Cai thien nen quan tr| quoc gia
nhSm thiic d§y tang tru-ong kinh t l Viet Nam
Nguyin Quang Thu4n^
' Vi^n Hia ISm Khoa hoc xi h6i Vift Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngay 17 th^ng 7 nam 2017. Ch^p nhfin dang ngay 14 thang 8 n5m 2017.
Tom t3t: Cat each the che, trpng tam la hoan thifn the che kinh tk thj truang dinh hudng xa h6i chu nghia (XHCN) dugc xem la mQt trong nhftng d^t phd chien lugfc nhim thiic day tang tnrdng kinh tk Viet Nam trong giai doan toi. Cac cupc tranh lu|n tai Viet Nam trong thai gian qua cho th^y, nhftng the che nen tang ciia kinh t^ thi tnrdng dS dugc nhan thurc khd ddy dii, tuy nhien n6 lire xay dung hodc van dung cdc thl che nay van chua mang l^i ket qua ro rSt. Nguyen nhdn ca bdn la Viet Nam van chua thiet l^p dugc mgt moi trudng quan tri quoc gia phii hgp va hien dai, giup cac no lire cai cdch thS che kinh te cd the tien xa han, bat kip vdi chuan muc the gidi. Do vdy, cai each the che kinh te se kho the sau, rdng va thanh cong neu khdng di kem vdi nhung nd luc cdi thi^n mpnh me nen qudn tri dat nude.
Tur khda: Nln quan tri quoc gia, cai each the che, tang trudng kinh te, Vift Nam.
PhSn loai ngkah: Kinh te hgc
Abstract: Institutional reform, the focus of which is the perfection of the socialist-oriented market economy, is considered one of the strategic breakthroughs aimed at boosting Vietnam's economic growth in the upcoming period. Debates in Vietnam over the recent past have shown rather sufficient awareness of the fundamental institutions of market mechanism. However, the eflforts to build or apply the institutions have not brought about clear results. The fundamental reason for that is that Vietnam has not been able to establish an appropriate and modem national environment of governance, which could help efforts of the economic institutional reform to stride fiirther and catch up with the world standards. Thus, the reform can hardly be deep, extensive and successfiil if not accompanied by efforts to improve the nation's governance in a strong manner.
Keywords: National governance, institutional reform, economic growth, Vietnam.
Subject classificatioa: Economics
Khoa hgc xa hgi Vift Nam, so 9 - 2017 1. Mfr dau
Trong hon ba th|p ky qua, nhung to chiic qudc tg nhu Ngan hang thk giai (WB) cho rang, cac v ^ de phat trien cua nhieu nen kinh te di sau co nguon goc sau xa la cuoc
"khung hoang quan trj"^. Nhihig no luc ap dat md hinh th^ chS kmh tk tir ben ngoai nhu md hinh kinh te thi trudng theo "Dong thuan Washington" thudng khdng mang lai kit qua tot do CO khoang each giua "hinh thiic" va "chuc nang" cua cac thl che, vi dii khoang each giiia cac quy tae, luat le chinh thiic mang tinh chu&i muc vdi tinh hifu liic va kha nang thuc thi chung. Tai nhilu nude, tut Chau My Latinh cho din Chau Phi, m^c dil cac thS che mlu m^rc, cac "tap quan tot nhat" cua the gioi c6 thl dugc ap dEit, nhung chiing lai khdng hoat dong theo mong mudn cua cac nha tai trg da thilt ISp nSn nhung the chl nay - nhung ngudi da khong quan tam den viec xay dung nang luc v3n hanh cac the chl. Tren n^n quan tri quoc gia, ca nha nude, n6n kinh t l va xa hOi van hanh, tuong tae. Do v^y, vifc thiet lap mdt n6n quan tri tdt, vdi cac d^c diem co ban nhu; dam bao su tham gia cua ngudi dan; hf thdng luSt phap, xet xii cong bang;
tinh minh b^ch; dam bao trach nhiem giai trinh; khong tham nhung..., la dilu kien quan trong de nen kinh t l thi trudng hifn dai van hanh theo dung nhfing nguyen tic, chuan muc cua nd. Tuy nhien, kinh t l thi trudng chi I^ phuang tifn, cdn quan tri tdt (voi cac gia tri nhu tinh minh bach, trach nhifm giai trinh, sir tham gia...) vira 1^
phuong tifn, viia la muc tieu hudng tdi cua xa hgi. Nghien ciiu nay chu trgng tdi vifc nSu ra nhung dilm nghen "quan tri" trong cai each the chl kinh t l di Viet Nam va kiln nghi nhimg dinh hudng chlnh sach nhSm
xay dung nln quan tri qudc gia "kiln tao", d l thiic dky tang trudng kmh t l bin viing trong thdi gian tdi.
