QUAN li DAD TAD NGHE CHO N G i l LAD DONG VIET NAM
TRUOC KHJ 01 LAM VIEC O NU6C NGOAI
ThS. P H A M T U N G L A M "
V
iet Nam dupc the gidi danh gia la cd lpi the've dan so ddng, dang trong thdi ki "dan sdvang"nen It/c lupng trong dptud! lao dpng (LD) kha doi dao. Day la nguon lyc vd cung quan trpng de dat nudc ta tht/c hien thanh cdng Chien luge phat trien KT-XH giaidoan 2011-20206a6uqcQa\haQanqX\
thong qua ngay 16/2/2011^ Tuy nhien, chat lupng nguon LD cua Viet Nam v i n cdn thap va can phai dupc cai thien cang sdm cang tot.
Hien nay, d Viet Nam dang hinh thanh 2 loai hinh LD: LD phothong va LD dupc dao tao (DT). Cai thieu cua Viet Nam hien nay khdng phai la LD pho thong, mala LOdupcDTeo chat lupng cao.Hlen tai, tileLD men qua DT mdi chi cdtd30-40%; trinh dp ngoai ngu, kha nang sd dyng may tinh, cdng nghe thong tin kem... Do vay, can phai quan tam hpn nda tdi cong tac quan li (QL) dao tpo nghe (DTN), khong ch? cho LD trong nudcmaca vdi LDdi lam nghednudc ngoai.
Bai viet dudi day phan tich m p t s d ' v a n d e v e Q L DT va QL chat lupng DTN trong cac eP sd DTN cho ngudi LD Viet Nam di lam viec d nudc ngoai, dl xua't khau lao dpng (XKL0). Tren CO sddd, dexuat mpt so giai phap n h i m hoan thien cdng tac Q L D T ngudi LD Viet Nam di lam vipc d nude ngoai trong bd'i canh hdl nhap quoc te.
1. Mpt so quan niem c a ban ve nghe va DTN^
- BT\a qua trinh hoat dpng cd muc dich, cd to chuc nh^m truyen dat cac kien thdc, klnanq va kTxao trong li thuyetva thuc tidn, tao ra nang luc de thuc hien thanh cdng mot hoat ddng nghe nghiep ma xa hpi can thie't. Nhuvay, DTIasi/phat trien ed he thd'ng kien thdc, kTnang, kTxao cho moi ca nhan de hpthyc hipn mpt ngh^hoacmptnhlSmvycythempt each tdtnhat.
o f dupe thuc hien bdi cac loai hinh to' chdc chuyen nganh n h i m thay ddi hanh vi va thai dp lam viee cua eon ngudi, tao cho hp kha nang dap dng dupc tieu chuan va hieu qua eua cdng vide chuyen mdn.
-Ngbela mot hinh thdc phan cong LD, nd ddi hoi kien thdc li thuye't td'ng hpp va thoi quen thi;c hanh de hoanthanh nhdngcdng viec nhat djnh nhu nghempc, nghe CO khi,...
- f T A / i a n h u n g hoatdpng nhiim mue dich nSng eaotay nghe hay kTnang, kTxao cua mdi canhan dd'i vdi cdng viec hien tai va trong tuong iai. DTN bao gom hai qua trinh cdquan hp hihj covdl nhau: -fDay nghe\a quatrinh giang vien, giao vien (G V) tnjyen IJa nhung kien tht/c ve li thuyet va thuc hanh de cac hpc vien, ngudi LD cd dupc mdt trinh do, kTnang, kTxao, sp kheo leo, thanh thyc nhat djnh ve nghe nghiep;
+ Hgcnghe\a qua trinh tie'p thu nhdng kie'n thdc ve li thuyet va thuc hanh cua ngutiri LD de dat dupc mdt trinh dp nghe nghiep nhat djnh. DTN cho ngudi LD la giao due kTthuat san xuat cho ngudi LD dehpnam vdng nghe nghiep, chuyen mdn bao gom DTN mdi, DTN bd'sung.DT lai nghe. BTN mdilaBJ n h i ^ g ngudi chua cd nghe, gom nhdng ngudi den tudi LD chua dupc hpe nghe, hoac nhung ngudi trong dp tudi LD nhung trudc ddehua dupe hpc nghe.DT mdi nhim dap dng tang them LD DTN choxa hpi. DTIainghela OT ddi vdi nhdng ngudi da co nghe, cd ehuyen mdn nhung do yeu eau mdicijasan xuat va tien bp kTthuat dan den viec thay ddi cP cau nganh nghe, trinh dp chuyen mdn. Mptso cdng nhan dupcOT lai cho phu hpp vdi CO cau nganh nghe va trinh dp kT thuat mdi.
