TAP CHl KHOA H p C TRl'CUNG BAI HQC H 6 N G Dl C • S 6 48.2020
QUAN DIEM CUA DAI HQI DANG TOAN QUOC LAN THlT XII
VE C 6 N G TAG B A D V E M O I T R I T O N G 6 NU'OC TA HIEN NAVNguyln Thi Hong
TOM TAT
Bag vp moi trudng trgng phdt trien kinh te. hudng den su phdt triin ben vimg la myc lieu quan trgng hdng ddu md Ddng ta de ra. Nhdn thuc rd bdo ve mdi trudng la yeu cdu cdp thiet trong thdi ky mdi, bdi viet tap trung nghien ciru quan diem ciia Dgi hdi Ddng lodn quoc ldn thd XII ve cdng tde bdo ve mdi trudng vd cdc quan diem chi dgo cua dgi hgi XII nhdm ndng cao hi^u qud cong tac bdo ve mdi trudng a Viet Nam hi?n nay. Qua do thdy duac nhirng quan diem chi dgo cda Dgi hgi XII ve cdng tac bda ve mdi trudng co y nghia ly lugn, thuc lien to ldn trong su nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda ddt nude.
Tir kh6a: Q nhiem mdi trudng. bdo ve mdi trudng, Dai hdi XII. quan diem, nghi quyet.
I . D A T V A N D E
Trong vai thgp nian trd lgi day, tren pham vi todn cdu, linh trgng d nhiem ngdy cdng ud nen n ^ e m trgng. Nhieu sy cd mdi tiudng vd nhirng bien ddi bdt lpi cua he sinh thdi do tde dpng tir vipc d nhiem mdi trudng dang de dpa tryc liep den sy phdt trien con ngudi. Vipt Nam cung la mgt trong nhung qudc gia dang phai ddi mat vdi nhiau vdn de mdi trudng nhu: cgn kipt tdi nguyan, mdt cdn bang sinh thdi, bian doi khi hau, nude bien dang, d nhiem mdi Irudng song. Dieu dd gay anh hudng khong nhd ldi tang trudng kinh ta vd siic khde cua nhan dan.
Nhgn thiic dupe y nghia va tdm quan trpng cua cdng tde bdo ve moi trudng doi vdi sy phdt trien ben viing ddt nude, Ddng vd Nha nudc ta da kip thdi ban hdnh nhiau chii tmong, chinh sach nham bdo ve moi trudng. Trong van kien Dai hdi Dang loan quoc lan thii XII, Ddng la da xdc ditih muc tiau bdo ve mdi irudng Id myc tieu hat sire quan trgng, dgt ngang bang vdi nhung myc lieu ve kinh te, van hda, gido dye, qudc phdng - an ninh.
Tren co sd phdn tich thyc ti-gng d nhilm moi trudng, bdi viat tap trung di sdu vdo cac quan diam chi dgo ciia Ddng nham ndng cao hieu qua cong lac bdo ve mdi trudng theo tinh than nghj quyet Dai hgi Ddng todn qude Ian Ihii XII de thay ro han sy quan tam sdt sao ciia Ddng doi vdi cdng Idc bao ve mdi trudng d nudc ta hien nay.
2. NQI DUNG
2.1. Khai nipm moi trirdng, d nhiem moi trudng va hoat dong bao ve moi trirdng Vdi tinh chdt Id mpt thuat ngir phap ly, mdi uudng Auqc dinh nghTa frong Lugt bao vp mdi trudng sd 55/2014/QH13 (thdng qua 23/06/2014): "Moi trudng la be thdng cac ylu td vdt chdl ty nhien vd nhan tao cd Idc ddng ddi vdi sy tdn lai vd phdt trien cua con ngudi vd sinh vgt" [5]. Thanh phdn mdi trudng Id yeu td vat chdl lao thdnh moi trudng gdm: "dat, nudc.
Khoa Ly lugn Chinh tri - Lugt. Trudng Dgi hoc Hong Due
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRI QtNG DAl HQC H Q N G Dl < J - O j g i ! ! ^ "
khdni: khi. dm thanh. anh sang, sinh vdi \-a cac hinh thdi chdl khdc" [5], Djnh nghia tren dua ra mdi quan hp mat thiet giua \eu td ty nhien vd \eu Id vgl chat nhan tgo. Trung mdi qu^n he do thi con ngirdi Id uung tdm. bdi vi mgi boat ddng ciia con ngudi diu dien ra trong mdi trudng.
