CHAU M Y N G A Y N A X -
KINH re-XA HOI
TRIEN VONG KINH TE MY
NguySn Tuin Minh*
Tom tat: Ke tir cuoc dgi khiing hodng kinh te tdi chinh 2008 den nay, kinh ti My da khdi phuc vd lien ti^c tdng trudng. Tuy nhien trong thdi gian tdi, kinh te My sephdi doi mat vdi nhOng thach thirc trong nude vd qudc te, nhu vdn de na cdng, chien tranh thuang mgi My - Trung, suphiJic hdi cham eda kinh te chdu Au, su tdng trudng cham lai ciia kinh te Trung Qudc. Nhieng thach thiic nay trudc mdt se Idm cham dd tdng trudng cita kinh te My, nhung vol su ndng ddng vd linh hogt cita mdt nen kinh te thi trudng phat trien, My se tiep tuc Id nen kinh te sd mot the gidi trong thap nien tdi day.
Tit khoa: kinh te My, thach thiic, co hpi, trien vpng kinh ti My
I. Tang trirotig kinh te My giai doan 2010-201S
Kinh te My da phvc hoi va tang huong Uen tuc ke tCr sau cuoc dai khiing hoang kinh te nam 2008 va dat miic tang truong binh quan khoang 2%
hong giai doan 2010-2018 (Xem them Hinh 1). Mac du vay, neu so voi su phuc hoi tii hai eugc khiing hoang sau giira thap ni6n 1970 va giOa thap nien 1980 thi su ph\ic hoi kinh ti Ito nay
chSm va yeu hon. Cu thS, ty 1? tang huong binh quan thai ky truac khung hoang (1969-2006) dat 3,1%.'
Su phuc h6i nay dang giup cho nuoc My khoi phuc lai siic manh kinh tS von CO cua minh va ti6p tuc duy tri vi the s6 1 thS giori^, khi ma kinh ti cac nuorc chau Au phuc hoi cham ke tii sau khung hoang kinh te toan cau nam 2008, va kinh ti Trung Quoc dang tang truong cham lai.
Hinh 1: Toe 46 tang GDP cua My giai doan 2008-2018
(Don vi: phdn tram)
AMERICAS TODAY
Journal of American Studies
Ns. 03 (Vol. 252)72019 TWENTY-FIFTH YEAR MONTHLY PUBLICATION
Editor-in-Chief:
Cu Chi Loi Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Deputy Edltornln-Chief:
Nguyen Tuan Minh PhD.
Editorial Board:
Nguyen Quang Thuan, Prof. PhD.
Cu Chi Loi, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Hoang Khac Nam, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Nguyen Tuan Minh, PhD.
Le Khuong Thuy, PhD.
Nguyen Ngoc Manh, PhD.
Dang Thj.Ha
Editorial Board Secretary:
Nguyen Ngoc Manh, PhD.
Editorial Board office:
1 Lieu Giai, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Tel: 024.62730481 (Ext: 1101);
024.62730647 Fax: 024.62730427 Email: [email protected]
GPXB 112/GP-BTTTT 22/4/2013 ISSN 2354-0745
CONTENTS
Economic - Social Issues:
• NGUYEN TUAN MINH: The U.S economic 3 prospects.
• LE THI VAN NGA: Impacts of the Trump 9 Administration's tariff actions on the U.S. economy.
Politics and Laws:
• PHAM HONG DIEN: Referendum in the United 19 States and some other countries, implications for Vietnam.
• LE LAN ANH: Populist movements in the United 29 States under President Barack Obama.
International Relations Issues:
. NGUYEN HA TRANG: Vietnam in the new 38 strategy of the Trump administration.
• LO THI PHUONG NHUNG - NGUYEN MAI 50 PHUONG: US - China trade war: Causes and impacts on world economy.
Culture and History:
. NGUYEN DUY NAM: Contributions of William H. 6]
Seward (1801-1872) to the U.S. diplomacy in the second half of the /P"" century.