DT lal thudng dupc hieu la qua trinh n h i m tao cho ngudi LO cd co hpi de hpc tap mpt Ifnh vi/c ehuyen mdn mdi dethay ddi nghe. Boi dudng ning cao tay ng'/jecdthecoilaquatrinh cap nhat hda kien thij'ccon thieu, da lac hau, bd'tuc nghe, OT them hoae eung c^
cae kT nang nghe nghiep theo tdng chuyen mdn va thudng dupexac nhan bang mptehdngchihay nang len bge cao hon.
2. Mot so quan niem ve chait luqng DTN Khai niem "chatlucmg"d^a trdu tupng va phdc tap thi khalniemve"c/7af/(/<»7^0r/V"cang phdc tap hon bdi lien quan den san pham la gia trj cua eon ngudi, mptsuvat,si;viec. Nhuvay, cdthehieu chat lucffig la deehisuhoan hao, phu hpp, tot dep. Chatluong DTN la khai niem da chieu, khdng the tn/c ti§'p do dem
' Tmdng Sai hoc Kinh doanh va cAng nghe Ha Npi
(kl2'8/2014) Tap chi Gido due so 340 13
ai/oc va cam nhan duoc. Chat lucmg BTN phan anh trang thai DTN nliat dinh va trang thai do thay doi phu thupc vao cac yeu to tac dpng den no. Se khong the biet dupc chat lucmg DT neu chiing ta khong danh gia thong qua mpt he thong cac chitieu vacac yeu t6'anh hudng. Khai niem chat lupngDTN la dechichat lucmg cac cong nhan kTthuat duac ST Irong he thong giao due nghe nghiep theo muc tieu va chuong trinh ST xac dinh trong cac ITnh vuc nganh nghe khac nhau, bieu tiien mpt each t6'ng hpp nhat p miic dp chap nhan cua thj tafcrng LS va cua xa hpi doi vdi ket qua BT. Chat lupng DTN con phan anh ket qua ST cua cac CO sd DTN, cua ca he thong DTN. Chat lupng DTN bien doi theo thdi gian va theo khong gian dudi tac dpng cua cac yeu to chu quan va khach quan.
3. Cac yeu to anh hudng de'n chat luong DTN Dedo ludng chat lupfng STN chung ta thudng tap tmng vao 2 khdi ddi tucmg: ban than ngudi cong nhan kT thuat va co sd STN (chat lupng co sd ST). Qua trinh DTN cd mpt sddac trung khac vdi giao dye phd' thdng va giao due dai hpc. Qua trinh ST tren co sd tiep thu ket qua giao due phd thdng de DT ve nghe nghiep cho hpc sinh hpe nghe. ViecDT de hinh thanh nang luc nghe nghiep gid vai trd then chdt, chu dao.
