NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO 0 6 l
i
Mdl QUAN HE GIOA LUAT H I N H SI/ QUdC l l VA LUAT H I N H SI/ QUdC GIA
1. Tde dpng vd anh hU'dng ciia lu^t hinh su- quoc gia tdi sy hinh thdnh vd phdt triin luat hinh sir quoc te
Trdn co sd nghien cim vd thdng qua thyc tien, khoa hpc lugt quoc tl dd di din kit lu^: Lugt hinh sy hifn hdnh eiia cdc quoe gia dlu ghi nh$n mpt si thdnh to ehung thi hifn d toan bf hodc phan Idn ede vdn bdn ludt quic gia nhu ludt hinh sy, ludt to tyng hinh sy... Thyc tl ndy ed y nghTa quan trpng, tde dfng quyit djnh tdi sy hinh thdnh ede nguydn tde, cdc quy phgm eiing nhu cdc djnh
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chd phap Ii ciia ludt hinh sy qude td. Cdc thdnh td chung ndu trdn dugc chiira dyng trong ede
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chd djnh CO bdn, ede nguydn tde kT thudt vd cde quy phgm ciia ludt Wnh sy qude gia. Chinh
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cdc thdnh td ndy Id tidn de quan trgng dd xdy
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dyng vd phdt tridn cde ehd djnh, nguydn tde vd quy phgm cua ludt hinh sy qude td.
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* Trong quy djnh thdm quydn tdi phdn, ludt hinh sy eua ede nudc thudmg su dyng
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cdc nguydn tde phdn djnh thdm quydn tdi phdn phd bidn sau:
Nguydn tde Idnh thi: Nguydn tde ndy quy djnh ludt dp dyng vd tod an ed thdm quydn xdt xu Id ludt eua quic gia, noi xdy ra hdnh vi phgm tfi. Quy djnh ndy dlu hifn difn trong ludt hinh sy eiia cdc nudc. Md rf ng hom, trong cdc ludt lunh sy quic gia cdn eho phdp quoe gia cd thdm quyin tdi phdn hinh sy trong trudng hgp hdnh vi phgm tgi duge thyc hifn trdn mdy bay hodc tdu thuyln nudc minh.
Nguydn tde qude tjch: Nguydn tde ndy
TS. NGUYiN THj THUAN*
quy djnh ludt dp dyng vd tod dn ed tham quyen xdt xir hinh sy Id ludt vd tod an ciia quoc gia md ngudi phgm tgi Id cdng ddn bit kl hdnh vi pham tfi dugc thyc hifn d dau.
Theo quy djnh ciia Bf ludt hinh sy Vift Nam, cdng ddn Vift Nam hodc ngudi khdng quoc tjch thudng tni tgi Vift Nam pham tfi a ngodi Idnh tho Vift Nam cd thd bj truy cihi trdch nhifm hinh sy tai Vift Nam theo luat hinh sy Vift Nam.^" Vifc md rgng phgm vi dp dyng nguydn tde qude tjch dugc thyc hifn dli vdi cd ngudi khdng qude tjch bj truy cihi trdeh nhifm hinh sy khi hg thyc hidn hanh vi phgm tpi d ngodi ldnh thd quoc gia, noi hp
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thudng tni. Ludt hinh sy cua mdt sd quoc gia nhu Mexico, Brazil, Italia... edn su dung ca
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nguydn tde qude tjch cua ngn nhdn dd xac lap thdm quydn tdi phdn hinh sy ddi vdi nguoi nudc ngodi thyc hifn hdnh vi phgm tfi a nudc thii 3 gdy thif t hgi cho cdng dan cua nhQng qude gia ndu trdn. Nhu vdy, theo luat hinh sy qude gia, nguyen tde qude tjch co xu hudmg ngdy cdng md rgng nhdm muc dich bdo vf tii da quydn vd lgi ich cua nhd nuoc, cua edng dan, ddm bdo ngudi phgm tfi cho dil thufc thdnh phan ddn cu ndo (cdng dan nudc minh, ngudi cd nhiiu quoc tjch, nguoi khdng quic tjch) dlu khdng thi ldn trdnh su trimg phgt cua cdng li.
Nguydn tde ddm bdo an ninh quic gia:
Nguydn tde ndy cho phep qude gia cd tham
* Tnrdng D^i hpc Lu?it Hd Nfi
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NGHIEN CL/U-TRAODOI
quyin xet xir hinh sy nlu cde hanh vi phgm tdi gdy phuang hgi cho an ninh, nin dfc lap vd toan ven lanh thd qude gia, nhu ede hogt ddng lat dd ehinh quyin, bgo logn. Vife dp dung nguydn tde ndy ddnh cho quoc gia khd nang truy td va xet xu tfi phgm chdng lgi quydn vd lpi ich sdng edn eua qude gia. Bat ki qude gia ndo, dd tdn tgi vd phdt triin dlu ghi nhgn trong lugt hinh sy qude gia nguydn tde phan djnh thdm quydn tdi phdn hinh sy dya trdn CO sd an ninh qude gia, nin dfc lap va sy todn ven Idnh thd. Bp ludt hinh sy Vift Nam tgi khodn 2 Didu 6 quy djnh ngudi nudc ngoai phgm tfi d ngodi lanh thd Vift Nam cd thi bj tmy Cliu trdch nhifm hinh sy theo ludt Vift
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Nam ndu didu ude qude td md Vift Nam tham gia cho phep nhu vdy. Quy djnh nay ciing thi hifn d miic df nhdt djnh thdm quydn tdi phan
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theo nguydn tde ddm bdo an ninh qude gia.
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Tuy nhidn, didu kifn dp dyng nguydn tac ndy la sy thod thugn giura Vift Nam vd cde qude gia hQru quan duge xde lap trong didu uac
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qude td. Trong khi dd, ludt hinh sy eua nhidu
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nudc ghi nhgn nguydn tde ndy khd trift de trong xdc djnh thdm quydn tdi phdn hinh sy.
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Trdn ca sd cdc nguydn tde phan djnh da dugc ghi nhdn trong ludt hinh sy qude gia, ludt hinh sy qude td da k l thua vd phdt tridn cdc nguydn tde ndy trong ndi dung eua minh mft cdch phil hgp vdi ddc tnmg ridng ciia lugt quic t l ciing nhu quan hf qude td.