O nhiem mdi trudng la sy bien ddi ciia cdc thanh phdn mdi trudng khong phii hgp ^ '^
quy chudn ky ihugi mdi trudng \ a tieu chudn moi Irudng gay dnh hudng xau den con ngudi \ a sinh \di [5]. Cu the hon, d nhiem mdi irudng duge hiau la viec chuyen cdc chat diai hoac ndiig lupng vdo mdi Uudng den miic cd kha nang aa\- hgi den sire khoe con ngudi. den sy phat tnen sinh \ at hoac lam su\ gidm chat lugng mdi trudng. Cac tde nhdn d nhilm bao gom cac chat thai d dang khi (khi thai). long (nudc riidi). ran (chat thai ran) chiia hod chat hoge lac nhdn vdt ly. sinh hgc vd cdc dang nang luong nhu nhiet do. biic xa. Nhu vay, mdi Irudng ehi duge eoi la bj d nhiem nlu trong dd ham lugng. ndng do hoac cudng dp cdc tac nhdn uen dat dan miic co khd ndng tac dpng xdu den con ngudi. sinh \ at \ a vat lieu.
6 nhiem mdi trudng bao gdm 3 logi ca ban Id: 6 nhiam ddt, d nhiem khdng khi vd 6 nhiem nudc. Trong ba loai d nhiem dd thi 6 nhiam khong khi lai cdc dd thj Idn, khu cdng nghipp
\ a Idng nghi Id nghiem ygng nhdt, mire dg 6 nhiem vupt nhiau ldn tieu chudn cho phep.
6 nhiem ddt la sy dua vdo moi irudng cac chat Ihdi nguy hgi hoac nang lugng cd dnh hudng uau cyc den ddi song sinh vdt, sire khde con ngudi hoac ldm suy thoai chat lugng mdi trudng. Biau hipn ro net nhdt ciia d nhiem khi ndng dp cdc chat dgc tang lan qud miic an lodn. vugi len kha ndng ty ldm sach cua mdi irudng ddt. 6 nhiam ddt Id hgu qua cac hogt dgng ciia con ngudi lam thay ddi cac nhan to sinh thai vugl qua nhung gidi hgn sinh Ihdi cua cdc qudn xa sdng trong ddt. Riang d Vipt Nam, thyc ta suy thodi tdi nguyen dat Id rdt ddng lo ngai vd nghiem trgng.
O nhiem khdng khi la sy cd mat mdt chdt Ig hoac mgt sy bien ddi quan trgng trong thanh phdn khdng khi, ldm cho khong khi khong sach hoac gay miii khd chiu, gidm Ihi lyc khi nhin xa do byi.
6 nhiem nudc Id liien tupng eac \Ting nudc nhu song, hd, biln, nudc ngam... hi cdc hogt dgng ciia con ngudi ldm nhiem cdc chdl dgc hai nhu chdt cd trong thude bdo vp riiyc vgl. chat thdi cdng nghipp chua duac xu ly,... tdt ca ed Ihl gdy hai cho con ngudi va cugc sdng cdc sinh vdt yong ty nhian. 6 nhiem nude cdn Id sy bien ddi theo chilu tieu cue ciia cac rinh chdt \at ly - hda hgc - sinh hpc ciia nude, vdi sy xudt hipn cdc chdt la d thi Idng, ran lam cho nguon nudc ud nen ddc hai vdi con ngudi va sinh vat. Lam giam dp da dang cac smh \ at trong nude. Xet vl idc do lan truyin vd quy mo anh hudng thi 6 nhiem nudc Id vdn de dang Io nggi hem 6 nhiam ddt.
Hogt dgng bdo ve mdi trudng Id boat dgng giu gin, phdng ngira, hgn chi cdc lac dgng xdu den moi Uudng; iing phd sy cd mdi trudng; khdc phuc 6 nhiem, suy thoai cdi riiien. phyc hdi moi trudng: khai thac, su dung hpp ly ldi nguyen thien nhien nhdm giii mdi Irudng trong ldnh [5], Muc lieu chinh ciia bao vp mdi trudng Id ngan chan sy xudne cd ciia mdi tmdng ty nhien. dieu quan ugng ddi vdi tdt cd cdc sinh \ at sdng. ddc biet la s t * tai cua con ngudi. Hon niia. con ngudi \d mdi tmdng cd mdi quan h? hiru co vdi nha
\ a \ con ngudi mudn tdn tai vd bdo dam an todn, chat lupng cupc sdng thi mot viec I"
khong the thieu chinh Id bdo \ e mdi uudng. Co the khdng djnh, bao vp mdi trudng chinh 1"
bao vp cupc sdng ciia con ngudi.
TAP CHI KHOA HQC TRt'CTsG DAI HQC HONG Dl C - S 6 48.2020
2.2. T h y t trang o nhiem moi trirdng a Met Nam hipn nay
6 nhiem moi trudng vd bian ddi khi hgu da ud thdnh vdn de mang tinh todn cau, do nhieu nguyan nhan nan thyc ta hipn nay bdo vp mdi trudng d nudc la ehua ddp iing yeu cdu ciia qud trinh phdt trian kinh ta - xd hdi. Mac dii, cae hogt dgng Uong ITnh vyc ndy budc ddu da thu duge mpt sd kai qud quan trpng nhung mdi trudng vdn timg ngdy, limg gid bi chinh ede hogt dgng sdn xudt vd sinh hogt eiia chung ta ldm d nhilm, sy phat triin ban viing van diing trudc nhung thdch thirc ldn lao.