Qua trinh ST chu trpng den he thd'ng cac kT nang thdng qua thuc hanh, iuyen tap. D d chinh la nhdng yeu cau, vj tri cdng tac, hoat dpng nghe nghiep cua ngudi cdng nhan kTthuat. Chat luong DTN phu thupc vap cac yeu td: - Chat lucmg dau vao (ban than ngudi hpc nghe): trinh dp van tida,sd trudng nguyen vpng, sde khoe, tinh tr?ng kinh te... cua ngudi hpc nghe;
- Qua trinh ST (hoat dpng DTN cua co sd BTN):
+ Muctieu, ndi dung, chuong trinh BT; + Dpi ngu GV, phuang phap BT va can bd QL (pham chat, nang lilc); + Co sdvat chat, trang ihiet bj day hoc phu hap dap ung ngheST (sdiuong, chatluong, hieu qua hoat ddng);+ Tai chinh (kinh phi djnh m i i c S T , vat tu thuc hanh, chi phi QL, thu lao GV...); + Djch vu OT (ki tuc xa, tu van viec lam, thdng tin thi tmdng lao ddng...);
-Hpc vien tdtnghiep: nang luc vapham chatdatduoc sau khlDTtheo muc tieu DT; Siic khde dap ijtig nglie nghiep; KT nang sdng (giao Bep, hoat dpn^ xa hdi);
• Tham gia thj tn/dng LD (td 6-12 thang ke td khi ra tn/dng); trinh dp chuyen mdn dap dng yeu cau lam viec (nang suat, to' chdc hoat ddng); Mdc dp hpan thanh nhiem vu cdng nhan kTthuat; Tinh sang tao va thich iighi trong cdng viec. Viec danh gia ketqua giao dye can phan anh duac chat lupng nhan each cd phii hop hay khdiig vdi yeu cau de ra. Can phai xem xet chat lucmg dau vao (tuye'n sinh hgc sinh hoc nghe),
141 Top ihi Gido due so 340
chat iupng eda qua trinh DT va chat lucmg dau ra (tot nghiep va tham gia vao cupc sdng). Danh gia chat luong BT khdng ch? nhiem vu cua cae dan vi DTN ma cdn la cua xa hpi. Dac biet la su danh gia tmc tiep cua nhung ngudi sddung san pham DT (cac dcanh nghiep, cac nha san xuat, cac nha tuyen dung nude ngoai...).
4. Vai trd cua BT va QL BTI^ ddi vdi s u phiit trien ngud'n LB
1) Valtrd cua BTN do'i vai suphat trien nguon LB (LB dl lam viec a nuac ngoai • XKLB) D^y nghe trong thdi ki CNH, HSH bao ham npi dung rat phong phii tu"day chd, day ngudf tdi day nghe, d?y dao li nghe nghiep, day phap luat, tac phong cong nghiep. Day nghe phai g i n lien vdi giai quyet viec lam, vdi sudung ngudi LS cd tay n g h ^ vdi phat trie'n nhan li/c bdi dudng va trpng dyng nhein tai. Be dam bao phat trien nguon nhan luc, Nghi quyet Bai hdi IX da chl rd'Tiep tyc dd'imdi chuong trinh, ndi dung, phuang phap giang day va phuang thde DT dpi ngu LD c6 chat luong eao, dac biet la trong cac nganh kinh temui nhpn, cdng nghe cao vdi he thd'ng cac trudng DTN, Phat trie'n nhanh va phan bd hap li hd thd'ng tn/dng day nghe tren dja ban ca nudc. Md rdng cac hinh thdc STN da dang, linh hoat, nang ddng". Tn/dc yeu cau phat trien ngudn nhan li/c thi/e hien su nghiep CNH, HSH, cdng tac DTN can phai duoc day manh ea ve sd luong va chat luong theo 2 hudng DTN dai han va ngan han, trong ddDTN dai hgn gidvaitrdchu d?o.Chinhvivay,GD-DT npi Chung vaDTN ndi rieng ed tam quan trpng gdp phan quyet djnh c h 6 li/png ngudn nhan lyc dap dng su nghiep del mdi va hgi nhap ciJa da't nudc. "De'dap dng yeu cau vecon ngi/di va nguon nhan luc la nhan toquyet djnh suphat triSn dat nudc trong thdi ki C N H , HDH, can tao chuyen bien CO ban,toan dien ve giao ducDT", ddcung chinh ia chu trinh chinh cua quatrinh OT, giao due ndi ehung va khau then chdt cua viec DT LD xua't khau ndi rieng.