! Nguydn tde lanh thd dugc quy djnh trong cde I diiu ude quic t l v l hinh sy, tir Hifp ude I London nam 1945 cho din cde diiu ude qude td gdn ddy vd chdng khimg bd qude td I dlu ghi nhdn quic gia cd thdm quyin xdt xir il hinh sy Id qude gia, noi hdnh vi phgm tfi
dugc thyc hifn. Ciing nhu ludt hinh sy quic gia, lugt hinh sy qude t l da quy djnh trong
cdc dieu ude qude te hiiu quan eho phdp cdc quoc gia cd mdy bay vd tdu thuyen, noi xay ra hdnh vi phgm tdi cQng ed thdm quyin xet xir.^^^ Trong khoa hpe lu^t quoe td, nguydn tde ndy dugc gpi la nguydn tde lanh tho md.^"'^
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Nguydn tac quoc tjch cQng duge cdng ddng qude td sir dyng kha pho biin trong qua trinh xdy dyng vd phdt trien hf thing cdc dieu ude quoe tl hinh sy vdi ea hai bidn the Id nguydn tde quic tjch chii dfng vd nguydn tac quoe tjch thy dfng. Cdc quic gia cd cdng ddn Id ngn nhdn cua hdnh vi phgm tfi cung cd thdm quydn ngang bdng (theo nguyen tde qude tjch thy dfng) vdi quic gia cd cdng dan Id ngudi phgm tfi (theo nguydn tde qude tjch ehii dfng) trong thyc thi cdng ii qude tl.^"*^
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Trong mdi tuomg quan vdi cac nguydn tac khde, nguydn tde dam bdo an ninh quoc gia dugc sur dung hgn chd hom trong ludt quoc td,
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didu ndy thd hifn thai df than trpng cua cac
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qude gia. Bdi vi, nguydn tac phan djnh nay ehi dam bdo cd hifu qud trong thyc tien quan hf qude td khi cdc quoc gia thyc sy cd thifn chi dli vdi nhQng cam kdt cua minh. Sy Igm dyng nguydn tde ndy se ddn ddn nhQng hf luy khd ludng trong ddi sdng qude t l vdn da ed nhidu phire tgp. Vife gidi thich qud rdng thudt
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ngii "an ninh qude gia" hodc "quydn lgi sdng edn eua qude gia" chinh Id bidu hifn cua sy
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Igm dung. Tuy vdy, dya trdn nguydn tac an ninh qude gia da duge ghi nhgn trong lugt hinh sy cua nhiiu quic gia, li lugn va thyc tien ciia lugt hinh sy qude td ciing da cd sy ghi nhdn nguydn tde nay trong ede didu ude
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qude td vd hinh sy vdi lap ludn: Nguydn tac an ninh qude gia trong phdn djnh tham quydn xet xir Id sy cdn thidt tat ydu dd bdo vf cde quoc gia trudc cde hdnh vi bat hgp phdp eua ngudi nude ngodi khi cdc hanh vi ndy khdng
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NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI
bj eoi Id bdt hgp phdp tai quoe gia, noi nd duge thyc hifn.^^' Trong quan hf quoc tl, nguydn tde an ninh quoe gia dd duge mft so qude gia vien dan sir dyng nhdm bdo vf an ninh qude gia vd trdt ty cdng cpng. Tuy nhidn, vdi xa hfi quic tc ngdy edng da dgng vd phire tap nhu hifn nay, vifc xac dinh hdnh vi phgm tdi ed chlng lai an ninh quoc gia hay khdng va miic dp gdy hai nhu thi nao, din dau thi dugc coi la chong lai an ninh quic gia ho^c cd nlidt thiol phdi phat sinh thift hai tir hdnh vi phgm tfi hay khdng Id vdn dl khoa hpc md lugt hinh sy quoc tc can tiep tyc Idm sang td dk hgn che tdi da sy Igm dyng nguydn tde ndy
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trong quan hf quoe td von rat nhgy cam.
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* Chd djnh dan dp tfi phgm vdi ddy dii hf thing nguydn tac vd quy djnh ve trinh ty,
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thii tue, didu kifn dan dp Id ehd djnh phdp ludt trong ludt hinh sy qude td. Tuy nhidn,
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ngugc ddng thdi gian thi ehd dinh ndy cd
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ngudn gdc tir lugt hinh sy ciia cde qude gia.
Tir nhu cau thyc td ddi hdi, tir ldu trong ludt hinh sy qude gia da tdn tai vd ngdy edng phdt tridn cac quy tde phdp li vd di li ede vu dn hinh sy tir cde co quan tu phdp hinh sy dja phuang ndy cho ca quan ddng edp d dja phuomg khdc (thudng Id noi xdy ra hdnh vi phgm tdi). Cimg vdi thdi gian, nhu cau edp thidt ndy da vugt qua bidn gidi quic gia vd
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day Id tidn de de ludt hinh sy qude te xdy dyng nhung quy djnh dau tidn vd cdc trudng hgp dan df hodc khdng dan df. NhQng quy djnh ndy da trd thanh nhQng tap qudn quic
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te sau thdi gian ddi ede quoc gia sii dyng nhidu ldn trong quan hf quic tl nhu: Nguyen
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tae khdng dan dg edng ddn nude minh, nguydn tde khdng dan do tdi phgm ehinh trj...
Khdi ngudn tir lugt hinh sy quoe gia nhung chl djnh dan df tfi phgm lgi phdt triin rdt
nhanh trong mdi trudng qude td mdi trudng chiira dyng nhQng "kich hogt" can thiit cho sy phdt triin eCia chl djnh ndy. Thyc tien cua quan hf quic tl eho thdy diiu ude quic te chuydn bift vl ddn dg tgi phgm hodc cdc quy djnh vl ddn dp trong ede diiu ude quic td hinh sy Id nhQng vdn bdn phdp Ii quic te m^
bdt ki qude gia ndo eung quan tdm vd tdng cudng, md rpng ki kit, tham gia nhdm dap ling nhu cau can thiit.
