m giac n h a n liic cd t i n h quyet d i n h den td'c dp va dinh hiidng p h a t t r i e n xa hpi Viet Nam trong giai doan cong n g h i e p hda, hien dai hoa. Dinh hiidng va giii v d n g dinh hddng xa hpi chii n g h i a diidc h a y k h o n g p h u thupe triic tiep vao ba t r u cot n h a n liic nay. Tam
TRACH NHIEM DAO TAO NGUON NHAN LUC ...
giac n h a n liic nay la cot Idi ciia nguon n h a n liic c h a t liidng cao eiia d a t niidc trong giai doan cong n g h i e p hda, h i e n dai hoa. Khac vdi cac niidc da p h a t trien, hien nay niidc ta chiia t h e b a t tay triie tiep vao viec xay diing n e n k i n h te tri thiic, ma phai p h a t trien k i n h te thi t r u d n g , tien h a n h edng nghiep hda, hien dai hda de trd t h a n h mpt nUde edng n g h i e p theo hiidng hien dai, chii dong hdi n h a p qudc te t r o n g k h a n a n g cd the. T r o n g dieu kien dd, viec tao diing t a m giac n h a n liie c h a t liidng eao cang trd n e n cap thiet va cd y n g h i a dae biet.
Hien nay, d Viet Nam, viec p h a t trien ngudn n h a n liic ndi c h u n g , xay diing va p h a t trien t a m giac n h a n liic ndi t r e n chiia diidc chii t a m n g h i e n eiiu mpt each tdng hdp(2). Mpt Sd' q u a n niem sai l a m d a n g ton tai trong xa hdi da gay can trd hdae khd k h a n cho viec tao diing, sii dung, dai ngd, ton vinh cac t r u cot n h a n liic ndi t r e n , lai cang chiia giup cho viec ket ndi ba t r u cot dd t h a n h t a m giac n h a n liic m a n h ddi vdi sii p h a t trien xa hpi theo dinh h d d n g xa hpi chii nghia hien nay. Ai se ddng vai trd quyet dinh t r o n g sii p h a t t r i e n xa hpi, neu khong phai la t a m giac n h a n liic ndi tren.
Chinh vi vay, theo chiing tdi, hien nay, ddi vdi Viet N a m , viec tao diing t a m giac n h a n liic: tri thiic - q u a n ly gia -doanh gia trd t h a n h mot n h i e m vu chien liide het siie quan t r p n g dd'i vdi sii p h a t trien tUdng lai eua Viet N a m . Viet N a m cd t h i n h viidng, ed the s a n h vai diidc vdi eac qud'c gia h u n g ciidng hay khong, cd t h e n h a n h chong dat den k i n h te tri thiic h a y k h o n g p h u thupe d miic dp r a t Idn vao viec tao diing t a m giac n h a n liic ndi t r e n .
T r o n g chien liide p h a t trien dat niide khong t h e t h i e u chien liide p h a t trien t a m giac n h a n liic nay. Hdn t h e , chien Idde p h a t
trien ngudn n h a n liie chat liidng eao nay phai diidc xem la npi d u n g t h e n chd't va can b a n n h a t . Dd ed the gpi la chien liidc tao diing va p h a t trien n h a n tai. D a n g tiec, trong chien liidc p h a t trien dat niidc hien nay, npi d u n g p h a t trien ngudn n h a n liic chat liidng cao nay chiia diide chu trpng d u n g theo t d m vdc va y nghia eiia nd.