2) OL BTN. La mdt trong nhdng van de cu the cua QL DT, QL D T N duoc hie'u la he thdng nhung tac dgng ed muc dich, cd ke hoach va hgp quy luat oua chu the'QL n h i m lam cho he thd'ng DTN phat trie'n, vgn hanh theo dudng Id'i chu truang cua Dang va thue hien duoc nhung yeu cau cua xa hpi, dap dng s i ; nghiep phat trie'n KT-XH. QL DTN bao gdm cac loaihoatddng trong quatrinh OTnhusau;-Xac dinh muc tieu, npi dung, chuang trtnh, ke hogch OTN; - Xay dung cae dieu kidn can thie't kha thi: dpi ngu can bd QL, GV, can bd kTthuat, co sdvat c h A trudng, xudng,ngudn tai chinh,mdi In/dng supham...;
- Xac djnh quy md phat trie'n sd iugng, chat lugng
(kl2-8/2014)
cua tdng nganh nghe D T ; - To' chdc chi dao hoat dpng day va hpc cua G V va hpc vien; - Hoan thien CO che to'chdc Q L ; - P h a t trie'n CO che cpng dong, phoi hpp trong va ngoai; - To chdc danh gia chat lupng va hieu quaOTN.
5. Cac dac trung c o ban cua QL DTN tai cac c a s d D T N cho L 9 di lam viec d nuoc ngoai (XKLD) / ; QL eae muc tieu BTN eho XKLB la Q L viec xay dung va tfl uc hien m ue tieu cua cae doanh nghiep XKLOtrongquatrinhOTN.laQLmpthethd'ng nhung yeu cau lau dai va trudc m^t cua xa hdi dd'i vdi su phattrien nhan each eua ngudi LD dupc DT, dd'i vdi tay nghe va ngoai ngd, nang luc can cd eua ngudi LO sau tdng gial dogn dupe DT. QL viec xay dpng muctieu DT thue chat la tao ra tien de de xay dung ban ke hoach DT theo ehu trinh: - Chuan bj: thu thap thong tin ve nganh ngh^; - LSp ke hoach: ke hoach nhSn lpc, vat luc, tai luc; - Td'chdc thuc hien:
QL tien dp thuc hien mue tieu; - Chi dao; ddn doc, giam sat phd'i hpp vdi cac bd ph^n, doanh nghiep;
- Chuan bj: thu thpp thong tin, chidao, td'chdc thuc hien, lap ke hoach; - Kiem tra: kiem tra tdng phan, kiem tra td'ng the. QL myc tieu DT trong qua trinh DT dupc thue hipn theo chu trinh tuong tu nhu QL xay dung muc tieu DT.
2) OL ngi dung chuang trinh B TN cho ngudi LB dilam viec a nuac ngoii la QL viec xay dung ndi dung DT, ke hoach DT va npi dung chuang trinh giang day, QL qua trinh DT thuc te'eua GV va ngudi LD tham gia XKLO sao cho ke hoach, npi dung, chuong trinh giang dpy dupc thuc hien day duva dam bao ve thdi gian, quan triet dupc cae yeu eau cua do'i tac nude ngoai. Khi xac djnh npi dung DT cho mdt nghe cu the phai lua chpn ndi dung phu hpp vol muc tieu dera, phat huy dupc kha nang, tay nghe, trinh dp ma ngudi LD dang cd can khai thac, phu hpp vdi phuong hudng va chinh sach phat trien KT-XH eua quoc gia, cua dia phuong, phan anh va tiep thu dupe tien bplthoa hpekTthuat.Dethich dng vdinen kinh te thj tn/dng, npi dung chuong trinh OT can dupc xay dung theo hudng DTN cd dien rong, kie'n thdc hien dai, sang tao va linh hoat trong cdng viec san xua't va kinh doanh, djch vu. QL ndi dung, chUPng trinh DT cung ^\ldc thuc hien theo chu trinh: chuan bj thdng tin, phan tich nganh nghe, chu trpng cap nhat bo sung kie'n thdc mdi, quan tript kehoach, npi dung, chuong trinh OT, ehuan bj tai lieu, chuan bj co sd vat chat trang thiet bj, chuan bj d^i ngu GV.