Trong bdo cao "Tdng quan chian luge qudc gia ve lang tnrdng xanh" ciia PGS.TS.
Nguyen Thi Chinh (Vipn tradng Vien Chien luge, Chinh sdch tdi nguyan vd mdi tmdng, Bg Tdi nguyen vd Mdi Irudng) da ehi ro ve thyc trgng mdi irudng Vipt Nam dang bj d nhiam d muc bdo dpng: "Ngudn nudc mgt d mgt sd nai bi d nhiem, nhat la Uong cdc khu do thi, xung quanh cdc khu cdng nghipp, Idng nghe. Tai cdc luu vyc sdng, d nhiam vd suy thoai chdt lugng nudc lgp tmng d viing tmng Iim va ha luu, nhieu noi d nhiam nghiam trpng nhu d luu vyc sdng Nhue - Ddy, sdng Cau, hp thdng sdng Ddng Nai. Trong dd, pho bian Id d nhilm huu CO lgi cac luu vyc sdng nhu sdng Ngu Huypn Khe (Bde Ninh), sdng Nhup doan chdy qua Hd Ndi, song Sai Gdn doan chdy qua Binh Ducmg, Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh...; d nhiem chdt dinh dudng, kim logi nang Uong nudc dudi ddt tgi viing Dong bdng Bde bg nhu: khu vyc Ha Ddng, Hodi Diie (Hd Ngi), Y Yan, Tryc Ninh (Nam Dinh), thdnh phd Thdi Binh...
Ddi vdi mdi trudng khdng khi, tai cac diam, niit giao thdng, cdc cong trinh khu vyc xdy dyng, 6 nhilm khdng khi ed dau hipu gia lang, nhdt Id trong cdc dd thi ldn. Tai Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh, nong dg chat d nhiem trong khdng khi khu \yc ven dudng giao Ihdng, ri-ong dd chii ylu Id CO lang 1,44 Idn vd byi PMIO tdng 1,07 Idn. Con tai Hd Ngi, neu khdng cd gidi phdp ndo thi ndng dp phdt thdi bui mdi ndm cd the dgt 200mg/m^ vdo ndm 2020. gap 10 Ian miic khuyin cdo eua Td chiic Y ta tha gidi.
Hinh 1. 6 nhiem nghiem trpng d vu Hinh 2. 6 nhiem moi trudng tai nha may Formosa Viing .ing Nhiet dien Vinh Tan 2 Ciing vdi d nhiem nudc. d nhilm khdng khi thi d nhiem dat dai dang trd nan dang bdo dgng. Nhat la trong nhirng nam gan day, do nan kinh ta nude la phdt trien di lan cong nghipp hod. hipn dgi boa, nhiau dd thi vd thdnh phd duge hinh thdnh thi tinh hinh d nhiam ngay cdng nghiem ti-gng. Nudc thai tir cdc nhd may va khu dan cu dd thi ldm d nhiem ngudn nude, nudc bi 6 nhilm thi ddt ciing bj d nhiem nang ne - mdi irudng dat ngdy cang
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRlTflUNG D^l HQC HONG Dl C s O ^ g j S ^ "
d nhiem. Tgi cac vung ven cdc dd thi Idn nhu Ha Npi. Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh hodc cat.
vung lap uung cdc boat ddng sdn xudt cdng nghipp, khai khodng nhu Thdi Ni:ii>en. Dong Nai, d nhiem ddt do chat thdi tii cdc hogt ddng cdng nghipp, xay dyng, sinh hogt the hipn ro nhdt, hdm luong kim logi nang uong ddt cd xu hudng gia tang" [2].
Hinh 3. 6 nhiem moi tru6'ng dat
Mdc dii cac cdp, cdc nganh dd cd nhieu cd gang trong vipc thuc hipn chinh sdch, phdp lugl vl bdo vp mdi tmdng. nhung tinh trang 6 nhiam mdi trudng dang trd nan nghiem trgng d Vipt Nam. gay dnh hudng xdu ddi vdi sue khoe va ddi song ciia ngudi dan.
"Theo Eg Tdi nguyen Mdi trudng. mdi tnrdng nudc ta dang chiu nhiau dp lyc Idn rii phdt trien kinh le - \a hgi trong nude, iheo ddng thuong mai qudc ta vd tac dpng xuyen bien gidi.
Hdng nam. eo ban 2.000 dy dn thupc doi tugng phai lap bao cdo danh gid Idc dgng moi trudng.
Ddng chii y. Uen cd nudc hien cd 283 khu eong nghiep vdi ban 550.000m nude thai ngay dem; 615 eyni cong nghipp nhung trong do chi khodng hon 5% cd hp thdng xir ly nude thdi tap tmng: hon 500.000 eo sd san xuat trong dd cd nhieu loai hinh sdn xuat 6 nhilm mdi irudng. cong nghp sdn xuat lac hdu; tran 5.000 doanh nghiep khai thde khodng sdn. vat Hpu xdy dyng; hon 4.500 Idng nghe; hon 13.500 co sd y le hdng ngdy phai sinh hon 47 tdn chdt thdi nguy hai vd 125.000m' nudc thai y ta.