Front cover: Cusco, Peru. (Photo by Pedro Szekely)
CHAU M * NGAYNAY
KINH re-XA HOI
TRIEN VONG KINH TE MY
Nguyin Tu^n Minh*
Tom tat: Ke tir cuoc dgi khung hodng kinh te tdi chinh 2008 den nay, kinh te My dd khdiphl^c vd lien tuc tdng trudng. Tuy nhien trong thai gian tdi, kinh te My sephdi ddi mat vdi nhieng thach thuc trong nude vd qudc te, nhu vdn de na cdng, chien tranh thuang mgi My - Trung, su phuc hdi cham ciia kinh te chdu Au, sif tdng tneang cham lai cila kinh te Trung Qudc. Nhieng thach thuc nay trudc mdt se lam cham dd tdng trudng ciia kinh te My, nhung vdi su ndng ddng vd linh hogt cua mot nen Mnh te thi trudng phat trien. My se tiep tuc la nen kinh te sd mdt the gidi trong thgp nien tdi day.
Tir khoa: kinh te My, thach thiic, co hpi, trien vong kinh te My I. Tang tnrofng kinh te My giai
doan 2010-2018
Kinh te My da phuc hoi va tang tnrong lien tuc ke tu san cupc dai khung hoang kinh te nam 2008 va dat miic tang truong binh quan khoang 2%
hong giai doan 2010-2018 (Xem them Hinh 1). Mac du vay, neu so voi su phuc hoi tir hai cupc khung hoang sau giua thap nien 1970 va giiia thap nien 1980 thi su phuc hoi kinh ti ISn nay
cham va yeu hom. C\i the, ty le tang tniong binh quan thcii ky truac khiing hoang (1969-2006) dat 3,1%.'
Su phuc hoi nay dang giiip cho nuoc My khoi phuc lai siic manh kinh te von c6 ciia minh va tiep tuc duy tti vi thi so 1 thi gidf, khi ma kinh te cac nuoc chau Au phuc hoi cham ke tvr sau khung hoang kinh te toan cau nam 2008, va kinh ti Trung Quoc dang tang truong cham lai.
Hinh 1: Toe do tang GDP cua My giai doan 2008-2018 (Don vi: phan tram)
AMERICAS TODAY
Journal of American Studies
N=. 03 (Vol. 252)/2019 TWENTY-FIFTH YEAR MONTHLY PUBLICATION
Editor-in-Chief:
Cu Clii Loi Assoc. Prof. PliD.
Deputy EdItor-in-Cliief:
Nguyen Tuan Minli PhD.
Editorial Board:
Nguyen Quang Thuan, Prof. PhD.
Cu Chi Loi, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Hoang Khac Nam, Assoc. Prof. PhD, Nguyen Tuan Minh, PhD.
Le Khuong Thuy, PhD.
Nguyen Ngoc Manh, PhD.
DangThi.Ha
Editorial Board Secretary:
Nguyen Ngoc Manh, PhD.
Editorial Board office:
1 Lieu Giai, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Tel: 024.62730481 (Ext: 1101);
024.62730647 Fax: 024.62730427 Email: [email protected]
GPXB 112/GP-BTTTT 22/4/2013 ISSN 2354-0745
I
CONTENTS
Page
Economic - Social Issues:
• NGUYEN TUAN MINH: The U.S economic 3 prospects.
• LE THI VAN NGA: Impacts of the Trump Administration's tariff actions on the U.S. economy.
Politics and Laws:
. PHAM HONG DIEN: Referendum in the United 19 States and some other countries, implications for Vietnam.
• LE LAN ANH: Populist movements in the United States under President Barack Obama.
International Relations Issnps;
. NGUYEN HA TRANG: Vietnam in 'the new 38 strategy of the Trump administration.
• LO THI PHUONG NHUNG - NGUYEN MAI 50 PHUONG: U.S - China trade war: Causes and impacts on world economy.