* Nhdm cdc nguydn tde kT thudt md chu yiu Id cde quy tde trong qud trinh td tung hinh sy nhu nguydn tde khdng ai bj xdt xii 2 ldn vl mpt hdnh vi phgm tpi (nes bis in idem), nguydn tde khdng ed tpi khi khdng c6 ludt, nguydn tde khdng hoi td... Id nhiing
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nguydn tde quan trpng vd edn thidt trong qua trinh xdt xir. Phdp ludt hinh sy cua cdc quoc gia ddu ghi nhdn cde nguydn tde kT thugt nhu vdy nhdm ddm bdo cdng li dugc thyc thi
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diing ludt phdp. Ludt hinh sy qude td da chSp nhdn "cd gdi" nhdm nguydn tae kT thuat to tyng ndy vdi nhQng ngogi If duge chi ro.
Quan dilm ndy dugc thi hifn trong Quy che Roma ndm 1998 thdng qua sy ghi nhan a Phdn 3 eiia Quy chl.^^^ Khdng chi chju tac dfng eua ludt hinh sy qude gia, trong ITnh vyc ndy, ludt hinh sy quoc tl ed nhung khae bift nhdt djnh thd hifn d nguyen tac thoi hifu td tyng vd nguydn tde khdng hii tl. Cu thd, nguydn tde thdi hifu td tyng da khong edn dugc dp dyng ddi vdi cde tfi phgm chien tranh eiia Diie quoc xd vd quan phif t Nhat sau Dgi chiln thi gidi lan thiir II, khi Hiep ude London vd Bdn quy chl tod dn Nurumbe vd Tokyo (van dugc coi Id ca sd phdp li quan trgng dl truy ciru cdc tdi phgm quic tl) d§
khdng djnh rd. Horn nfta, cdng ddng quoc te dd cd sy nhat tri chung khi thdng qua C6ng
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NGHIEN CUU - TRAO OOI
ude ndm 1968 vd khdng dp dyng nhimg hgn chl lugt djnh ddi vdi tdi phgm chiln tranh vd tfi phgm chdng nhdn logi. Thyc tidn xir tfi phgm Dire qude xa vd qudn phift Nhdt sau Dgi chiln thi gidi ldn thir II Id minh ehiing cho sy tin tgi ngogi Id ciia nguydn tde khdng hdi t l , khi cdc van bdn lugt hinli sy quoe tl nhu Hifp Mac London vd Ban quy chl tod dn Nurumbe vd Tokyo ra ddi ndm 1945 dd dugc dp dung dl trimg trj ede ed nhdn ed hdnh vi phgm tfi dc chidn tranh vd tfi dc chlng nhdn logi da dien ra tir trudc dd thdi gian dien ra Thi chiln ldn thir II tir ndm 1939 din ndm 1945. Sy khdc bift ndy Id dde bift edn thiit trong no lye ngdn ehdn chiln tranh vd logi bd chiing ra khdi ddi sdng nhdn logi.
Trong ludt hinh sy eua cdc nude, phdn quy djnh vd tfi phgm vd khung hinh phgt Id nhQng nfi dung ca ban vd ehu yiu. Nhin chung, cde quy phgm ludt qude gia trong nhung ITnh vyc ndy dlu chiia dyng cde thdnh
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to, cde dde didm ehung nhdt thd hifn bdn
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chat cua ludt hinh sy qude gia - cdng eu phdp li bdo vf chd dp, sy tdn tai ciia nhd nude ciing nhu quydn vd lgi ich hgp phdp cua ngudi dan. Trdn ca sd cdc ndn tdng chung cua ludt hinh sy qude gia, cdc thudt ngQr, khdi mfm, nguydn tde eua ludt hinh sy qude td trong cdc linh vyc ndy cd nfi dung tuomg ty.
Tuy nhidn, vdn cd sy khdc bift tuomg dli giura ludt hinh sy qude gia vd ludt hinh sy quic tl, Cu thi, dya trdn cdc logi tfi phgm duge quy djnh trong ludt hinh sy quoc gia lugt quic t l da phdn chia cdc logi tfi phgm nay thdnh hai nhdm: Tdi phgm hinh sy quIe tl vd tfi phgm hinh sy thdng thudmg. Tfi phgm hinh sy qude t l Id nhung tfi phgm cd yeu t l quic t l nhu cudp biin, khdng tde, khung bl, budn bdn nd If, budn bdn ma
tuy... Day Id nhung tfi pham cd tac dfng va dnh hudmg d tdm quic tl. Chinh vi vay, luat hinh sy quoc tl da hinh thdnh hf thong dieu ude quoc t l vl ngdn ngira vd trimg trj logi tfi phgm ndy. Trong npi dung cua nhQng dieu ude quic tl ddu the hifn ydu cdu toi thiiu ciia cdng ddng quic te Id phdi trimg trj cac logi tpi phgm hinh sy quoc tl dya trdn nguydn tde hogc dan df hoac xet xir (aui purire dedere).
Cdn dli vdi nhdm tfi phgm hinh sy thdng thudng, vdi miic df chi gidi han trong quic
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gia vd thift hgi thi lugt hinh sy qude td da sii dyng bifn phdp khdc thi hifn sy tdn trpng chii quydn ciia moi quic gia, dd Id ki kit va dp dyng tan tdm ede didu ude qude td vl hgp tde vd dau tranh phdng ehdng tfi phgm. Didn hinh la ede hifp djnh tuomg trg tu phdp hinh sy, hifp djnh dan df tfi phgm. Day chu ydu la nhiing didu ude song phuomg. Vd nguyen
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tac, tdi phgm hinh sy qude td thudc tham quydn tdi phdn cua quoc gia theo sy phdn djnh tham quydn trong cdc diiu ude qude td hiiu quan. Vi vay, khung hinh phgt vd thi hanh an hodn todn dugc quy djnh theo luat
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hinh sy qude gia cd thdm quydn.
Theo khoa hpc ludt qude td, hai cufc dgi chidn cimg cde hdu qud tham khdc ciia chiing
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da dan ddn sy hinh thdnh nhdm tdi phgm qude td (tfl dc qude td) md sy thyc thi cdng
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li qude td ehi ed thd cd hifu qud dich thyc dya trdn ea sd hgp tde qude tl trdn phgm vi todn edu. Ndi cdch khde, sy xudt hifn logi tfi phgm ndy Id nguydn nhan hinh thdnh cdc chl djnh hinh sy qude td cd tde dfng yd dnh
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hudng tdi ludt hinh sy qude gia.
