Qu^n ly phat trien cay xanh do thi
& sir tham gia cua cOng dong
liPGSTS.VaTHIVlNH
Phd Tdng thu ky Higp hOi c^c d6 Ihi Vi$t Nam
Hi§n n a y t h ^ gi(3i d a n g dOng t r u 6 c 5 cuOc k h i i n g hoSng I6n 66 I d : Dan s d , l a o n g t h y c , n a n g luong, t d i n g u y e n v d sinh t h ^ i . N a m cuOc khCing h o ^ n g n a y d ^ u lien q u a n chat che v d i mOi t r u i n g v a l a m c h o c h ^ t l u o n g cuOc s d n g cCia c o n n g a d i c6 n g u y co b| suy g i a m . Qua t r l n h phat t r i ^ n d f i t h | q u a n h a n h se l a m m ^ t can bSng he sinh t h a i v a tac dOng t i e u cue t d i s i ; phat t r i ^ n b6n vOng cilia d d t h i . Tren t h ^ gidi da d u a ra n h i ^ u q u a n n i e m khac n h a u v ^ t a o lap m d i t r u d n g sinh t h a i , t u y n h i e n d b^t cCr q u a n d l ^ m n a o t h i cay x a n h d d t h | cQng la mOt t h a n h phSn r^t q u a n t r o n g d ^ t a o n e n m d t m d i t r u d n g s d n g t d t v a s u t h a m gia cCia cOng d d n g la y ^ u t d t h e n chdt, la p h u o n g thCtc h i e u q u d 6i q u d n ly v a p h a t t r l ^ n cdy x a n h d d t h | .
I. MOT sd KINH NGHIEM CDACAC NUOC V^XAYDifNG THANH PH6 XANH
1. KINH NGHIEM CUA CANADA VE XAY DLTNG CAC CONG DONG N d HOA
Nam 2000, Canada da xuat ban cudn sach co ten goi "Cac thanh pho cd Ha t^ng xanh". Ha tang xanh la mot quan diem men voi nhieu thay doi so voi c^ch hieu cua chung ta hien nay trong dd hen quan toi tat ca cac tinh vuc ve ha tang ky thuat do thi nhu- van de m ly nude thai phi tap trung, van de tiet kiem nang lu-png, van de to chdc giao thong di bp... Sach chi dSn each xay dung ha ting xanh trong do cay xanh la mot chi
sd rdt quan trong trong ddnh gid. Cdng ddng nd hoa - CIB Id mpt ndi dung trong cudn sdch dd cdp tdi vai trd cDa cpng ddng trong xdy dyng cdc dd thj xanh.
8 Ti§u chf de lira chpn Cdng di5ng ndf hoa (OB): Dudng phd sach sS ngdn ndp; Bdo tdn cde cdng trlnh kidn trOc vd cde di sdn vdn hda, Gi& gin canh quan thdnh phd; Bdo dam dO che phO cua thdnh phd vdi nhidu mdu xanh thien nhien; Cd nhidu khu vyc trdng hoa; Cd tdi chd rdc thdi; Cd sy tham gia tich eye cOa cOng ddng; Cd su quan tdm cOa ehinh quydn do thi.
Thdnh phd cd nhidu cOng ddng nd hoa Id thdnh phd dat dupe danh hipu
K l DI^N S A N NGHIEN CCrU Thdnh phd tIdu bidu cOa phong trdo CIB. Branford - mdt trong nhOng thdnh phd tifiu bidu cOa Canada vd phong trdo ndy. Thdnh phd dd huy ddng mpl tdng Idp tham gia tir ngudi Idn tudi, cdc chj em phu no vd ddc bidt Id cdc em hpc sinh trong cdc trudng tidu hpc vd trung hpc. Cde em dupe td chi>e cdc cudc thi xdy dung nhOng vudn hoa dep td thidt kd sdng tao ddn chdm sdc dd vudn hoa ngdy cdng tuoi tdt xanh dep. Cdc em cDng dupe vdn ddng tham gla cdc cudc thi vfi tranh trdn nhOng bdc tudng dd tao nfin nhOng mdng tudng sinh ddng vd hdp ddn. Vide Idm cOa cdc em dd tao ndn i thdc chdm sdc cdy xanh vd glD' gin bdo vd cdy xanh noi mlnh sdng vd hpc tdp. Phong trdo dd mang lal kdt qud vd ciing to Idn.