Culture and History:
• NGUYEN DUY NAM: Contributions of William H fil Seward (1801-1872) to the U.S diplomacy i„ the
second half of the 19^' century.
Front cover: Cusco, Peru. (Photo by Pedro Szekely)
CHAUMYNGAYNAY
KINH it - XA HOI
TRIEN VONG KINH TE MY
Nguyin Tuan Minh*
Tom tat: Ke tie eugc dgi khung hodng kinh te tdi chinh 2008 den nay, kinh te My dd khoiphi^c vd lien tuc tdng trudng. Tuy nhien trong thdi gian tdi, kinh te My sephdi ddi mat vdi nhiing thdch thirc trong nude vd qudc te, nhu vdn de na cdng, chien tranh thuang mgi My - Trung, su phuc hoi cham cua kinh te chdu Au, su tdng trudng cham lai cua kinh te Trung Qudc. Nhiing thdch thirc nay trudc, mdt se lam cham dd tdng trudng cua kinh te My, nhung vdi su ndng ddng vd linh hogt ciia mdt nen kinh te thi trudng phat trien. My se tiep tuc Id nen kinh te sd mot the gidi trong thap nien tdi day.
Tir kh6a: kinh te My, thach thiic, co hpi, triin vpng kinh ti My I. Tang triromg kinh te My giai
doan 2010-2018
Kinh tk My da phuc hoi va tang trucmg lien tuc ke t i sau cupc dai khiing hoang kinh te nam 2008 va dat miic tang truong binh quan khoang 2%
hong giai doan 2010-2018 (Xem them Hinh 1). Mac du vay, n6u so voi su phuc hdi hi hai cupc khung hoang sau giita thap nien 1970 va giira thap nien 1980 thi su phuc h6i kinh ti lin nay
cham va yeu hon. Cu the, ty 1$ tang ttuong binh quan thoi kj' truoc khiing hoang (1969-2006) dat 3,1%.'
Su phuc h6i nay dang giiip cho nuoc My khoi phuc lai siic manh kinh te von CO ciia minh va tigp tuc duy tri vi thi so 1 the giori^, khi ma kinh ti cac nuoc chau Au phuc hoi cham ke tir sau khung hoang kinh te toan cau nam 2008, va kinh ti Trung Qu6c dang tang truong cham lai.
Hinh 1: Toe do tang GDP ciia My giai doan 2008-2018
(Don vi: phdn tram)
s o 03-2019 CHAUMYNGAYNAY Nhiing no luc thiic diy tang truong
kinh te cua cac chinh quyen My trong thap nien qua da giiip tao them nhieu cong an vice lam cho nguoi dan My, khoi phuc niem tm cua nguoi tieu dung, va thiic day chi tieu cua nguoi lao dpng.
Ty le thit nghiep ciia My lien tuc giam ttong thcri gian qua, tu miic that nghiep cao ky lijc 10,3% nam 2009 xuong miic thip ky luc 3,8% nam 2018 (Hmh 2).
Tuy nhien, ty le "thit nghiep in" van
chua dupe giai quyet, the hien 6 ty le tham gia luc luong lao dpng My da giam ttong nhirng nam sau khiing hoang, cy thS, giam tu miic 66,4% nam 2007 xuong con 63,2% vao cuoi nam 2018^. Dieu nay CO nghia la van con mpt bp phan nguoi lao dpng da thoat ly khoi luc lupng lao dpng sau mpt thoi gian dai khong tim dupe viec lam va danh phai chap nhan diing ngoai l\ic lupmg lao d^ng, va hucmg cac chi dp tta cap xa hpi.