* Cdc thidt chl tod dn hinh sy vd ca quan edrig t l Id nhung vdn d l thufc ITnh vyc t l tung hinh sy eua moi qude gia. Co cdu td chiic ciia 2 loai hinh ea quan tu phdp hinh sy
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ndy dd duge hinh thdnh vd phdt triin vdi nhQng sy khde bift nhdt djnh giQ-a cdc quic gia. Tuy nhidn, nhQ-ng thdnh tl chung trong cde thiit chl tu phdp ndy dd duge khdng djnh trong thyc tien vd li ludn ciia moi quic gia. Trdn co sd cdc dilm chung co bdn, ede thiit chl hinh sy quic tl cung dd dugc hinh thdnh vdi co edu to ehiie, quyin hgn vd trdch nhifm tuong ty nhu trong lugt quic gia.
Khdi ddu Id Tod dn qudn sy Nurumbe vd Tokyo (xdt xir cdc tdi phgm chiln tranh Diic quic xd vd qudn phift Nh$t) ed bf mdy to ehiic, trinh ty thii tuc xet xu vd ca quan cdng tl ridng dd dugc xdy dyng theo khudn mau eiia tod an hinh sy quic gia, phdn quyit cde hinh phgt eung theo ludt hinh sy ede nude nhu: til cd thdi hgn, tu ehung thdn vd tCr hinh.
Vdo nhiing ndm dau thdp nidn thii 9 eua the ki XX, Tod dn quan sy vl Ruanda vd Nam Tu eu eiing duoc xdy dyng nhu vdy. Gdn ddy
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nhdt Id sy ra ddi eua Tod dn hinh sy qude td (ICC) vdi Quy chl Roma ndm 1998 - ca sd phdp li cho td chiie vd hogt dgng eua Tod.
Cde nguydn tde, thudt ngii vd khdi nifm ed tinh ehdt truyin thing trong ludt hinh sy quoc gia dugc tidp thu vd ghi nhdn trong Quy chd.
Bdn cgnh dd, ca quan cdng td eiing dugc thdnh
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lap vdi nhifm vy, quydn hgn nhu co quan edng td qude gia. Didm khde bift giQa ICC vd Tod an qudn sy Nurumbe vd Tokyo Id ICC ddng vai trd bd trg eho tod dn Wnh sy quoe gia trong vife thyc tW edng 11 qude tl vd ICC khdng dp dyng Wnh phgt tii Wnh doi vdi ngudi phgm tfi.^'^ Dilm khde bift ndy thi hifn sy tac dfng vd dnh hudng cua ludt Wrih sy qude gia tdi lugt Wrih sy qude tl, kW xu hudng ehung cua nWlu quic gia Id hgn chl vd tiin tdi logi bd Wnh phat tir Wnh ra khdi hf thing hinh phgt trong ludt hinh sy nudc minh.
Dilm luu f cuii cimg edn nhdn mgnh la cdc tod dn hinh sy quoe tl duge thdnh lap sau Dgi chiln thi gidi lan thiir II din nay chi c6 thdm quyin xdt xir vd trimg phgt cdc tfi pham quIe tl (tfi de quic tl) nhu: Tgi xdm luge, tfi chong lgi lodi ngudi, tfi dift ehimg... Day la nhQng logi tfi phgm ehi ed thi bj ngdn ehan dya trdn nhQng cl gdng vd no lye chung cua nhdn logi. Dli vdi cdc logi tgi phgm hinh sy quoc tl (tfi phgm cd yiu t l quic tl), tpi phgm hinh sy thdng thudng hodn todn thufc thdm quyin xdt xir vd trimg phgt cua Iu3t hinh sy quoe gia tgi tod dn quoc gia.
2. Tde dpng vd anh hvdrng cua luat hinh sy quoc te tdi luat hinh sif quoc gia
Dudi gdc df Ijch sir cua ludt hinh su quoe tl, ede logi tpi danh nhu tpi xdm lupc, tfi phgm chiln tranh dugc quy djiih sau hai cufc dgi chiln, ddc bift Id Dgi chidn thd gioi ldn thir II vdi nhQng tgi dc khung kWdp cua Diic quoc xa da dan din sy ra ddi cua nhung thiit chl chua timg hifn difn trong ljch sd nhdn logi Id 2 tod dn qudn sy quoc td vdi co sd phdp li xdt xu ddy dii vd Wf n qud (Quy che tod dn Nurumbe). Cdc tgi phgm ndi trdn cimg vdi sy xuat Wf n cdc logi hinh tpi dc quoc te khde nhu tpi phgm dift chung, tdi pham chdng lodi ngudi da dugc dinh danh chung la tfi de quoc tl. Ddy Id nhung tfi de dd man de dog hod binh, an ninh vd hgnh phiic ciia toan thi gidi.^*^ Sy xudt hifn cdc logi tfi danh moi trong ludt Wnh sy qude tl dd dan din sy ra
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ddi cua cdc thiet che tu phdp hinh sy quoc te nhu Tod dn Wnh sy vl Ruanda vd Nam Tu cu vdo ndm 1993 - 1994 cua thi ki trudc.