Cd nudc hipn eo 787 dd thi vdi 3.000.000m' nude thdi ngay/dem nhung hdu hit ehua duge xir ly vd dang luu hdnh gdn 43 iripu mold vd tren 2 trieu old.
Hdng nam, uen ca nudc su dyng hon 100.000 tan hod chat bdo ve thyc vat; phdt sinh hon 23 trieu tdn rac ihdi sinh hogt, ban 7 tripu tdn chat thdi ran cdng nghiep, hon 630.000 tan chdt thdi nguy hai. Hipn eo 45S bdi chdn lap rac riidi, uong do ed 337 bai ebon Idp khong hpp vp sinh; co ban 10016 ddt rac sinh hogt cdng sudt nho, co nguy eo phat sinh khi dioxin, fijran" [4]
Tinh trgng chuyen ddi ddt rimg. khai thde khodng sdn, xdy dyng thiiy dipn khai thde tai ngu>en da dang sinh hpc dd dan den thu hpp dipn tich cac he sinh thai ly nhian chia cdt eac sinh cdnh, suy giam da dang sinh hgc. Them vdo dd, biln ddi khi hdu gay ra linh trgng thdi net cyc doan, ddy id nhiing vdn de gdy dnh hudng khdng nhd din sy phdt triin kinh te - \d hgi \ a site khde con ngudi.
Theo sd lipu tiidng kc ciia Td chiie Y tl Thi gidi (WHO), ban 60.000 ngudi tu vong nam 2016 do bpnh rim, dgt quy. ung thu phoi, benh phoi lac nghen mdn tinh v a viem phdi d Vi^t (vja™
diu cd lien quan tdi 6 nhiem khdng khi. Uong do e6 nhiau djch bpnh dien bien phirc tap [7]
T ^ CHI KHOA HQC TRU^CTNG D.»l HQC H 6 N G PL C - SO 48.2020
Nhiing con so tran cho thdy cong tac bao vp mdi tmdng hipn nay \ an ehua lim duge bipn phap xii ly hipu qud vd kip thdi, Dai hgi XII eua Ddng cdng da chi rd nhiing mgt hgn che, ylu kem ti-ong cdng tac bdo vp mdi trudng: "Qudn ly nhd nudc ve ldi nguyen, bdo vp mdi trudng, ung phd vdi bian ddi khi hdu nhieu mat cdn hgn chi; phdp luat. chinh sdch riiilu ddng bg; thanh tra, kiem tra, gidm sdt, xir ly vi phgm chua nghiam... Tinh ti-gng d nhiem mdi tnrdng ehgm duge cdi thipn; d nhiam mdi trudng d nhieu nai cdn nghiem trpng, nhdt Id tgi mgt sd Idng nghe, lim vyc sdng; xir ly vi pham mdi trudng chua nghiem. Y thirc bdo vp moi trudng cua mgt bg phdn ngudi ddn vd doanh nghipp chua cao. Nhiau hp sinh thdi ly nhian, nhat Id hp sinh thdi rimg, ddt ngap nudc, thdm thyc vat bien gidm cd v l dipn tich vd chdl lugng. Cdng tac bdo ve rimg cdn bdt cap, tinh trgng chat pha vd chdy rimg cdn xdy ra. Nhiiu lodi sinh vdt, ngudn gen quy dimg trudc nguy eo mypl chiing cao. Vipc khdc phyc hgu qud d nhiem moi trudng do chian tranh da Iai cdn nhieu khd khan... Tinh trgng nggp ling d mgi sd thdnh phd Idn cham duge khdc phuc. Sal Id ven bien, ven sdng vd xdm nhgp m ^ dien bien ngdy cdng phiic tgp. Sir dung nang lugng lai tgo (dipn sinh khdi, dipn gi6, dipn mgt trdi,...) con it" [3; tr.258, 259].
Thyc trgng mdi trudng vd nhiing ban cha, yau kem trong cdng tde bao ve moi trudng xuat phdt lir nhieu nguyen nhdn, cd cd nguyen nhan khdch quan vd chii quan. Ve khdch quan: Do Vipt Nam dang trong giai dogn phdt tnen nhanh, mgnh, Idc dp cdng nghipp hda, dd Ihj hda, ddu lu phdt triin rat cao keo theo nhieu ap lyc den mdi trudng. Ddng thdi, biln doi khi hgu dien biln nhanh hon so vdi dy bao lam phiic tap them cdc van de mdi Irudng;
Han nira, lac dgng cua khimg hodng kinh t l the gidi keo ddi da idc dgng dan nen kinh ta ciia Vipt Nam. Tde dg lang trudng kinh le ciia nudc la bi chiing lgi uong giai dogn 2011 den nay dan dan ddu lu tir doanh nghipp vd xa hdi cho cdng lac bdo vp mdi irudng bi giam Slit, khdng ddp iing duge yeu cau.