Hinh 2: Ty 1? that nghiep cua My giai doan 2010 - 2018
M 1 0 2012 2014 201&
Ngu6n: Tradingeconomics/U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
2. Nhihig thach thirc va co' hoi tang trirong cua kinh te My
Nbdng tbscb thirc doi vdildnb tiMy Mac du nSn kinh ti My da lien tuc tang trudng kj hi sau cupc khung hoang 2008, nhung van con do nhung rui ro den tir ttong nuoc va quoc te.
Chinh phu My tiep tuc hi chia re ttong cac quyet dinh ciia minh, ching han nhu lam the nao de cSt giam tham hijt ngan sach, no cong, ttong khi tigp tuc giam thuS d6 kich thich tieu dung, va tang chi tieu cong.
Voi cac chinh sach thiic diy tang ttuong nhu hien nay, co the se lam gia tang np cong, di6u nay se la mpt nhan to lam cham kha nang tang ttuong cua kinh ti M / ttong ttung han va dai han.
Khi np tang se lam suy giam miic diu tu va chi tieu ca nhan, ttong khi diu tu va chi tieu ca nhan lai la dpng luc chinh de thiic diy n6n kinh te My. Uoc tinh voi dan so My hien nay khoang 3io ttieu ngudi, thi trung binh mdi cdng dan My phai ganh chiu mdt khoan np la khoang 60.000 USD^
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
Ngoai ra nude My dang phai ddi mat voi trinh ttang tang cac khoan chi tta xa hpi va giam nang suat lao ddng khi the he
"tre bimg nd" ttong Chien tranh the gidi thii hai tiep tuc nghi huu, va luc lupng lao dpng lai dang tang trudng cham lai.
Kinh te Chau Au tSng trudng cham lai vdi siic mua giam, lire lupng lao ddng giam, rdi ro vd tM chinh, np cdng . Dieu nay se anh hudng ddn xuat khau ciia My (thi trudng Chdu Au chiem khoang 20% xuit khSu ciia My).
Tnmg Qudc hidn nay da la nen kinh te Idn thii hai thd gidi va la kinh td thi trudng moi ndi sd mdt thd gidi. Tuy nhien nude nay dang phai ddi phd vdi mdt loat cac vin dd kinh td va chinh tti ttong nude nhu su suy giam tang trudng kinh te, bat binh dSng kinh te giila cac viing mien; thi trucmg tai ehmh dang cd nhidu dau hi?u bat on khi ma thi trudng chiing khoan Trung Qudc da giam khoang 25% gia tti khi chien ttanh thuong mai My - Trung no ra'.
Rdi nhiing vin dd ve dja chfaih ttj - ching han nhu canh ttanh chien lupc My vdi Trung Qudc va Nga, khung bd qudc te, nha nude Hdi giao (IS), vii khi hat nhan (cua Iran, Trieu Tien), bat dn d Trung Ddng, chidn tranh tai Ukraine - ttong tinh hudng xau nhat cd thd tiep tuc lai gay ra mdt cupc khung hoang, va anh hudng tdi kinh te My.
Nhiing ca hpi ting trirdng moi The gidi dang budc vao thdi dai cdng nghiep 4.0, vdi s\r xuit hidn cua nhieu
nay, nude My tiep tuc din dau thd gidi ve khoa hpc cdng nghe. Thdi gian vita qua, My da ttidn khai cdng nghe vd nang lupng da phien. Cdng nghe nay da tao ra su bung nd teong ngudn cung ndi dia vd diu va khi ddt. Day khdng chi la ngudn lire dau vao quan ttpng thiic day tang trudng kinh te My, ma nd cdn tao ra budc chuyen vd dia chinh tti eda My ttong nhiing thap ky tdi (giam bdt su phu thudc dau md tir ben ngoai, dac bidt tir cac nude OPEC)'.