D^c bift, sy ra ddi cua Tod dn Wnh sy quis tl (ICC) thi hifn sy thing nhat frong nh§n
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thirc vd hdnh ddng cua cgng ddng qudc te dli vdi vifc ngdn ngira vd trimg phgt cde tpi
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NGHIEN CUu - TRAO DOI
ic quic tl. Cimg vdi sy xudt hifn ciia cdc tfi
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ac qude td la sy ra ddi eiia nguydn tde pho 2ap,^^^ theo dd cde qude gia trdn thi gidi dlu cd quyin su dyng cdc bifn phdp cdn thiit de xac lap tham quydn xet xii v l hinh sy ciia
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minh ddi vdi cde logi tfi de quoc td md
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khdng can quan tdm ddn hdnh vi phgm tfi dd dugc thyc Wfn trdn lanh thd quoc gia ndo, ngudi thyc hifn hdnh vi dd nhdm myc dieh gi hogc cd phdi Id edng dan eua quic gia minh hay khdng... Lugt hinh sy quoc tl ciing vdi quy djnh vd tdi dc quoe td vd nguydn tac phd cap nhdm trimg phgt cdc logi tdi dc qudc
9 9
te da cd tde dfng ldm tdi ludt qudc gia. Nhin chung, trong ludt Wnh sy cua cde quoe gia ddu gW nhan tfi dc qudc td vd xdc lap tham
> 9 ' • • • •
quydn xdt xu ciia qudc gia ddi vdi logi tdi
9 7 M 0^
phgm ndy trdn nguydn tde phd cdp.^
Tde ddng cua luat hinh sy qudc td tdi ludt hinh sy qudc gia ciing dxrac cdc hpc gid ludt qudc tl nhdt tri khdng djnh: KW tham gia
9 9 9
quan hf phdp ludt Wnh sy qudc td, cde qude
X 9 9 y
gia thanh vidn cua didu ude qudc td vd Wnh sy phdi tudn thii nguydn tde Pacta sunt servanda, phai dam bdo hdi hod hod vdi cdc quy djnh
9 9 9
ciia phdp ludt qudc td. Chinh vi vdy, cdc qudc
9
gia phdi cd ngWa vy xdy dyng cdc nguydn tde,
f 9
quy phgm ciing nhu chd djnh hinh sy qudc gia theo khudn mdu cu thd vd xde djnh ciia lugt hmh sy quic tl - day cWnh Id cdc chudn myc qudc td dugc cfng ddng qude td thong
9 9 9
nhat gW nhdn trong ludt hinh sy qude td.
Khoa hpc ludt qude tl da xdc djnh cdc chudn muc cua lugt Wnh sy qudc t l tin tai trong 2 hinh thiie vdi 2 cdp dp gid trj khdc nhau.
Hinh thiie thii nhdt: Cdng ding qudc tl da ki kit ede diiu ude qude t l lidn quan tdi cdc logi tfi phgm cy thi nhu: tdi cudp biin, tfi khdng tac, tfi budn bdn nd If, tfi phgm
tham nhung, tfi Idm tien gid, tfi budn bdn ma tuy... Cdc diiu ude quic tl chuydn bift ndy cd myc dich quic td hod vdn dl truy na vd trimg phgt bdng hinh phgt cdc tfi phgm ndu trdn. Bdn cgnh dd, trong lugt quoe te Wfn dgi cdn hinh thanh hdng logt cdc quy tde vd quy phgm phdp Ii nhdm bdo vf quydn eon ngudi, ddc bift bdo vf quyin con ngudi trong qud trinh td tyng hinh sy. Tudn thii cdc chudn myc quic td dugc ghi nhdn trong cdc van kifn phdp li quic td nay, cdc quic gia phai cd ngWa vy thyc thi bdng nhiing phuang thiire hgp phdp, bao gIm cd vifc bdo vf quyen con ngudi trong qud trinh xdt xir hinh sy.
Chudn myc quic tl vd hinh sy dau tidn
X 9 9
duge ghi nhdn trong cdc didu ude qudc te cd Wfu lyc phdp ludt md cdc qudc gia thdnh vidn phdi tudn thu vd thyc tW Id phdi cd sy chinh siia bd sung hogc ban hanh cdc van bdn phdp ludt hinh sy quic gia cho phu hgp vdi nhQng didu ude qude td nham dam bdo vife thyc thi tan tdm vd ngWdm chinh cdc cam kit qudc t l phat sinh trong ITnh vyc ma hp ty nguyfn rdng bufc. Didu ude qudc te thufc nhdm ndy gdm: Cdc diiu ude qudc t l trimg trj cde tfi dc quic tl nhu: Hifp ude London nam 1945 vd Quy chl tod dn quan sy Nurumbe v l trimg phgt nhQng tfi phgm cWin tranh trong Dgi chiln thi gidi ldn thii II; Cdng ude khdng dp dung nhQng hgn chl ludt djnh dli vdi nhQng tfi phgm chiln tranh vd tdi dc chlng nhdn logi nam 1968; Cdng ude quic t l vl ngan ngira vd trimg trj tfi phgm Apacthai ndm 1973, Quy chl Roma vl Tod an Wnh sy quic t l ndm 1998...; Cdc diiu ude quic t l trong ITnh vyc ngan ngira vd trimg trj ede tfi phgm Wnh sy quIe tl diln hinh Id nhdm edng \t6c vl ehdng khung bd quic t l nhu chlng khung bo trong hdng
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 1/2012 45
NGHIEN CC/U - TRAO OOI
khdng, chong khiing bl trong hdng hdi quic tl, chlng tdi trg eho khung bl, 3 edng ude vd chlng tfi phgm ma tuy (dugc ki kit vdo cde ndm 1961, 1971 vd 1998), Cdng ude vl chong tpi phgm xuydn quic gia ndm 2000...;
Trong ITnh vyc ngdn ngira vd trimg trj cde tfi phgm hinh sy thdng thudng nhu gilt ngudi, cudp ciia, hidp ddm..., cde chudn myc quic tl duge ghi nlign d gidi hgn hgp tde quic tl ddu tranh phdng chlng tgi phgm thdng qua vifc cde quic gia, trdn ca sd ty nguyfn thod thugn, ki kit cdc dieu ude quic tl ve tuomg trg tu phdp hinh sy (ghi n h ^ cd nghTa vy dan df) hodc ede dieu ude quic tl chuydn mdn vd dan df, vl chuydn giao ngudi bj ket dn... nhu Hifp djnh vl tuomg trg tu phdp Wnh sy eiia ASEAN ndm 2004, Hifp djnh vd ddn df tdi phgm giQra CHXHCN Vift Nam vd Dgi hdn ddn qude ndm 2003...