2. SI/ THAM GIA COA C O N G OdNG TRONG Q U A N LV CAY XANH d SINGAPORE
Singapore da frdthdnh mdt ddt nude ndi tidng trdn thd gidl vdi nhidu thdnh edng trSn nhidu phuong didn - Ld mdt ddt nude ed ndn kinh td rdt phdt tridn vd ngudi ddn dupe sdng trong mOt mdi trudng sdng trong Idnh cd cudc sfing vdi chdt lupng cao. Tdm nhin eda Singapore Id: Xdy dung ddt nude thdnh mOt khu vudn chung cua mpi ngudi, mdng xanh Id mdt phdn trong ddi sdng eda ngudi ddn, nhidm vu tao ndn mdi trudng sdng tdt nhdt vdi mang xanh tuydt hdo, cdc khu vui choi nghr ngot gidi tri tidn Ich qua su tham gia eua cOng ddng. Tdng Cue cdng vidn qufic gia (National Parks) qudn \i cdng vidn vd mdng xanh dd thj vd "ji tudng thdnh phfi vudn dupe thyc hign xuydn sudt tir nhCrng ndm 60 ddn nay vdf nhCrng chidn lupc theo timg thdp nidn. Chidn lupc duoc xdy dung thdnh phfi vudn dupe chia thdnh cdc thdi ki:
* Chidn lir^c thdnh phd vu'dm thSp nien 60: Singapore xanh vd sach;
Trdng cdy ven dudng; Tao ndn nhOng cdng vidn vd khodng khdng gian md.
* Chi£Fn lirtfc thdnh ph5 virdm th3p ni@n 70: Quy hoach trdng cdy ven dudng; Trdng nhidu cdy cd mdu sdc nhu: bdng gidy, k6n hdng, ddu Idn...;
Cdc du dn ddc bidt trdng cdy, ddy leo trdn try ddn, tudng chdn, cdu vupt..,;
Trdng cdy trong bdi ddu xe; Ban hdnh ludt cdng vidn cdy xanh.
* ChlSn lu'Qrc thdnh phS virdm thap nidn 80: Trdng cdy dn trdi nhu
xodi; Chuydn bl$t hod cdc cdng trlnh vui Choi gidi tr(; Co gidt hod vd sd hod: xe tudi nude, mdy cdt cd.,.; Trdng cdy da mdu sdc, cd mCii huong; Ban hdnh ludt bdo tdn cdy xanh,
* Chidn lirqrc thdnh phtf Virirn t h l p nidn 1990: Xdy dung nhidu cdng vidn vudn hoa cdy xanh vdi nhong chtrc ndng chuyfin bldt; Cdng vlfin cdn bdng sinh thdi nhu cdng vidn thifin nhlfin, Cdng vlfin theo chii dd nhu; CV bd bidn Ddng, CV ddi Telok Blangal, Khu du trO ngdp nude Sungel Byloh, vudn thuc vdt qufic gia Singapore, Cdc cdng vlfin theo viing, cdc cdng vlfin vudn hoa trong tCmg khu nhd d, Oldu rdt quan trpng Id Idm sao huy dfing dupe cao nhdt su tham gla eOa edng ddng.
Cdc tuydn dudng tao Hfi thfing kdt nfii CV, hdnh lang xanh, cd thd dl xe dap, dl bd doc theo cdc kfinh thodt nude, dudng ven bidn. Cdc edng trlnh tidn nghi nghf ngoi.vui choi gidl tri, cdc tupng ddl, khdm phd thifin nhifin.
Cdi tao ndng cdp cde cdng vidn cQ:
CV Mt Faber, CV West coast. Tao dudng di bd rdm mdt: dudng Orchard.
Phdt tridn h? tSng xanh: Cdy xanh ven dudng nhu xuong sdng cCia thdnh phd vudn; Md rfing edng vifin qufic gia Singapore; Xanh hda tdng cao: sdn thuong, balcon, mdi nhd, vdch dung...;
Tao ednh quan cdy xanh dpc sdng, kfinh, rach; Tao dudng kdt nfii cflng vlfin. hdnh lang xanh ndm 2007 • 74km,
Bidn Singapore thdnh cdng kdt ndl thdng tin cilia ngdnh Idm vu'drn Thd g i * ! : Mdc dii ddt dai nhd chl trfin 700 km^ nhung Singapore dd cd chu truong xdy dung trd thdnh mflt dja chf todn cdu vd ngdnh nghd llfin quan tdi cdy xanh vdi cdc btfin phdp sau:
- Td chuc Id hdi hoa Singapore - Gidl thudng cho cdc thidt kd cdnh quan cdng vidn xudt sdc; Idn ddu tifin trdn thd gidi cdc nhd thidt kd dat gidl ty hpp tai Singapore, vdi trdn 200.000 khdeh trong vdng 10 ngdy.