My cung dang thuc day phat tridn cdng nghd Internet vd tinh nhSm tien tdi xay dung mdt mang Internet toan ciu, do TJp doan Cdng nghe Khai phd Khdng gian (SpaceX) din diu. SpaceX du kidn phdng gin 12.000 ve tinh len quy dao thip ciia Trai dit, chia thanh hai chom vdi sd lupng 4.409 vd tmh va 7.518 ve tmh.' Uy ban Truydn thdng Lidn bang my (FCC) da ddng y de SpaceX phdng mdt mia sd ve tinh dvr kidn trong vdng 6 nam tdi. Ndu dieu nay ttd thanh hien thuc, My se nim Ipi thd Idn ttong thi ttudng Intemet bSng rpng tdc dp cao tai My va tten the gidi.
Ngoai ra vide thuc hien cac chinh sach uu dai ve thud cho cac doanh nghiep, va cac hd gia duih, ciing vdi khdi lupng vide lam dupe tao mdi tiep tuc dupe duy tti, se cai thien nidm tm ciia ngudi tieu dimg, khidn hp gia tSng chi tidu; rdi san lupng dau da phien dupe san xuit ttong nude tang len da khidn gia diu tai My giam xudng, gdp phan giam chi phi van chuyen, thuc phim va
s o 03-2019 CHAU MY NGAYJ^AV, nguyen lieu dau vao doanh nghiep, cung
tao dieu kien cho ngudi tieu dung chi tieu nhieu hem, va gdp phin tang Ipi nhuan cho doanh nghiep.
Lpi nhuan gia tang se la yeu td quan ttpng thuc diy cac doanh nghiep tang dau tu va md rpng kinh doanh. Trong khi dd, cac chinh quyen bang va dia phuong cflng cd them cac ngudn thu tir thud doanh nghiep dd cd thd gia tang hoat ddng va tai dau tu sau mdt thdi gian dai cat giam chi phi hoat ddng, tir dd cai thien tinh hinh tai khda cua cac bang va dia phucmg.
3. Trien vpng kinh te My thdi gian tdi
Trong ngan ban, nhieu chuyen gia kinh td cho ring, viec thi trudng lao ddng My tiep tuc duy tti ty 16 vice lam cao, giiip kinh td My dat dupe muc tieu kep, dd la vvra tao thdm nhidu cdng an vide lam cho ngudi lao ddng, va vira kiem che lam phat d miic dn dinh 2%.
Tinh ddn cudi nam 2018, ty le thit nghiep tai My da giam xudng cdn 3,8%, ddng thdi sd lupng viec lam mdi dupe tjp ra tang vdi tdc dp dn dinh'°. Chimg nao ma khdi lupng viec lam tao ra tidp tuc duoe duy tei d miic dp nay, nidm tin ciia ngudi tieu dung se tidp tuc dupe cung cd ttong nam 2019.
Tai cupc hpp eda Uy Ban Thj trudng Md Lien bang (FOMC) vao thang 12 nam 2018, Cue Du trii Lien bang (Fed) da du bao tang ttudng kinh td My se cham lai ttong nam 2019 d miic 2,3%
so vdi miic 3% nam 2018. GDP My se tiep tuc giam ttong nam 2020 va 2021 d mure 2% va 1,8%. Ty Id thit nghiep giam xudng muc 3,7-3,5% ttong giai doan 2018-2020, thip hon nhieu so vdi muc tieu 6,7% cua Cue Du tru Lien bang. Ty le lam phat duy tri miic 2,0- 2,1%/nam" Cac chinh sach thiic diy kinh td cua chinh quyen Trump se tap ra cac ddng luc tang trudng cho kinh te My trong giai doan 2018-2020. Tuy nhien, ddn nam 2020, tac ddng ciia cac chinh sach nay se phu thudc vao phan ling cua ngudi dan va ciia doanh nghiep My ddi vdi chinh cac chinh sach do, ching han cd tao them viec lam diing nhu ky vpng, tao them thu nhap cho ngudi lao ddng va doanh nghiep. Ngoai ra, chien tranh thuong mai cua My vdi cac nude, dSe biet la Trung Qudc, se anh hudng tieu cue tdi kinh td My bit diu tir nam 2019"