9 9
Hinh thirc thic hai: Cde vdn kifn qude td duge thdng qua trong khudn khd eua cdc hdi
9 9 7 9 9
nghj qudc td hodc td chiie qudc td hiiu quan
9 ^ 9 9
gW nhdn nhiing quy tde, chudn myc qude td
9 9
trong dau tranh phdng ehdng tfi phgm vd bdo vf quyin con ngudi trong hogt dfng t l tung. Sy ra ddi eua nhQng vdn kifn ndy cd mdi quan hf bifn chiing vdi tic df gia tdng eua tfi phgm vd tinh quic tl hod ngdy cdng cao eiia mpt si logi Wnh tfi phgm, gdy lo nggi sdu sde eho todn thi nhdn logi ding thdi bidn cufc chidn vdi tinh trgng tfi phgm ndy thdnh cufc chiln todn cau. Cdc chudn myc quIe tl ndy khdng phdi Id nhQng nguyen tde, quy phgm dugc ghi nhdn trong diiu ude quic tl hay tap qudn quic tl cua \\x%t hinh sy qudc td md chiing cW Id nhQng quy dinh cd tinh chdt khuydn nghj dugc cdc quic gia sir dyng nhu Id nhQng khudn mau trong vifc sogn thdo cdc van bdn quy phgm phdp ludt
hinh sy moi nudc.^"^
Nhdm chudn myc thiir hai gom ting the cde quy tde ehii yiu duge thdng qua tgi cac khod hpp cua Hfi nghj Lidn hgp quic vl ng3n ngira tfi phgm. Vl nguydn tde, cdc chudn muc ndy khdng cd hifu lye phdp ludt quic te ndn khdng rdng bupc cde quoe gia thdnh vien.
Chiing eW duge su dyng vdi tu cdch Id nhQng
"chudn myc mau" trong cde hogt dfng Mp phdp Wnh sy cua quoc gia. Tir gdc df ph^ li, so vdi cdc quy phgm dieu ude hodc quy pham tap qudn, chiing dugc coi nhu "ludt mem"
Trong qud trinh hinh thdnh ede chudn muc mdu logi ndy, Hfi nghj Lidn hgp quic vl ngdn ngira tgi phgm ddng vai trd rdt quan trgng. Cdc vdn kifn qude td dugc thdng qua trong cdc ki hfi nghj vd dugc Dgi hfi dong Lidn hgp qudc chudn y trong ITnh vyc hinh su dd tgo ra mft tong thi tuomg ddi hodn chinh cdc chudn myc qude td dde thu bao triim len cdc ITnh vyc ddu tranh phdng chdng tdi pham, ede ITnh vyc vd dgo dure, trinh dp chuydn mon
7 9 ^
eua df i ngG thdm phdn, ludt su, cdng td vien...
ciia ca quan bdo vf ludt phdp eiing nhu cac van de vd quy ehuan tdi tWdu trong iing xir dli vdi ngudi vi phgm phdp ludt, vl bdo v?
ngn nhdn vd ngudi ldm chung... Nhu vdy, tir gdc dp ngWen ciiu, cdc chudn myc quoc te logi ndy dugc xlp vdo nhdm nguon bl trp ciia lu|it quic tl (cdn gpi Id phuang tifn bo trg ngudn). Cd thi kl din mgt s6 vdn kifn diln Wnh chiia dyng nhflng chudn myc quic te logi ndy nhu: Bdn cdc dinh hudng chung ve ngdn ngira vd kiim sodt tgi phgm cd tl chiic dugc thdng qua tgi Hgi nghi ndm 1990; Nghj quyit chuydn bift cua Dgi hfi ddng Lidn hpp quic ndm 1990 vl cdc nguyen tde ea ban trong quan hf dli xir vdi phgm nhdn, dupc xdy dyng dya tren ca sd tdn trgng cdc quySn
46
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI
vd ty do ca ban danh cho tii nhdn; Cde diiu ude quic tl mau v l dan df tfi phgm, tuong trg tu phap, chuydn giao xet xir vd ngan ngira tfi phgm xdm hgi cdc di sdn vdn hod dan tfc...
Mae dil cac chudn myc quic tl vl hinh sy d hinh thiic van kifn qudc tl khdng cd Wfu lyc phdp ludt rdng bufc ede quic gia, tuy vdy, thyc tien cho thdy cdc quy chudn quic td ndy da ddn dan duge thi hifn vd ghi nhgn trong ludt hinh sy eua cdc nudc.
3. Ap dung luat hinh sy quoc t l trong khong gian luat hinh su* quoc gia
Cdc quy phgm lugt qude td thi hifn
X 7
quydn vd nghTa vu cua ede chii thd trong quan hf phdp ludt thudc hf thing phdp ludt
9
nay. Tudn thii nguydn tac Pacta sunt servanda, kW da ty nguyfn chdp nhdn cdc nghTa vy
9 9 9
qudc td, qudc gia phdi cd ngWa vy phdp li qudc td ddm bdo vifc thyc Wfn trong thyc td cac ngMa vy ndy trong phgm vi ldnh thd qudc gia (khdng gian Wfu lyc ciia ludt qudc gia), cu thd la ddm bdo cho cde ca quan lihd nude, cdc thd nhdn, phdp nhdn thudc tham quydn tdi phdn ciia minh thyc tW vd tudn thu ede ngWa vu qudc td md qudc gia ty nguyfn gdnh vac.^'^^ Todn bf qud trinh ndy (dp dung ludt
9 9 9
qudc td trong khdng gian ludt qude gia) dugc thyc Wfn bdng cde phucmg thiic khde nhau, do cdc qudc gia ty lya chgn vd quydt djnh cho phil hgp vdi hodn cdnh thyc td cua minh.