C h u n g ta eiing chiia ed mot chien liide rieng ve p h a t trien ngudn n h a n liic chat liidng cao thich hdp vdi nhiing ddi hdi cho giai doan p h a t trien hien nay va sap tdi. Cd le eiing bdi vay m a trdng cae chinh sach lien q u a n den dao tao, tuyen ehpn, sii dung, dai ngd, ton vinh n h a n liic chat liidng cao, t i n h c h a t v u n vat, rdi rac, tan m a n , lac h a u vdi thiie tien, ehdng cheo, trai ngiidc n h a u , t h a m chi m a u t h u a n n h a u , m a u t h u a n vdi cac ndi d u n g trdng cae chinh sach khac,... d a n g cham diidc khac phuc. Tinh t r a n g khong dong bp trong cac chinh sach d a n g tao nen nhiing b a t cap, can trd sii h i n h t h a n h , p h a t trien va sii thd'^ng n h a t ciia t a m giac ngudn n h a n liic, gay a n h hiidng khong nhd den sii p h a t trien va ddng t h u a n xa hpi. Theo chiing tdi, xay diing chien liide qudc gia p h a t trien nguon n h a n liic c h a t liidng eao, hay cd the gpi la chien liidc qud'c gia p h a t trien n h a n tai cho dat niide trong thdi ky edng nghiep hda, hien dai hda hien nay la mpt trong nhiing nhiem vu ed y nghia chien liide, dae biet q u a n trpng. Chiia ed diidc n h a n thdc ddy du va d u n g dan, ehiia ed mpt chien liidc qud'c gia thd'ng n h a t ve xay diing tam giac n h a n liic va cac giai p h a p trien khai (2) Trong hem mpt thap nien qua da c6 kha nhieu cong trinh nghien ciru nguon nhan luc dual cac goc do cu the cua cac nganh hep, nhu giao due, dao tao, xuat hien kha nhi^u, nhung dual goc do chung, tong hop, bao quat thi lai chua c6 nhieu. Do vay, nhung each nhin don le, phi^n dien. tan man,... ve xay dung va phat trien nguon nhan luc van dang c6 anh hudng Idn trong xa hoi.
LUONG DINH HAI
chien liidc ay mpt each hiiu hieu, dat niide ta chiia cd diidc n h i i n g d a m bao viing chdc de p h a t t r i e n ben viing, lau dai, n h a n h , m a n h , cd t h e riit n g a n k h o a n g each t u t h a u so vdi cac niide k h a c trong k h u viic va t r e n t h e gidi.
Viet N a m v a n t r o n g t i n h t r a n g doi dao lao ddng phd t h o n g m a t h i e u lao ddng c h a t liidng cad. Tri thiic ddu dan thieu da d a n h , n h i i n g dpi ngii tri thiic ndi c h u n g vxia yeu lai viia k h o n g ddng bd, n h i e u n g a n h t h i e u t r a m trpng, h i e u qua va c h a t liidng lad ddng chiia cad, t h a m chi mot bd p h a n d a n g ed nguy ed t u t h a u . Dpi ngii doanh n h a n chiia du thdi gian de triidng t h a n h , chiia dii c h a t liidng va ddng bd de ed the g a n h vac t r a e h n h i e m vdi dan tdc trong bdi canh t o a n cau hda, hdi n h a p va p h a t trien. Tinh c h a t chop giat, t h a m chi liia dd'i trong k i n h doanh, t a m n h i n n g a n b a n , thieu bao q u a t va t h u ddng van k h a pho bien. C h a t liidng dpi ngu can bd q u a n ly, l a n h dao ndi e h u n g chiia cao, chiia dap ling ddpe yeu cdu p h a t t r i e n khien cho hieu liic q u a n ly cua bd m a y n h a niidc khong diidc nhii mong muo'n. Tii duy phien dien, thieu t a m n h i n xa, l a n h dao va q u a n ly theo kieu "chiia chay", "niide den c h a n mdi n h a y " cdn tiidng dd'i phd bien d cac cap, cac n g a n h . Ndi ehung, tinh chuyen nghiep trong lao ddng eiia ca ba dinh t a m giac n h a n liic cdn r a t yeu va t h i e u khien cho c h a t liidng cua ca ba khdng dap iing diide ddi hdi cua sii p h a t trien trong giai doan mdi.