Song chii yau tir nhiing nguyen nhdn chii quan, dd la: Nhan thiic, y thuc trdch nhipm ve bao vp mdi tnrdng ciia chii ddu tu, mdt sd ngdnh, cdp chinh quyen, id chiic kinh la, cgng dong dan cu cdn hgn ehl; tinh trgng chii trgng lgi ich kinh te trudc mdt, coi nh? cdng lac bdo vp moi trudng con khd pho bien, nhat la trong qud trinh tham dinh, xel duypl, thyc hipn cdc dy dn ddu tu. Ban egnh dd, chat lugng, hipu lyc, hipu qud cdc cdng cy, bien phdp qudn ly nhd nudc ve mdi trudng cdn bat cap, chua dap img yeu cau; hipu lyc, hipu qud ciia cong tac qudn ly nhd nudc chua cao, dae bipt trong phdng ngira, kiem soat cdc ngudn gdy d nhiem moi trudng. Ddu tu cho bdo vp mdi trudng cdn rat han che, chi ddp iing mgt phdn nhu cau; edn thieu cac ca che huy dgng ngudn lyc trong xa hgi ddu tu cho bdo ve mdi trudng; ngudn thu tir moi trudng chua duoc sir dung ddu tu trd lai cho bdo ve mdi trudng.Hon niia,vai tro eiia cdc td chiic chinh tri, chinh tri - xd hgi, id chiic xa hdi nghe nghipp vd cac lang Idp nhdn ddn chua duge phdt huy mdt each hieu qua, chua tich cyc tham gia bao vp mdi trudng vd gidm sat chat che cdng tde qudn ly, viec chdp hanh phdp lugl ve bdo vp mdi trudng cua cdc ca quan, td chirc vd doanh nghiep. Quan diam bdo vp mdi trudng Id trach nhipm ciia todn xa hdi van chua duge thuc thi mpt each day dii do Uiieu nhiing quy dinh xdc dinh rd vai trd, quyin han, trach nhiem, phdn dinh nhipm vu giira Nhd nudc vdi cdc Id chiic chinh ti^i - xa hpi, cac tdng Idp nhan ddn. cgng ddng dan cu.
TAP CHi K H O \ HQC TRlTeTNG DAI HQC H<^NG Dt t ^J-Oj'_h:ii!^"
2 3 . Quan diem chi dao ctia dai hpi \ H nhdm nang cao hipu qua cdng I^c bdo v^
moi trutmg d \'ipt Nam hipn nay
.\'hdn thuc cua Ddng la ve vi tri, tdm quan trgng cua cdng tde bdo ve mdi trudng Trong tien trinh cdng nghipp hod, hipn dai hod ddt nudc. Dang vd Nhd nudc la luon coi upng cdng tde bao ve mdi trudng. Trong cdc vdn bdn lanh dao, chi dgo ciia Ddng ve bdo \ c mdi trudng ludn khang dinh quan diem nhdt quan, xuyen sudt dd Id: "bdo \ e mdi trudng Id mgt trong nhimg van de sdng edn cua nhdn logi; Id nhan td bdo ddm sue khde va chdt lugng cugc sdng cua nhdn dan; gdp phdn quan trgng vao \iec phdi trian kinh ta - xa hgi, on dinh chinh In, an ninh qudc gia vd thiic ddy hgi nhgp kinh te qudc le ciia nudc ta"
vd "Ddu tu cho bao \ e mdi irudng Id ddu tu cho phdt trien ban viing" [ I ].
Ke thira tu mdng chi dgo xuyan sudt ciia Ddng ve cdng lac bdo vp mdi trudng, Dgi hgi XII eiia Dang da nhdn mgnh vdn de bdo vp mdi trudng la can thiet vd cap bach, ddi hdi can xdy dyng co che, chinh sdch phii hgp da cai thipn linh trgng ndy; cd che ldi xir phgl mgnh de rdn de cac hanh vi gdy d nhiam mdi trudng. Day la van da ddi hdi sy chung tay ciia todn Ddng. todn ddn, lodn qudn; ddng thdi Dang cung xdc dinh myc liau bdo vp mdi Irudng la myc tieu het siic quan Ugng, dat ngang bdng vdi nhung muc tieu ve kinh te, van hda, gido dye, qudc phong - an ninh. Dgi hgi XII cua Dang da ra phuong budng, nhipm vy vd gidi phdp cy tha da phdt trian kinh le - xa hdi trong 5 nam ldi. Myc tieu tdng quat cho phdt uien kinh la vd bdo vp moi trutmg trong thdi gian tdi Id "Chii dpng iing phd vdi biln ddi khi hgu, quan ly hipu qud tai nguyan vd bdo vp moi trudng" [3; tr.271 ].