Ludt hinh sy qude t l Id ngdnh lugt dfc lap cua hf thdng lugt quic td, vi vdy, vifc dp dung cdc didu ude qudc td, tap qudn qudc td vl Wnh sy trong khdng gian Wfu lye cua ludt Wnh sy qudc gia eiing khdng thd vugt ra ngodi cdc phuang thiie chung v l dp dyng lugt quic t l trong khdng gian ludt quic gia da dugc cde hgc gid luat qudc t l ngWdn eiiu vd ting kit trong li lugn cua minh, thdng qua
vife kidm ehiing cdc vdn dl Ii ludn trong thyc tien dp dyng. Trong thyc tl quan hf quoc tl, cdc quIe gia cd thi dya trdn quy djnh Win phdp eiia minh cdng nhdn hifu lyc trye tilp cdc quy phgm lugt quic tl trdn todn bf Idnh thi ciia minh. Vi du: Theo Hiin phap CHLB Nga ndm 1993, ludt quic tl Id mpt bf phan eiia hf thing ludt quic gia, nhu vdy khi tham gia ede didu ude quic td vd ehdng khiing bd qudc td, Nga cd thi dp dyng trye tilp quy djnh eiia ede diiu ude qude td vl chlng khimg bd quic te md Nga Id thdnh vidn de
X / X
didu chinh cdc van de phdp li phdt sinh trong phgm vi lanh thi CHLB Nga. Tuomg ty nhu vdy, trong hf thong ludt Anglo-Saxon, ludt
/ 9
qude td ehung dugc dp dyng nhu la bd phan ciia trdt tu phdp ludt quic gia (hf thing phap lugt qudc gia). Minh chiing khde Id trong Luat didu ude quIe t l eiia Vift Nam nam 2005 cd quy djnh: "(se) dp dung true tiep todn bp hodc mdt phdn diiu uac qudc te ddi vdi ca quan, td chiec, cd nhdn trong trudng hgp quy dinh cua diiu ude qudc ti da dit rd, chi
^j-^^" (13) Y J ^ q y y ^ j j j j jjjj^ .^ly^ ^.^g ^Jgy ^^^
qudc td vd Wnh sy md Vift Nam Id thanh vidn se cd thd dugc dp dyng trye tidp dd didu eWnh cdc quan hf phdp Ii hmh sy phat sinh trong khdng gian Wfu lyc cua luat Vift Nam. Trong
/ 9
khoa hpc ludt qudc td, cde hpc gid gpi phuang thiic dp dung ndy bdng thudt ngQr "phuomg
9 X
thiic trye tidp" vdi didu kifn duge gW nhgn rd rdng trong Win phdp hodc cdc vdn ban quy
9
phgm phdp ludt hiiu quan ciia qudc gia. DT nWdn, diiu kifn ndy hodn todn khdng do ludt quic tl dp ddt md do timg quic gia quydt djnh trdn ea sd ehu quydn ciia minh.
Trong trudng hgp phdp ludt hidn hanh khdng cd quy dinh nhu vgy tW mdi qude gia phdi tiin hdnh ede budc di cdn tWit dl gW
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 1/2012 47
NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI
nh$n cdc nghTa vy phdp li quoc tl md hg ty nguyfn gdnh vde vdo trong nfi dung ede dgo lugt quic gia dd tin tgi hodc ban hdnh mdi cdc vdn bdn phdp li quic gia cd myc dieh thyc Wfn ede cam kit quic tl phdt sinh tir diiu ude quic tl md quoe gia Id thdnh vidn.
Ddm bdo sy hdi hod giQra ludt quIe gia vd ludt quic tl la nghTa vy bdt buf e dli vdi moi quic gia khi ty nguyfn tham gia vdo "sdn choi quic tl" do ludt quic tl diiu chinh. Trong ITnh vyc lugt hinh sy quoc te, mpt sd quoc gia sii dyng phuang thiie ndy, nhu Ba Lan khi tham gia vdo cdc edng ude quic tl ve ddm bao an ninh hdng khdng dan dyng quoe te (gom 3 edng ude: Cdng ude Tokyo ndm 1963, Cdng ude Lahay n3m 1971 vd Cdng ude Montrean ndm 1973) dd ed sy bl sung vd chinh li lugt hinh sy, ludt tl tyng Wnh sy, ludt hdng khdng ddn dyng cQng nhu ludt bdo vf bidn gidi eua minh mft cdch phil hgp, ddm bdo ede nghTa vy phdp li quIe tl phdt sinh tir ede edng ude trdn se duge thyc tW vd tudn thu nghidm cWnh trdn todn bf khdng gian ldnh thd Ba Lan.
Trong khoa hgc ludt quic tl, phuang thiic dp dyng ndy dugc ggi Id "phuang thiie chuydn
9 9 X
hod" Tuy nWdn, tgi mgt sd qudc gia ciing tdn tgi quan didm cho rdng vifc phd ehuan cde
X 9 9 / X 9
didu ude qude td vd edng bd cdc didu ude quoc td theo quy djnh cua ludt qude gia (vi dy ddng tdi trong cdng bdo) duge eoi nhu dd ehuyen hod. KW cdc diiu ude quic tl dd dugc phd chudn tW sd ty dfng trd thdnh mft phdn cua ludt quic gia vd duge su dyng vdi tinh chdt Id luat qude gia ehii khdng phdi ludt quic tl.^*''^
Nhu vdy, dli vdi vdn dk dp dyng lugt quic tl trong khdng gian Wfu lyc cua lu$t
9
qude gia ndi chung ciing nhu dp dyng ludt Wnh sy quic tl trong khdng gian cua ludt Wnh sy quic gia ndi ridng, ludt quic tl hodn
todn khdng quy djnh bdng phuomg thirc nao cde quoe gia ddm bdo vifc thyc thi vd ton trgng cdc nghTa vy phdp Ii quoc td, ngogi trir cd mft si diiu ude quic tl cd cdc diiu khoan quy djnh nghia vy ciia quic gia thdnh vien phdi ban hdnh vdn bdn phdp ludt qudc gia phii hgp dl thyc hifn cde cam kit phdt sinh tir diiu ude quIe tl ed lidn quan. Nhu vdy, ve
9 9 X
nguydn tde cdc qudc gia cd quydn ty do lira chgn phuang thiie phii hgp nhdm hai hod hoa ludt quic gia vdi cdc nghTa vy phdp li quic te md hg ty nguyfn cam kit thyc hifn. Dli vdi Vift Nam, mdc dii Hiin phdp ndi ridng vd h?