T d trdde den nay, e h u n g ta v a n t a p t r u n g n h i e u hdn vao viec p h a t trien nguon n h a n liic theo dien rdng, dai tra, vdi mpi t h a n h p h a n , t a n g Idp dan eii. Dieu dd la h e t siie can thiet va diing dan. "Quan ddng"
la q u a n trpng va can thiet, n h i i n g da den giai doan "quan t i n h " la mpt ddi hdi cd y
n g h i a t h a n h bai(3). K h d n g ed "quan tinh"
la n h i i n g d o a n h n h a n gidi, n h i i n g n h a quan ly cii, n h i i n g n h a k h o a hpc, ky t h u a t vien cao cap x u a t sac, c h u n g t a k h d n g the cd k i n h te thi triidng p h a t t r i e n , k h d n g the ed nen edng n g h i e p h i e n dai, tiem liic kinh te khdng dii Idn, cang k h d n g t h e t h a m gia toan cau hda t r e n vi t h e b i n h d a n g vdi cac nen k i n h te p h a t t r i e n cao... Vdi nen kinh te cd t r i n h dp p h a t t r i e n n g a y cang cao thi nguon n h a n liic ddng ve liidng k h d n g phai la mpt Idi t h e , m a c h i n h n h a n liic chat liidng cao mdi la Idi t h e va la ddng liic then chd't chd sii p h a t trien. N e u n g a y tii bay gid, e h u n g ta k h d n g ed chien liidc, chii ddng trong viec tao diing dpi "quan t i n h " ay, chde ehdn c h u n g t a se c h a m biidc vao kinh te thi triidng p h a t t r i e n cao va lai cang cham biidc vao k i n h te tri thiic hdn.
Tao diing sii "tinh n h u e " k h d n g the chi b a n g giao due, dao tao nhii triidc den nay trong y thiic xa hdi v a n thiidng q u a n niem.
Trong viec tao diing h a y p h a t trien nguon n h a n liic d Viet N a m h i e n nay, e h u n g ta van thiidng hieu rdng, dd triidc tien la n h i e m vu cua n g a n h giao due - dao tao, tiep den la cua N h a niidc. Dieu dd eiing cd nghia r i n g , de tao diing t a m giac nguon n h a n liic thi t r a e h n h i e m h a n g dau ciing thupe n g a n h giao due - dao tao. Tuy nhien, neu xem xet ky thi viec quy t r a e h nhiem nhii vay k h d n g h o a n t o a n t h d a d a n g trong
(3) Trong thuc te hien nay, c6 ra't nhidu thi du minh chiing cho dieu nay. Chang han, khong c6 nhan lire chat lupng cao, viec xuat khau lao dong ciia ta gap rit nhieu khd khan va ngudi lao dong Viet Nam thudng phai lam nhCrng cong viec cd thu nhap khdng cao, lao ddng gian dan, khdng cd chuyen mdn, ky thuat, nhu cham sdc ngudi gia, ngudi benh, la edng viec gia dinh, xay dung nhung edng trinh gian don. Cac hang Idn tir cae nude kliac khi vao nude ta tuySn nhan su deu phan nan v6 tinh trang thieu nhan lue dap urng duoe nhu cau tuyen dung, v.v..
TRACH NHIEM DAO TAO NGUON NHAN LUC bdi c a n h Viet N a m hien nay. Thiic tien cho thay, khi t i n h h i n h dat nUde t h a y ddi, n g a n h giao due va dao tao Viet N a m da khdng dap iing diidc ddi hdi cua sii p h a t Irien. It n h a t eiing da hai t h a p nien nay, giao due va dao tao cua Viet N a m loay hoay cd tiin Idi giai trong hiidng di va giai p h a p de cd t h e tao diing nguon n h a n liic dap iing diidc yeu cau ciia sii p h a t trien.
Nhiing cho den nay, dap so cho bai toan ngudn n h a n liic ndi e h u n g van chiia ed.
Theo chiing tdi, de tao diing va p h a t trien n h a n liie c h a t liidng cao ma chi diia vao rieng n g a n h giao due - dao tao la phien dien va k h d n g t h e t h o a t ra khdi t i n h t r a n g hien nay.