- Nudi dudng cdc tdl ndng vd ngdnh cdng nghidp ldm vi$e tai ch6: Quy hoach tdng thd cdng nghlfip cdnh quan; Tdl thidt vd hudn luyfin k; ndng; Hfli ddng cdng nghidp cdnh quan Singapore;
Chdng chl vd ky ndng hdnh nghd; Kfch hoat vd ndng cao hlnh dnh ngdnh cflng nghidp; Ndng cao sdc sdn xudt; Cdl thidn ky ndng hdnh nghd,
• Thir nghifim cdc y tudng mdi: Trung
tdm qudn ly dfl th| vd mfll trudng xanh;
Khdm phd cdc ky ndng hudn luyfin d nhOng Imh vyc mdt
- Cdl thidn hlfiu qud vd ndng luc ky thudt.
TCr thAnh phd vu-dm ddn thdnh phd trong virdrn: tidn trlnh cd 3 cue:
Phdt tridn ha tdng xanh; Bidn Singapore thdnh edng kdt nfii thfing tin cOa ngdnh Idm vudn; Kfch hoat su ydu thich sd hOu, dam mfi mdng xanh cOa cdng ddng
Vdi chC truong kdt nfii khdi llfin mlnh PPP: Nhd nude - Tu nhdn - COng ddng.
(public, private, people), Singapore dd cd nhidu gidl phdp nhu: Xdy dung Quy thdnh phd vudn, Chuong trinh Tinh nguydn xanh, xdy dung cdc nhdm efing ddng, trudng hpc, doanh nghlfip vd cdc cfing ty gdn kdt chdt ehfi vdi cdc Trung tdm sinh thdi vd mdng xanh cOa nhd nude
H. M O T V A I KINH N G H l f M V l S i f THAM GIA COA CONG OdNG XAY DifNG CAC THANH PHD XANH A NUOC TA
1. SI^'THAM GIA CIJA PHg N C T H O D d XAY D I / N G CAC T U Y E N Dir^TNG N ^ H O A
Tir nhidu ndm nay, HOI LHPN thdnh phfi Hd NOl dd vdn ddng hdi vlfin, tao phong trdo thu gom rdc thdi, nao vdt khcrl thfing cfing rdnh, trdng vd chdm sdc cdy xanh... Cdc eo sdhfil chu dflng tham muu vdi chinh quydn, phfii hpp vdi cdc td v$ sinh mdi trudng, gidi quydt hdng nghln mdt khdi rdc, cdc didm rdc luu cihj, ndng cao chdt lupng 6.618 doan dudng phu nOtu qudn xanh - sach - dep. 115 tuydn phd vd sinh - vdn mlnh ddthj.
Tuy theo m&l d|a bdn, chl em cd nhQng hinh thdc trdng hoa, cdy cdnh khdc nhau, cd thd Id tdn dgng cdc khodng ddt trdng, nhd ddn nhu huyfin Tif LIdm, hay ddm nhi$m vific qudn ly cdc hdng cdy vd tdn dyng cdc bdn cdy dd trdng hoa nhu tai qudn Hd Ddng, d|t cdc bdn hoa theo cde tuydn dudng nhu d qudn Ba Olnh... Kinh phi do hfli phy no, cde cd nhdn vd mdt sd chlnh quydn dja phuong Ong hfl. HOI LHPN huyfin Tir Lifim Id d|a bdn ddu tifin trfin dja bdn thdnh phfi phdt ddng phong trdo trdng hoa, cdy cdnh trfin cdc tuydn dudng. Cd tao ndn su phong phd vd phdt huy hidu qud cOa cdc tuydn dudng, t u j theo d|a bdn, chl em s€ chpn cdc tuydn dudng
I Sa4-2012|
cd nhUng khodng ddt dd trdng hoa, cdy cdnh, cd tuydn tdn dyng cdc nhd ddn dd treo cdc chdu cdy, cdc tuydn dudng chay quanh cdc hfi dd t|n dyng cdnh quan nhu cde tuydn Mlnh Khai, Cd Nhud, Bfing Ngac... Oudng Hfi Odng (Thupng Cdt) dupe Hfli ddnh gid Id dep nhdt trong nhQng dudng hoa hIdn cd, vdi 25 cdy bdng mdt, dudI gfic Id nhQng byl hoa nhd. Dpc bd tudng xdy quanh hd Id nhOng chdu hoa vdi nhidu loai: lan Italia, trang nguyfin, xuong rOng, trd...