Nhd nhdn thirc ro tdm quan trpng ciia viec bdo vp mdi trudng trong sy nghipp xdy dyng vd phdt trian ddt nudc nen cdng tde bao vp moi trudng trong qua trinh cdng nghipp hoa, hien dgi hda dd dgt duge nhiing kat qud quan trgng. Dilu dd da duge ddnh gid Ihong qua Nghi quylt Dgi hgi XII ciia Ddng nhu sau: "Hp thdng phdp lugt, co chi, chinh sach v l quan ly tdi nguyan, bdo \ e mdi irudng \ a img pho vdi biln ddi khi hdu rilp lyc duge hoan riiipn. Cdng tac kiem tra, thanh Ira viec thyc thi va xu ly vi pham 6uac chii trgng. Vipc qudn ly. sir dyng dat dai. ngudn nude, khodng san chat che vd hieu qud hon. Cdng lac dilu tra CO bdn. ddnh gid rilm nang, trii lugng, dinh gia tdi nguyen cd budc tien bd; khai thac, su dyng phii hgp bon theo ca che thi mrdng vd duge giam sdt chdt che hon. Quan tdm khai thde \ a sir dyng hipu qud cdc ngudn ndng lugng tdi tgo va vdt lipu thay thi, than thipn vdi mdi trudng. Cdc bien phdp bdo \e rodi trudng, phong ngira vd xir ly co sd gay d nhiem nghiam trgng duge lich cue thyc hipn. Ty Ip thu gom, xir ly chdl Ihdi nguy hai dgi khoang 75" o; chat riidi rdn y le dat 80^0; ty Ip co so gay d nhiem moi Irudng nghiam trgng duge xii ly dgt 90% vdo nam 2015. Quan ldm bao tdn thien nhien, da dang sinh bgc. hao ve vd nhdt trien rimg: ly le che phu rimg tang, dat khoang 40,7% vdo ndm 2015. Ty 1,^ ddn sd thanh riii su dung nudc sach dat SZ^o, ty le ddn sd nong thdn sii dyng nudc hgp ve sinh dat 86°/
vao ndm 2015. Phdng, chong \ a gidm nhe thien tai duge ehii trgng, dai nhiiu kit a '
\ a n g lyc cdnh bdo, dy bdo thien tai duge idng eudng, chat lugng cd budc duoc ndniz I*
Nhicu dy dn img phd vdi bian ddi khi hdu kat hgp phdng, chong thien lai duge iricn kh "
tranh riiu duge sy hgp tac. hd trg ciia nhieu ddi tac" [3; ir.240 - 242]. Ddy la nhirng kit thill thyc. ddng khich le uong cdng tde bdo vp moi irudng. nhdt Id trong bdi cdnh 6 nh mdi trudng dang dae bipt nghiem uong hipn nay
T^P CHi KHOA HQC TRLONG B.\i HQC H 6 N G Dl C - .SO 48.2020
Mgt so quan diem chi dgg cua dgi hdi XII nhdm ndng cao hieu qud cdng tac bdo ve rru'ii Irudng a I 'let Nam hien nay
Trude riiyc tiBng mdi hirdng bi d nhiam nghiam ygng, thien lai, biln ddi khi hdu ngay cdng phiic lap ldm anh hudng nghiem Ugng den sy phat trien kinh t l - xd hpi ciing nhu siic khde vd ddi sdng nhdn ddn, de bdo ve mdi trudng hieu qua, Dai hgi XII xdc dinh ro:
Mgt la, ddy manh cong nghipp hda, hipn dai hda dat nudc phdi gan vdi bdo vp ldi nguyen. mdi irudng. ^e phdt Irian ban viing, cdn lap trung phdt uien mgnh cdc ngdnh nghi tgo ra sdn phdm kinh te cd gid tri gia lang cao, mat khdc, can bdo ve nghiem ngdi tdi nguyan. mdi trudng; ndng cao y thirc bdo ve mdi irudng, gdn nhiem \ u bdo vp moi trudng vdi phdt trian kinh la - xa hgi. Trong dd, Ddng ta chi ro: "Phat trien hdi hda giiia chicu rgng vd chieu sau, chii trpng phat trien chieu sau; phat trian kinh t l tri thuc, kinh ll xanh.
Phdt trian kinh te phdi gan kel chat che vdi phdt trien van hoa, xa hgi, bdo ve moi trucmg, chii dgng iing phd vdi bian doi khi hdu" [3; U.270].