Ve dai h ^ , vidn canh kmh te My se khdng qud lo ngai nhu mdt sd binh l u ^ gan day cho rang, qudc gia nay dang phai ddi mSt vdi mpt su suy giam khdng the ttanh khdi vdi chu ky kinh td se di xudng sau 10 nam tang trudng lien tuc, do tac dpng cua cac van dd ve tai khda, np cdng, thuong mai, va nhan khau. Tuy nhien, phai thua nhan rang nhiing quan ngai teen la cd that va khdng de vupt qua, die bidt khi cac nude Chau Au sd tang trudng ch|m di, Trung Qudc cung dang phai ddi mat vdi nhiing khd khan vd kinh td - ehmh tri ttong nude. Trong qua khir, nude My ciing phai ddi mjt
C H A U M Y NGAY NAY
vdi nhiing khd khto hiong tu nhu tu dpng hda va thit nghiep co ciu ttong nhttag nam 1960; su tti ttd kinh td ttong nhOng nam cudi thap ky 70 den dau nhimg nam 1980, su canh tranh tir Nhat Ban vao cudi thap ky 80. Nhung cudi ciing vdi su Imh boat va nang dpng cua mpt ndn kmh td thi teudng phat tridn My da vupt qua tit ca cac thach thiic ndi tten vdi su ra ddi cua cac cdng nghe mdi giiip gia tang nang suit cua nen kmh te My.
My thuan lpi ban so vdi cac ndn kinh td phat ttidn khac nhu Chau Au va Nhat Ban (tham chi ca Trung Qudc) do siic ep vd nhan khiu it nghiem ttpng hon; thue thap hon va nhirng cac khoan chi phi cho phiic lpi d My it hon Chau Au.
Nhung My hien dang md rpng phuc lpi va cflng nhu vice vay mupn tren mot quy md chua timg cd. Trong lich su, he thdng chinh tti My ludn nhu mdt con lie dung dua rdi quay lai t4m. Lieu lin nay he thdng chinh tti My cd thd lam dupe didu nay? Gin mdt niia dan sd dang dupe nhan phiic lpi tu- chinh phil va chi mpt nua dang tta tidn thud thu nhap. Dd khdng phai la mdt ndn kmh te chuih tri lanh mjnh cd kha nJng kidm soat cac khoan chi phi ngay mot gia tang.
Va quan ttpng nhit, hien nay, My la nude di diu ttong llih vyc nghien ciiu va phat teien. Trong n t o 2018, My da chi hon 500 ty USD cho R & D " . My tidp tuc didu chinh mdt sd nganh kinh te nhu nang lupng sach, sii dung cdng nghe thdng tm de cai tidn chSm sdc siic khde va giam chi phi, ddng thdi khuyen khich
thiic day nghien cuu cac nganh kinh ti mdi c6 tinh chat dot pha cho tuong lai, dieu ma My da tam dupe ttpng ky nguydn thdng tin vira qua, ching ban nhu nganh cdng nghe nano: nganh khoa hpc ling dung lidn quan den viec khdng che vat chat d cap do nguyen tii va phan hi; hay nganh cdng nghe y sinh: mdt nganh dupe mieu ta la sii dimg cac he thdng sinh hpc, nhim sang tap ra cac san pham y dupe, ndng nghidp va cdng nghidp. Neu My co the gianh dupe vi tti lanh dao ttong cac nganh mfli nhpn nay, nhu da timg lam dupe trong the ky XX vdi cac linh vuc khdng gian, may tinh va vidn thdng, kinh ti My se lai tiep tuc duy tri vi thd lanh dao, thjm chi cdn cd anh hudng Ion hon ddi vdi thd gidi ttong thd ky XXI. Tit nhien didu nay khdng phai don gian •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1. Congress Office of Budget. "The Budget and Economic Outlook 2019 2029".