Bay lau nay, xa hpi gan nhii mac n h i e n xem n g a n h giao due - dao tao diidc giao va diidng nhien, b a n t h a n n g a n h giao due - dao tao eiing tii n h a n ve m i n h n h i e m vu dao tao ngudn n h a n liic, n a n g eao dan tri va bdi dudng n h a n tai, nghia la n g a n h giao due - dao tao ed t r a e h n h i e m tao diing va p h a t trien t a m giac n h a n liic. Trong thiie te, xa hpi d a n g r a t biic xuc ve giao due va dao tao. Cac s a n p h a m m a nd tao ra khdng diide xa hdi h o a n toan tin tiidng va an t a m khi sii dung. Dao tao n h a n liic nhiing n h a n liic khdng dap iing diide n h u cdu xa hdi, bdi diidng n h a n tai n h i i n g n h a n tai khdng p h a t buy diide k h a n a n g cua hp, n a n g eao dan tri nhiing ca d a n tri Ian q u a n tri chiia theo kip thiic t i i n d a t nddc. Nhiing he qua dd khdng the chi do mot n g a n h giad due va dao tao nhii dii l u a n xa hdi van q u a n niem
Neu xem xet rdng hdn, bad^ q u a t tdng the hdn viec tao diing va p h a t trien nguon n h a n liie c h a t liidng cao thi chi n e n g n g a n h giao due va dao tao khd ed the lam diidc.
Nganh giao due va dao tao khd cd the hoan t h a n h dUde n h i e m vu dd, vi nhQng edng vice ay q u a to Idn so vdi k h a n a n g hien tai
cua n g a n h . Neu tiep tue kieu tii duy phien dien, n h i n n h a n ve chde nang, nhiem vu va quy traeh n h i e m cho rieng n g a n h giao due - dao tao trong viec tao diing va p h a t trien t a m giac n h a n liic ndi t r e n thi se khdng thich d u n g trong n h i i n g dieu kien mdi eua qudc gia va thdi dai. Dat niidc dang can mpt tii duy mdi ve giad due va dao tao, can mpt tii duy tong the, bao quat, nhin xa t h a y rdng ve tao diing va p h a t trien ngudn n h a n liie, trong dd dae biet q u a n trpng la tao diing va p h a t trien t a m giac n h a n liic chat liidng cao.
Thiic tien cho thay, eae doanh nghiep, cae edng ddng va ca n h a n cang khdng the tii minh lam diide viec dd. Tao diing va p h a t trien t a m giac n h a n liic la traeh nhiem xa hdi eua toan the edng ddng, cua ca qud'c gia, nhiing traeh n h i e m ay khdng the khdng ed dia chi cu the. Da den luc can nhin n h a n t h a u dao hdn ve traeh nhiem xa hdi trong van de nay. Theo e h u n g tdi, de tao diing, p h a t trien ngudn n h a n liic chat liidng eao, trUde bet can ed mpt chien liidc qudc gia thong n h a t ve ngudn n h a n liic chat lu'dng cao, hay gpi la chien liide p h a t trien n h a n tai, n h a n diide sii ddng t h u a n xa hdi. Chien liidc ay phai diidc xay diing t r e n mpt nen t a n g tU duy mdi, "ddng ra ngoai", "diing tren" n g a n h giao due - dao tao, ed t a m bao q u a t tdng the, nhin xa, thay rdng, ket hdp dUde nhiing tinh hoa dan tdc vdi nhiing t h a n h tiiu hien dai cua the gidi. Chi ed trong chien lupe tdng the ay mdi ed the xac dinh rd traeh nhiem xa hdi cu the cho tting dia chi cu the. Va nhii vay, traeh nhiem dau tien hien nay - traeh n h i e m trong viec xay diing chien lUdc ndi tren - la thupe ve N h a niidc. Khdng ai ed the lam t h a y N h a niide trong viec xay diing chien liidc va eiing khdng nen cham tre hdn niia trong viec xay diing ehien liide n a y . d