thing lugt phdp Vift Nam ndi chung ddu chua xdc djnh rd rdng vj tri cua ludt quic tl (cy thi Id diiu ude quoc te) trong hf thing ludt quoc gia cua minh nhung Vift Nam thd Wen ro quan dilm tdn trgng vd ngWdm chinh thyc thi
9 9 9 X
cde cam kdt qude td phdt sinh tir didu uac quic tl md Vift Nam tham gia dya trdn co so tudn thu nguydn tde binh ddng, ty nguyfn va tdn trgng chii quydn qudc gia. Quan diem nay duge ddm bdo thyc Wfn trong thyc te qua vife Vift Nam thira nhgn uu thd cua quy pham
X 9 9 9
didu ude qudc td trong mdi tuomg quan so
# ^ X
sdnh vdi quy phgm lugt qudc gia. Trong nhieu quan hf didu ude qudc td thugc ITnh vyc hpp tde chuydn mdn, trong dd cd ITnh vyc Wnh su quic tl, vifc gidi quyit nhdm hdi hod hod cac quy phgm ciia didu ude qudc td vdi quy pham lugt quic gia Vift Nam dugc tiin hdnh bang cdc hogt dgng lgp phdp cua quoc hfi vd cac ca quan nhd nudc cd thdm quyln.^*^^
4. Giai quyet xung dpt giva cac quy pham lu|t hmh sir quoc te vdi cdc quy pham lu^t hinh sur quic gia
Lien quan tdi vdn dk ndy cdc quic gia ndi chung dlu thi hifn quan dilm cho rSng lugt quoc tl cd uu thi hon so vdi ludt quic
48 TAP CHl L U A T H O C S 6 1/2012
NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO OOI
gia, uu thd nay duge thi hifn d hai nfi dung:
Vai trd hdng ddu eua lugt quic tl frong todn bf cdc hf thing phdp ludt.
NghTa vu eua cde qude gia phdi tuan
9 9 1 9
thii ludt qudc td trong ede quan hf quoc td ciia minh.
Lidn hgp qudc ciing ddng quan dilm trdn, didu ndy dugc thd hifn trong Nghj quyet cua Dgi hdi ding lidn hgp qude vdo ndm 1989 (ki nifm thdp nidn ludt qudc tl tir ndm 1990 din nam 1999), trong dd khdng djnh sy can thiit phdi eung el vd tang cudng vai trd hdng
•\ 9 9 X
dau cua ludt qude td, thdng qua vifc tgo didu kifn thugn lpi frong gidng dgy, nghidn eiiu vd phi bidn cung nhu thira nhdn rf ng hom nQra lugt quIe tl. Mat khdc, ciing can nhdn mgnh tdi Ipi ich cua ede qude gia frong quan hf
9 9 9 9
qudc td. Vi thd, nWf m vy ddt ra Id cdc qude
9 9 ^
gia khdng dugc vi phgm ludt qudc td md phdi
\ X
sir dung chung nhdm phyc vy cho quydn vd lpi ich qudc gia mdt cdch hgp phdp.^^^^
Thyc tidn dp dung ludt quIe t l frong
r
quan hf giira cdc nudc ciing eho thdy cde quic gia thudng su dung edng thiie "uu tidn
X 9 9
dp dung cdc quy djnh cua didu ude qudc td"
dd gidi quyit Wfn tugng xung dft giiia cde quy phgm eua ludt qude td vdi ede quy phgm cua ludt quic gia vd duomg nWdn xung dft quy phgm ludt hinh sy qudc tl vdi quy phgm ludt Wnh sy qudc gia ciing thufc phgm vi dp dung cdng thiic ndy.
Mft si quic gia nhu CHLB Nga,^'^^ Hgp chung qude Hoa Ky^^^^.. da dua "edng thiie"
gidi quyit xung dft ndu frdn vdo ngay frong win phdp. Mdt si qudc gia chpn phuang thiie xir li Id gW nhgn quy tde gidi quyit xung dft frong timg bf ludt, ludt chuydn ngdnh nhu Bf lugt Wnh sy Vift Nam, Ludt hiomg frg frr phdp Vift Nam, Lugt qudc tich Viet Nam...
Tir nhQng phdn tich ndu trdn, cd thd khdng djnh khdng chi cd lugt quoc td cd thd tde dfng vd dnh hudng tdi trgt ty phap li quic gia md lu$t quic gia eung ddng vai trd quan trpng trong vifc tde dfng tdi ludt qudc tl, bao gIm ed ITnh vyc hinh sy quic td. Ludt quic tl va lugt quic gia Id 2 hf thing luat dfc lap nhung khdng bift lap vdi nhau. Didu nay khdng chi thi hifn trong qua trinh hinh thdnh lugt, md edn ed trong qua trinh didu chinh vd dp dung ludt./.
(l).Xem tb6m: Diiu 6 BO lu§t binb sy Vi?t Nam.
(2).Xem th6m: Cdng ude Tokyo ndm 1963 vl hinh sy bdng kbdng quoc tl.
(3). Tbu^t ngft "ldnh thd md" dugrc sii dyng cd tinb chdt ude \%.
(4).Xem tbem: Nguyen Tbi Thuan, Ludt hinh su qudc ti, Nxb. CAND, HdNOi, 2007.
(5). Z.Galiski, khung bd hdng khdng qudc ti trong ludt qudc ti, Nxb. Dai hoc tdng hop Vacsava, 1982.
(6).Xem them: Cdc diiu 22, 23, 24... Phdn 3 Quy chl Roma ndm 1998.
(7).Xem tbem: Quy ebi Roma ndm 1998 vl Tod an binb sy qudc tl
(8).Xem: Ldi ndi ddu, Quy chl Roma ndm 1998 vl Tod dn binb sy quOc tl.
(9). Nguyen tde ph6 cdp edn dugfc bilt din vdi ten goi
"thdm quyin todn cdu".
(10). Cdc diiu 341, 432, 343 eua BO lu$t binb sy Viet Nam dd thi bi^n rd quan dilm ndy.
(ll).Xem: D?ii bpc Leningrat (nay Id Dai hoc Xanh Petecbua), Lugt qudc ti, 1986.
(12).Xem: D?ii bpc MGIMO Matxeova 2007, Lugt qudc ti, 2007.
(13). Lu§t ki kit, gia nh^p vd thyc tbi diiu ude qude tl ndm 2005.
(14).Xem: D^i hpc MGIMO - Matxeova, Lugt qudc ti, 2004.
(15).Xem: Trudng Dai bpc Ludt Hd Ndi, Lugt qudc ti, Nxb. CAND, Hd NOi, 2004.
(16).Xem: Dai bpc MGIMO - Matxeova, Ludt qudc ti, 2004.
(17).Xem tbem: Diiu 15 Hiin pbdp CHLB Nga.
(18).Xem tbSm: Diiu IV Hiin pbdp Hoa Ky.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 1/2012 49