Hai Id, phdi ludn coi bdo vp mdi irudng ty nhian \ ua Id ngi dung, vua Id muc tieu phdt trian ben viing. Tang cudng cdng tde quan ly tai nguyen, bdo ve mdi trudng. Ddng ta da xdc dinh: "Tang cudng qudn ly nhd nudc, hodn thipn hp thong phdp luat, eo cha, chinh sach vd thyc hipn ddng bg cac giai phap chii dgng iing phd vdi bien ddi khi hdu, phdng, chdng thian lai. quan ly ldi nguyen vd bdo vp mdi trudng. Chii trgng cdng lac thanh ira, kiem ira va xu ly nghiem cac vi phgm; ddng thdi lang cudng thong lin tmyen thdng nhdm ndng eao nhdn thirc, y Ihiic, trdch nhipm eua ngudi ddn" [3; tr.304]. Trong nhirng ndm qua, ldi nguyan thian nhian dang hi khai thac qua miic va sir dyng ehua hgp ly gdy lang phi ldn, Ddng la ehi rd phai
"Khai thde, su dyng khodng sdn gan vdi bao \ e mdi irudng, han cha toi da xudt khdu nguyen lipu thd... Khai thde vd sir dyng ban viing ngudn nude..." [3; U.305], khong vi lgi ich tmde mat ma hiiy hoai mdi trudng, lang phi lai nguyan.
Ba Id, tich eye, ehii dgng trong cdng tde nghien ciiu, dy baova ihyc hipn cac gidi phdp img pho vdi bien ddi khi hau va tham hoa thien nhian, lap trung "Ndng cao nang lyc dy bdo, canh bao thian tai, giam sal bian doi khi hdu, De cao trach nhiem cua ede ngdnh, cac cap, cdc lyc lugng vu trang; phdt huy vai trd ciia cdng ddng, eua doanh nghipp vd lang eudng hgp tde qude ta, thyc hien cd hieu qud cong tde phdng, chdng thian tai, img phd vdi bien ddi khi hau va lim kiem ciiu nan, ciiu hd. Ndng cao khd ndng chdng chiu; huy dgng nguon luc dau tu cac cdng trinh, dy an ung phd vdi bian ddi khi hgu, phong. ehdng thien tai; phdng, chong ngap iing do thi. Kip thdi di ddi dong bdo ra khoi khu vyc bi sat Id" [3; tr.305]. Cong tac nghien cim va dy bao cd y nghia ddc bipt quan trgng ddi vdi hogt dpng bao ve mdi trudng, phong chong thien lai.
Bdn Id, bdo vp mdi trudng Id vdn de can thiet vd cap bach, doi hdi sy chung tay ciia loan Ddng. loan dan, loan quan. Khi mdi trudng duge bdo vp se dem lgi lgi ich cho loan xa hpi. Do dd, mdi td chirc, cd nhan, hd gia dinh cdn phai riiam gia vao cae hogt dgng bao ve moi trudng. Cdng tde bao ve mdi trudng chi c6 the thanh cdng va hieu qud khi co sy tham gia tich eye ciia ca hp thdng chinh tri, eua lodn xa hgi. Day Id vdn de Ddng ta luon coi ugng: "Cai thipn chdl lugng mdi trudng va diau kipn sdng ciia ngudi ddn. Thyc hien xa hgi hda cong idc bao ve va xir ly moi Uudng" [3; U.306]; "Kilm sodt chat che cdc ngudn gay d nhiem. Khdc
T.\P CHi KHOA HQC TRUING D»l HQC H6NG PI t -JvOigiH"
phyc cd hieu qud d nhiem mdi trudng do chien tranh de Igi. Quy hogeh va \a> dyng cac eong trinh \ u ly rac riidi tap trung theo vimg. cym \a. Hgn ehl, tiln ldi ngan chdn cdn ban rinh mjng 6 nhilm mdi trudng tgi cac Idng nghe, luu vyc song, khu vd cym cdng nghipp. khu do th| vd khu dan cu tap irung d ndng thdn. Tgp trung xu ly tript de cdc ca sd gdy d nhiem nghiem trgng. Kiem sodt chdl tugng khdng khi o khu \ uc dd Ihi cd mgt dg dan cu cao. Thyc hipn quy chudn, tieu ehuan phdt thdi vd cdng nghp theo Ip trinh phii h ^ . Tang cudng bdo vp \ a phdt trien rimg bin viing. nhdt la rimg phdng hg ven bien, timg dau ngudn, rimg d§c dyng; bdo ton thien nhian, da dgng sinh hpc, bdo vp vd ldi tgo ngudn Igi thuy sdn. Khuyen khich sir dyng ndng lugng tdi tao vd cdc nguyen Hpu, vgt lipu mdi, thdn thipn vdi mdi tnrdng" [3. tr.306].
Cudi Cling, can cu Uen nhiing dinh hudng Idn ve bdo vp mdi trudng trong van kipn Dgi hgi Xll, cdc cdp liy dang cdn tgp trung chi dgo, xdy dyng chuong trinh hdnh dgng, ke hogeh bdo vp mdi trudng phii hgp vdi dieu kien thyc liln ciia dia phuang, dem vj. Chii trgng ngi dung bdo \p mdi trudng ngay lir khau ban hdnh cdc chinh sach; thyc hipn nghiem vipc long ghep ngi dung bdo \ e mdi riudng uong cdc quy hogeh, ke hoach vd chien luge phai trien kinh le - \a hpi eua dia phuang, dan \ i Uong giai dogn 2016 - 2020. Tiap tyc hoan thipn hp riidng phdp lugt, ban hdnh ede cha ldi dii mgnh de bdo ve mdi trudng, ngan chgn, xir ly theo phdp lugt nhdm chdm dul linh trang gdy d nhilm mdi trudng; tang cudng phdng ngira vd kiem sodt chat che cdc nguon gdy d nhiem mdi trudng da bdo vp mdi trudng.