January 2019
2. Eustance Huang. "Chinese markets' 2018 performance was their worst in a decade".
https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/31/china- markets-2018-performance-was-worst-in-a- decade.html. 31/12/2018
3. Gregory Tassey. "Why the U.S. Needs A New, Tech-Driven Growth Strategy".
February 2016. http://www2.itif.org/2016- us-tech-driven-growth-strategy.pdf 4. IMF. "World Economic Outlook Update".
January 2019
5 Joseph Nye. "The Changing Geopolitics of Energy", Project Syndicate, 01/11/2017.
6. Kimberly Amadeo. "Bureau of Labor Statistics, What h Does, And Its Impact".
https://www.thebalance.com/bureau-of-labor -statistics-3305992. 8/11/2018
CHAU MY NGAYjjAY, 7. Kimberly Amadeo. "US Economic Outlook
for 2019 and Beyond". February 07, 2019.
https://www.thebalance.com/us-economic- outlook-3305669
8. Kimberly Amadeo. "Trade Wars and How They Affect You". February 28, 2019.
https://www.thebalance.com/trade-wars-defi nition-how-it-aifects-you-4159973 9. http;//www.usgovemmentdebt.us/
10. "US Economic Outtook". https://www.focus -economics.com/countries/united-states.
February 26,2019
11. "2018 Economic Report of the President".
March 2018. ^https://www.congress.gov/l 15 /crpt/hrpt596/CRPT-l 15hrpt596.pdf 12.WorIdBank Group. "Global Economic
Prospects". January 2019 Chu thick:
1. Long, Heather (2016), "Obama's Economy in 10 Charts", CAW 12 January 2016".
http://money.cnn.com/gallery/news/economy/
2015/10/28/obama-economy-10-charts/8. html 2. GDP 10 quoc gia dung dau the gicri nam
2018: My: 20,412 ty USD; Trung Quoc:
14,092 ty USD; Nhat Ban: 5,167 ty USD;
Due: 4,211 ty USD; Anh: 2,936 ty USD;
Phap: 2,925 ty USD; An Dp: 2,848 ty USD;
Italia: 2,181 ty USD; Brazil: 2,138 ty USD:
Canada: 1,798 ty USD.
3. Kimberly Amadeo. "Bureau of Labor Statistics, What It Does, And Its Impact".
https://www.thebaIance.com/bureau-of-labor -statistics-3305992. 8/11/2018
4. Congress Office of Budget. "The Budget and Economic Outlook 2019-2029".
January 2019
5. http://www.usgovemmentdebt.us/
6. PWC (2018). "European Economic Outlook 2018-2022". https://www.pwc.nl/nl/themas/
europe-monitor/documents/pwc-european- economic-outlook-2018.pdf
7. Eustance Huang "Chinese markets' 2018 performance was their worst in a decade".
https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/31/china- markets-2018-performance-was-worst-in-a- decade.html. 31/12/2018
8. Joseph Nye, "The Changing Geopolitics of Energy", Project Syndicate, 01/11/2017.
9. Loren Grush, "SpaceXJust launched two of its space intemet satellites the first of nearly 12.000". Feb 22, 2018, https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/15/17016 208/spacex-faIcon-9-launch-starlink-micros at-2a-2b-paz-watch-Hve
10.https://tradmgeconomics.com/united-states/
unemployment-rate
11.Kimberly Amadeo. "US Economic Outlook for 2019 and Beyond". February 07, 2019.
https://www.thebalance.com/us-economic- outlook-3305669
12.Kimberly Amadeo, "Trade Wars and How They Affect You". February 28, 2019.
https://www.thebalance.com/trade-wars-defi nition-how-it-affects-you-4159973 13.Bradford L. Goldense, Goldense Group Inc.
"An Uptrend in U.S. R&D Spending:
Possible Breakthrough Period Ahead".
https://>vww.rdmag.com/article/2018/03/uptr end-us-r-d-spending-possible-breakthrough- period-ahead.