- Lap k§' hoach: ke hogch ve nhan lue, dieu kien, Ijch trinh tien dp quy trinh, ke hogch du gid
(ki2-8/2014)
kiem tra, Ke hoach tai chinh vat tu, phuong tien;
- To chuc thue hien: xem xet npi dung chuong trinh cac mdn hpc, tien dp thue hien, trien khai cac khda DT; - Chi dao: ddn doe giam sat phd'i hpp cac don vj, giua GV vdi phdng ban, bp mdn, phd'i hop nha trudng vdi don vj, ngudi su dung LO; - Kiem tra:
kiem tra tdng phan, tdng bp phan, td'ng the, kiem tra ket qua, chat lupng, hieu qua thuc hien chuong trinh DT phu hpp vdi muc tieu DT va yeu eau eua ngudi sd dung LD nudc ngoai.
3) QL dgi ngu GV BT eho LB di lam viec a /lifoc/iffoa/bao gom cdng tae tuye'n chpn, sddung, dai ngp, DT, boi dudng doi vdi dpi ngu G V. QL dpi ngu G V bao gom ca viec QL thuc hien nhiem vu giang dgy cua dpi ngu GV, cua tung GV qua cac npi dung: - QL ke hoach giang day, viee ddi mdi phuong phap giang day, QL sinh hoat chuyen mdn, theo doi chi dao viec hoan thien cae ho sosd'sach chuyen mdn nghiep vu;
- Theo doi ddn dd'c viec thue hien, danh gia ket qua thue hien cac nhiem vu giang day; - Theo ddi chi dao thuc hien va danh gia ket qua thue hien viec hpe tap, boidudng nang caotrinhdpchuyen mdn va supham cua dpi ngu GV , cua tdng GV. N^m dupc cac uu diem, khuyet die'm, danh gia dupe sutien bp cac mpt ve chinh tri tu tudng, pham chat dao ddc cua tdng GV;-Tudanh gia cua GV dupc xem la npidung quan trpng, tu danh gia se tao eo sd can thiet de danh gia td'ng the've hieu qua hoat dpng cua GV; - Kiem tra, danh gia GV thdng qua ngudi QL, dong nghiep va ngucS hpc dupc xem la can thie't; - Kiem tra, danii gia dupe tien hanh theo dinh ki va dot xuat thdng cac hinh thdc: kiem tra viec len \dp, hpi giang, dugid, sinh hoat supham.
4) QL hoatdgng hgc nghecua ngudiLBthifc chat la QL viec tht/c hien cac nhiem vu hpc tcip, ren luyen eua ngudi LD trong qua trinh OT, vdi npi dung QL chu yeu nhusau: - QL qua trinh hpc tap tren Idp va ngoai gid len Idp; - QL viee thuc hanh cP ban d xudng nghe va thuc hanh tai co sd san xuat; - Theo doi, tim hieu de nam dupenhiJng bieu hien tich cue va tieu cue trong viec thuc hien nhiem vu hpc \^, ren luyen cua ngucfi LO; - Theo ddi thue day, khuyai khich ngudi LO phat huy eae ye'u to tich cue, kh^e phuc nhdng ye'u to'tieu cue dephan da'u vuon len dat ket qua trong qua trinh OT, hpe tap va ren luyen. Cdng cu de ngudi QL kiem tra, danh gia theo dinh ki va dot xuat thdng qua: kiem tra dau vao (tuyen dau vao);
kiem tra viec len Idp, kiem tra thuc hanh va kiem tra dau ra (thi tot viec thue hanh tren may, thiet bj, hoan thanh san pham dap dng dupc yeu eau cua do'i tac
Tap chi Giao dye so 340 I is
nudc ngoai ve tay nghe, ngoai ngd phuc vu cho viee thuc hien tot cac yeu cau tuyen dung khi tham gia XKLO).