Tuy theo thdi tidt, cdc chl cd kd hoach bdo vd hoa, trdnh mua Idn, ndng tdp, bdo ddm 4 mda hoa nd. Ddy cQng Id CO hfli dd cdc bd, cdc cfl gIdo dye con, chdu vd bdo vd mdi tnrdng, cdnh quan Idnh manh cho cflng ddng.
Tai cdc qudn, huyfin nhu Ba Dinh, Hodn Kidm, Long BIfin, Hd Dflng, Cdu Gidy, Tir Llfim, Dflng Anh, Gla Ldm, PhO Xuyfin, Thudng Tin..., 493 doan dudng xanh - sach - dep dd dupe xdy dung, trong dd cd 58 doan dudng nd hoa.
Vific xdy dung cde "doan dudng nd hoa"
khdng ctf Idm sach mfll trudng, edn tao thdnh not sinh hoat cflng ddng, y thdc bdo vfi mdi tnidng cOa ngudi ddn cQng duoe ndng cao,
2. HUY D O N G S V THAM GIA COA SINH V I E N T R i r ^ G B/fl HQC HUf TRONG (TNG DgNG GIS vAO Q U A N LfcAYXANHOdlHI
Thdnh phfi Hud hifin Id dfl thj cd nhidu cdy xanh nhdt cOa ed nude, hd thfing cdy xanh tao bdng bao gdm nhidu chOng loai trong dd cd 87 sdc mdc thuflc 33 hp &1UC vdt khdc nhau. d COng vlfin Thuong Bac - Phu Vdn Ldu nay vdn cdn nhOng cdy thdt nfit trdng tir thdi Phdp.
Khu vuc Dal Nfii ed 1.443 cdy xanh, gdm 158 Chung loai nhu xodi, nhdn, thdng, sir, ngd ddng, sdu, gfli, long ndo, da, xanh, Ifle vCmg, vdng ddng. Mflt sfi eon dudng d Hud dang dupe thay thd mflt sfi cdy xanh dd dua ehiing trd lal nguyfin dang cD, vfin dd dn sdu vd tidm thirc con ngudi vd trd thdnh nhQng dja danh quen thuflc gdn vdi nhOng lodi cdy ddc trung ciia Hud nhu: Bdn me, dudng Mil u, dudng Cdy mufil, dudng cdy Nhdn _ (Dinh Tifin Hodng), dudng Hdng me. Od E thdnh Idp dupe sa dd qudn ly blng cdng I nghd GIS, nhdm sinh vlfin Dai hpc Hud i dd thu thdp bdn dfi, so dd chi tidt khu
™ vyc Dal Nfli, tdi ligu ctia gdn 1.500 cdy 3 xanhdkhuvucDalNOi.xfiydungcasd
^ do lidu bdn dd tfing thd khu vuc trong
Dal NOi vd 4 tuydn dudng bao quanh Dal Nfli, xdy dung ea sddQ lifiu thuflc tinh...
Sa dfi qudn ly hfi thdng cdy xanh khu vyc Dal Ndl thd hidn v[ tri cOa cdy d cde vj tr( cy thd vd ndu mudn bldt thdng tin vd loai cdy ndo d v| tri ndo, chl cdn mflt cflng cy Info trfin phdn mdm Microsoft dd thd hidn thOng tin cda cdy xanh dd, dCjng cflng cy ndy kich vdo sfi bldt dupe cdy tfin gl, chu vl, chidu cao, khodng cdch glQa hai cdy kd tidp nhau.
Hd thdng cdy xanh cda thdnh phd Hud rdt phong phO, nhidu chOng loai.
mdt dfl tuong ddi ddy ddc, ddng vai trd quan trpng trong vific phdt tridn dfl thj, nhu: Idm bdng mdt, chfing byl, didu hda khdng khi, tao nfin khdng gian tdt cho hoat dflng du Ijch, Tuy nhifin trudc ddy nhidu cdy xanh Idu ndm b| chdt phd Idm cff sd ha tdng, mdt sfi cdy mdi trdng lai vi>t bd dd Idm vra hfi do chua cd su tinh todn ky vd phuong phdp bfi tri cdy trdng.