2. SiSm nghen "quan t r i " trong cai each t h l che kinh te or Vift Nam
Qua hon 30 nam doi mdi, mSc dii dsit dugc nhieu thanh tim ve phat trien kinh t l - xa h0i, chat lugng quan tri qudc gia cua Vift Nam dugc cai thifn rat cham. WB danh gia cac khia c^nh ciia quan tri nhu tiing ndi va trach nhifm giai trinh, chdt lugng cdc quy dinh cua Vift Nam d miic rdt thip, hSu nhu khdng dugc cai thien trong khoang 15 nam gan day [8]. Chat lugng v^ hifu qua cua cac quy dinh la mgt trong nhGng chi sd quan trgng phan anh chdt lugng cua hf thong thl che. Cdc quy dinh t6t cd thl giiip moi truong kinh doanh them thuSn Igi va thdng thoang, khdc phuc nhung "khilm khuylt"
cua thi trudng va dam bao mdi trudng canh tranh binh ddng. Tuy nhiSn, mgt he thdng quy dinh ehong cheo, phiic tap eung co thl tao ra ganh nang, can trd ho^t dgng kinh doanh cua cac doanh nghiep; ddng thdi la mdi trudng thuEin lgi cho tuih trang tham nhiing, true lgi chinh sach nay sinh. Vi dy dien hinh la, mdi truang kinh doanh nude ta hien vSn ton t^i nhung ganh nang thu tyc hanh chmh, thanh tra, kiem tra ciia cac co quan nha nudc^ Doanh nghiep trong nude vin dang phai chiu ganh nang v l chi phi khdng chinh thiic''; chua k l su trimg lap, tinh trang nhung nhilu khi giai quylt thii tuc hanh chinh. Bao cao Mdi truong kinh doanh 2017 cua WB xIp Vift Nam diing thii 82 trong tdng sd 190 nln kinh t l (vl moi trudng kinh doanh), tdt han mgt s6 nude trong khu vyc (nhu Indonesia,
Nguyin Quang Thudn Philippines, Lao, Campuchia, Myanmar,
An Dg) va cai thifn so vdi thii hang trong Bao cao nam 2016 (Vift Nam diing thii 91).
Tuy nhien, thii hang ddi vdi mgt sd chi sd ciia Viet Nam cdn kha thap, nhu: khdi su kinh doanh (dung thii 121, tyt hang so nam 2016); tra thul (diing thii 167); va pha san (diing thii 125) [9],
Thue te dien ra k l tir khi Viet Nam la thanh vien chinh thiic ciia Td chiie Thuang mEii thl gidi (WTO) nSm 2007 cang cho thay moi quan he phiic tap giiia tang truang kinh te vdi cai each thl chl va cai thien nln quan tri qudc gia. De gia nh^p WTO, Viet Nam da xay dung va hoan thifn hf thong phap luat phu hgp vdi nhihig chuan muc quoc te, Chi trong mgt khoang thdi gian ngan, Qudc hdi Vift Nam dS thdng qua 29 van ban luat quan trgng, nhu: Luat Thuong mai, Luat Dau tu, Lii|.t Doanh nghiep, Luat Dat dai, Luat Hai quan, Luat Ngan hang, Luat Bao hiem, Lu|it Lao dgng, Bd Luat Hang hai, Luat Hang khdng dan dung, Luat Ddu khi, luat vk Thue...
Tuy nhien ciing bat dau tir nam 2007, tde do tang trudng cua nen kinh te Viet Nam da cham lai; nguy co bdt dn kinh te vT mo d miic eao. Nhihig nd luc cai each the chl vita qua dudng nhu chua giiip day nhanh tiln trinh chuyin ddi md hinh tang trudng, CO cau lai nen kinh te. Mac du trong khoang 10 nam trd 1^ day, ehiing ta ndi nhieu den yen cdu phai chuygn manh sang nen kinh te thi trudng han nu:a, song tren thue t l theo danh gia cua Heritage Foundation, chi sd ty do kinh te cua Viet Nam hau nhu khdng thay ddi^. Dilu do cho thdy, luat choi tdt tren giay td tuy can thiet nhung khdng du ma kit qua phat triln thye t l phy thugc rdt nhilu vao quan tri qua trinh thyc thi, bdng viee giam sat, phan hdi va diSu chinh hihi
hieu hanh vi (each choi) cua nhfing chu thl (ngudi choi) trong mgt bdi canh nhieu nii ro va thay ddi khong ngimg.
3. Xay dirng nen quan trj quoc gia "kien tao" nhgm thuc day tang tru&ng kinh t l ben virng
Cach tilp can quan tri cho thay, cai each thl chl khdng chi dimg d viec thiet ldp nhiing t | p quan, quy tae hay "luat choi" tdt nhdt ma can quan tam den tinh hifu lyc, kha nang thyc thi chiing; ndi mgt each khac, phai tinh den nhfing "ngudi chai" va
"cdch chai".