3. KET LUAN
Bao vc moi trudng de phdt Uien ben virng da Ud thdnh mpt xu thi tdi ylu ciia thdi dgi; gdp phdn quan trgng vdo viec phdi uien kinh ll - xa hgi, dn dinh chinh tri, an ninh qudc gia vd Ihiic da\ hgi nhap kinh te qude la cua nudc ta. Ban hanh cdc ea ehl, chinh sach ddy mgnh riiyc hien vipc dp dyng cdc bipn phdp kinh te ddi vdi cdng tde bdo ve mdi trudng Id mgt trong nhiing vdn de quan trpng doi vdi sy phai triin eiia cae qudc gia vd sy tdn vong cua xa hgi lodi ngudi. Da> Id mgt ngi dung co ban khdng riil tach rdi trong dudng ldi, chii trucmg vd ke hogeh phdi trien kinh te - xa hgi ciia tdt cd cdc cap, cdc ngdnh, la ca sd quan ugng riiyc hipn riidng lgi sy nghipp cdng nghiep hda, hipn dgi hda ddi nudc. Thanh cong ciia sy nghipp ddi mdi dudi sy lanh dao ciia Ddng da chimg minh dudng ldi xdy dyng, phat triin ddt nudc eiia Ddng Id dimg dan vd phii hgp vdi quy luat phdt yien ciia xa hdi. Chimg ta tin tudng khi todn Ddng, todn ddn cimg chung tay gdp siic thi chu tnrong vl bao vp mdi trudng ciia Dgi hgi .XII se nhanh chdng di vdo cugc sdng. Todn Dang, loan ddn la hay hdnh done cimg chung lay bdo vp moi Irudng \ i myc uau ""Hdnh dgng hdm nay cho su song mai sau"
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[ 1 ] Bg Chinh oi (20041. .\'gh, quyet s6 41- \Q/TW cua Bg chinh tri ngdy 15 thdng 11 nam 2004 ve bdo \i moi irudng trong thai ky ddy mgnh cdng nghiep hoa. hen dgi hoa dai nuac [2] Nguyen The Chinh (2015). Tong quan chiin lu(xc qudc gia vi tdng trudng xanh H"
riido khoa hpc "Kinh le .xanh: Ddi thoai chinh sach" - Dgt I, Trucmg Dgi hgc Ki h "
thanhphdHdChi\hnh.nga> 10/2/2015. " ''^
TAP CHI KHOA HQC TRL ONG DAI HQC H 6 N G DlTC - S 6 48.2020
[3] Dang Cgng san Vipt Nam (2016), Vdn kien Dgi hdi dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thu XII, Vdn phdng Tmng ucmg Ddng, Hd Ngi.
[4] Khanh Hoa (2016), Thtrc trgng mot trudng nhirng con so gdy sdc, httpj cafef vn/diuc-trang- moi-cmong-nhung-con-so-gay-soc20160824102111165.chn, tmy cap ngay 04,5/2019.
[5] Qudc Hgi (2014), Lugt bdo ve mdi tnrdng so 55/2014/QHI3 ngdy 23 thdng 06 ndm 2014. Diiu 3.
[6] Phgm Thi Nggc Trdm (Chii bien) (2006), Qudn ly nhd nudc vai tdi nguyen vd moi irudng vi suphdt trien ben virng dudi gdc nhin xd hgi nhdn vdn, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hgi. Ha Ngi.
[7] WHO (2018), Han 60.000 ngudi tir vong mdi ndm a Viit Nam lien quan tdi d nhiem khdng khi, hltps://vietnammoi.vn/hon-60000-nguoi-tu-vong-moi-nam-o-viet-nam- Iien-quan-loi-o-nhiem-khong-khi-150360.htm, truy cap ngdy 04/5/2019
THE 12™ COMMUNIST PARTY NATIONAL CONGRESS'S VIEWPOINTS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
IN VIETNAM TODAY
Nguyen Thi Hong ABSTRACT
Protecting the environment while developing the economy towards switainable development is the most important goal defined by our Communist Party. Being fully aware of the urgent requirement in the new er-a, the paper focuses on researching the viewpoints of the 12''' Communist Parly National Congress on the Environmental Protection and the guiding views of the Congress that aim io improve the effectiveness of environmental protection in Vietnam today. Consequently, the profound theoretical and practical meanings of the guiding views of the 12''' Congress to the progress of industrialization and modernization of the country would be illuminated.
Keywords: Environmental pollution, environmental protection, 12''' Congress, views, resolutions.
* Ngdy ngp bdi: 16/4/2019; Ngdy gdi phdn bien: 10/5/2019; Ngdy duyet ddng: 4/3/2020