Vific qudn ly cdy xanh chi3 ydu trfin gidy td, bdng phuong phdp thO cdng, ehua cd su kdt hop glQa ngudn sfi llfiu vd su phdn bfi cua chung ngodi ttiyc td. Vl§e ddng cdng nghd GIS qudn ly cdy xanh sfi khdc phyc nhOng han chd trfin,
Tifin Ipi cfla vific dng dyng mfi hinh ndy Id giflp cho Cfing ty mOi trudng dd thj qudn ly tfit mdt dfi cdy xanh nhu thd ndo Id vera phdi, kd hoaeh tla cdy trong miia mua cOng nhu trdng bd sung. Ode bidt, ngudi qudn ly ed thd ngdi tgi chfi chl dao k|p thdi khi quy hoach cde tuydn dudng, md rfing nhQng doan dudng mdi thdnh Idp,
Thdnh phfi Hud ndi tidng vdt ddng sfing Huong, vdt nhC^g hdng cdy vd nhong ngdi nhd vudn, vl vdy dd glQ gin cdy xanh trong thdnh phfi thi vide giO gin cde cdy xanh trong tirng ngdi nhd Id mflt cdng vl$c ddl hdi phdl huy dflng dupe sy tham gla cda ngudi ddn. Ddy chlnh Id thdnh cflng cfla Hud.
3. TRA VINH - T H A N H P H 6 XANH Thdnh phfi Trd Vinh nfii tidng Id TP Xanh cOa khu vuc ddng bdng sfing Cdu Long.
Hdu hdt cdc tuydn dudng trong nfii fl TP Trd Vinh ddu mudt mflt mdu xanh, chfl ydu Id cdc cdy sao, bdng Idng, me... Gdy dn tupng nhdt vSn Id nhOng cdy sao cfi thy cd cdy c6 dudng kinh Idn 2 - 3 ngudt dm khflng xud. Mflt didm ddc bifit nOa Id hdu nhu cdc cdy xanh d nfii d TP Trd Vinh dfl nhd hay to ddu cd
ddnh sfi thd tu trfin thdn cdy. Trd Vinh cOng Id mflt trong nhOng dja phuong cd nhidu chfla. NhOng ngdi chCia dTrd Vinh ddu ndm trong khudn vlfin cd nhidu cdy xanh nfin trdng rdt cd kinh, dep mdt. Od ed dupe kdt qud dn tupng dd Id do chfnh quydn vd nhdn ddn thdnh phd Trd Vinh dd cd nhidu edng sire trong vific glQa gin vd bdo vfi cdy xanh. Vdi trfin 1.000 cdy cfi thy vd cdy bdng mdt, thdnh phd dd sfl' dyng cOng nghfi GIS dd qudn ly vd khuydn khich nhdn ddn bdo vfi cdy xanh. Tai m6l phudng, khdm ngudi ddn rdt quan tdm chdm sdc cdy xanh. Ndu al dd ed hdnh vi xdm hai tdl cdy xanh cfing ddng cd trdch nhl$m nhdc nhd vd thfing bdo kjp thdi cho cdng ty mdi trudng ad cd bifin phdp bdo vfi.
IILK^IU^N
Cdy xanh dfi thj Id mflt trong 3 tidu chf quan trpng cfla" Phong trdo thi dua xdy dyng dd thj Xanh - Sach • Dep" vd tir ndm 2009 Hidp hfli cde dfi thj Vidt Nam dd phdt dflng phong trdo ndy. Ody Id phong trdo thi dua dd thflc ddy cdc thdnh phfi huy dflng tfit hon sy tham gia bdo vd mfii trudng cfla ngudi ddn, cdc ea quan, trudng hpc, doanh nghlfip tao cho dd thj cfi sy chuydn bidn tfch eye vd mdt mdi trudng. N5m 2011 nhdn ngdy Od Th| Vidt Nam vd Oal hfli Idn thfl' III cda Hifip hfii cdc dfi thj Vlfit Nam, Ban chdp hdnh Hifip hfli dd xfit vd cfing nhdn 18 thdnh phfi, thj xd dat danh hlfiu Id Thdnh phd cd "phong trdo thi dua xdy dyng dfi thi Xanh Sach Dep" (cd danh sdch 18 dd thj dat danh hlfiu ttil dua trong phong trdo). Dd tidn tdl cde thdnh phfi Xanh - Sach - Dep chdng ta cdn phdi phdn ddu rdt nhidu vd Hidp hfii cdc dfi thj Vlfit Nam hy vpng rdng trong nhOng ndm tdi se cd nhidu thdnh phd Id thdnh phd Xanh.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Green Infastructure in Canada -2004 2. Green City - NewYork 2002 3. Singapore - Garden City • Shuan Hocic Seong. 2004
4, MOt sfi thOng tin trSn mgng Internet 5, Cdc bdo cdo cfla cdc dO thj gfli tdi Hiep hOi ve Phong trdo thi dua Xdy dyng dO thi Xanh Sech Dep