5) QL cong tie tuyen sinh cho BTN.Ch at Iupng tuyen sinh cd anh hudng rat Idn den kha nang nhSn thdc, tiep thu cac kien thdc li luan va kT nang nghe nghiep ma nhatn/dng trang bj. Ngucri LD vditueach vda lamptchuthetrong quatrinh OTvda la doi tupng cua qua trinh DT se ed tac dpng tdi chat lupng cua qua trinh OT ma ehu the va doi tupng dd cung tham gia trong mpt qua trinh. Trong thuc te, qua trinh OT cdn laquatrinhtrongddhpcvien, ngudi LD tuhpc hdl lln nhau thdng qua cae phuong phap lam viec theo nhdm, thao luan, trao dd'i... nen chat lupng va tinh dong nhat ve trinh dp eua hpc vien, ngudi LD cung ludn dupc quan tam. Do vay, cdng tae QL tuye'n sinh can luu y eht ro cac tieu chi tuyen dung dap dng dupe nhu eau cua nha tuye'n dung va tieu ehi danh gia nang luccanhan deed the hoan thanh dupe chuong trinh DT.
6. Mpt so glai phap ddng gop nham hoan thien cong tac QL vaDT ngudi LO Viet Nam di lam viec d nudc ngoai trong boi canh hpi nhap kinh te qud'c te
-Tang cuc^g thcfi gian thue hanh thuc te cho ngudi LO tai CO sdday nghecua doanh nghiep XKLD. Can s^p xep cho ngudi LD cd nhdng buoi giao luu ndi chuyen vdi ngudi nudc ngoai dang iam viec, LO, QL nhim giup LD Viet Nam quen dan vdi each ndi ehuyen va phat am cua ngudi ban dia, Cac tnidng nghe can cho LO tie'p xuc tn/c tie'p vdi cac loai may mdc, thie't bj thpc hanh lien quan de'n cdng viec khi sang lam viee tai nude ngoai se sddyng tmc tiep dengucnLD cddieu kipn lam quen vdi cdng viec ngay Id khi dang hpc tap va dupc DT trong nudc.
-Caetn/dngOTN nen chudpng lien ket vdi doanh nghiep XKLD hon nda de biet dupe nhu eau, tddd de ra cac chinh saeh va chuong trinh DT dung hudng phu hpp vd^ yeu cau cua cac doanh nghiep XKLD.
Dieu nay se cd Ipi cho ca ba ben la: ngudi LO, tnidng nghevadoanh nghiep XKLD.
- Oau tu them cac trang thiet bj mdi de ngudi LD thuc hanh, boi dudng va nang cao chat lupng cua dpi ngu giang vien hien nay.
- Lay y kie'n phan hoi t d ngudi sd dung LO va nhdng LD da va dang lam viec d ngoai nudc de cd the dieu chinh ndi dung cua cdng tac QL cho phu hpp vdi thucte.
Tien trinh hdi nhap kinh te qude te cung dat ra nhdng thach thdc cho viec QL DT va QL chat lupng DTN trong cac co sdDTN dua ngudi LO dl lam viec d nudc ngoai. Van de rat quan trpng dd'i vdi Vi^t Nam hien nay la lam the nao de QL DT va QL chSt lupng DTN ed hieu qua trong eae co sdDTN cho ngudi LO di lam viec dnude ngoai, de thuc hien tdt eae muctieu DT can cd su ket hpp ddng bp rat nhieu gial phap tii phia Chinh phu cung nhu td phia cac doanh ngiiiep XKLD. Ngoai ra, s u no lUc cua ban than ngudi LD eung la yeu to dac biet quan trpng gdp phan tao nen thanh cong trong Q L D T v a Q L chat lupng DTN trong cac CP sd OTN cho ngudi LO tn/de khi tham gia till trudng LD qud'c t e . a
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bp Lao dpng - Thircrng binh v i X5 hpi. Bdo cdo ciia C(ic qu&n U iao ddng ngoai nudc, thang 2/2013.
2. Bdch khoa to&n thu md Wikipedia. Kinh ti Viit /Vam, thang 3/2013.
3. Website: www.olab.gQV.vn. www.vamas.coni.vii, www.lhu.edu.vn.
SUMMARY
The following writing analysed some main factors concerned with training management and quality management of vocational training in vocational schools for Vietnamese workers before working oversea. Based on those above - mentioned, to put forward some solutions to perfect the management of training Vietnamese labourers to work oversea with the background of intemational integration.