Lien quan den nguoi choi, ed hai diSm dang chii >'. Thu nhdt, khu vuc cd vdn dau tu tryc tiep nude ngoai (FDI), dac bift la cac tdp doan da qudc gia (MNC) dang ngay cang ddng vai trd quan trgng khdng ehi ddi vdi tang trudng kinh te ma, cdn doi vdi qua trinh hoach dinh chinh sach d Vift Nam. Sy hifn dien nay khdng chi tao ra nhung tdc ddng tich cyc ma cdn cd nhiing hieu iing tieu cyc nhu chuydn gia, anh hudng den mdi trudng, canh tranh khdng lanh manh ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep trong nude. Tuy nhien, bat binh dang ciing xuat hien trong nhdm doanh nghiep trong nude, k l ea trong khu vuc doanh nghiep tu nhan. Cae tap doan bat dgng san lan hien la nhiing ngudi choi ldn trong nen kinh te cd anh hudng din chinh sach. Trong khi do, cac doanh nghifp viia va nhd, chiem tren 95% tdng sd khoang niia trifu doanh nghiep ed dang ky va hang trifu ho kinh doanh nhd le khac, cd tiing ndi rdt han che trong qua trinh hinh thanh luat chai d Viet Nam. Thd hai, nhd nhung ket qud cua tang trudng kinh te, nhdm trung luu d Viet Nam da xuat hien va
Khoa hpc xa hgi Vif t Nam, s69 -2017 dang md r^ng nhanh chdng. Khac vdi nhdm cd thu nhap cao, nhdm trung luu van cdn cd kha nhieu biic xiic lien quan den chat lugng vifc ldm, thu nhap, chdt lugng gido due, y tl, su tham gia trong xa hdi... Khac vdi nhdm ngheo va c|in ngheo la nhfing ngudi uu tign vao vifc kilm song v^ cung khdng cd nhilu ky ndng d l thl hifn nhiing biic xiic ciia minh, nhdm trung luu cd nhieu mdi quan tam hon, ddng thdi cfing cd nhieu ky nang ban de thl hien nhiing biic xiic va mdi quan tam cua minh. Ciing vdi su xuat hien va ldn manh cua nhdm trung luu, dudi tae dgng cua each mang edng nghe, cac mang truyin thdng xa hOi nhu Facebook trd nen phd bien, giiip ket ndi cdc cd nhdn va chia se thdng tin hit siic nhanh chdng. Hai ylu to - nhdm tnmg luu va m?ing truyen thdng xa hdi, xudt hifn gdn nhu dbng thdi d Viet Nam, tuang tdc vai nhau tao nen nhfing anh hudng ngay mgt gia tang den qud trinh tao ra ludt chai cung nhu each choi theo hudng cdng khai, minh b ^ h [3].
Lien quan den each chai, vifc thiet lap nhihig the che kinh t l thi trudng nln tang Id cdn thilt song khdng dfi, Vift Nam can cd nhfing th6 chg bo sung, dsic bift la nhung the che mang tinh "vugt trgi", dg ddy nhanh qua trinh chuyin ddi md hinh tdng trudng, nit ngdn khoang cdch phat trien voi nhung nude di trudc. Trong thdi gian tdi, vifc tilp tuc khai thac cac du dia cdn lai cua md hinh tang trudng cu (chu yeu dua v^o gia tang huy dgng va sii dung hieu qud cac nguon lyc) se khdng dii de giiip nen kinh te Viet Nam vugt qua "bIy thu nhap trung bhih" va tign xa han bdi cdc ngudn lyc nhu von, tai nguyen va lao dOng chi cd ban; t h ^ chi cdn cd the khiln nln kinh te Vift Nam mdc vao "bay gia cdng, lip rap" - mOt ndc thdp hon cua "bay thu nh|ip trung binh" [5]. Do v|iy, Vift Nam can thirc hien m^t nghi trinh
"kgp": vu:a hoan thifn thl ehl co bdn ciia nln kinh tg thi trudng, viia thilt lap nhiing thg che dac thu cho md hinh tang trudng mdi, khuygn khfch ap dung cdng nghe, nudi dudng ddi mdi sdng tao d l khdng hi tut I^
phia sau trudc nhihig thay ddi nhanh chdng ciia the gidi va qua trinh hgi nhap.
Trudc ygu cdu mod dd, sy phan cdng va phdi hgp gifi;a cdc chu thl ngay cang trd ngn quan trgng. Vi dy: su lign kit ch£it chg, nhip nhdng giiia cac doanh nghifp trong cdc mang san xuat, cdc cym lien kit nganh; sy phdi hgp gifia cdc doanh nghifp, cdc trudng dai hgc, vifn nghien ciiu va Nha nude dl tranh tinh trang cac doanh nghifp Vift Nam khdng lam ndi sac pin hay vd op dien tho^
thdng minh, trong khi Nha nude vdn tieu tdn nhung khoan tign dang ke cho cac dl tdi nghien ciiu it tinh iing dung; sy hgp tdc chat che giua cac doanh nghifp cd nang luc vl tai chinh vd cdng nghe, ngudi ndng dan cd ddt va Nha nude ddng vai trd cau ndi nhdm phat trign nong nghiep cdng nghf cao va sdn xuat ndng sdn theo cdc chudi gid tri...
Dg nhihig nguoi choi hgp tdc vdi nhau va dat dugc lgi ich trong dai han thay ^i lgi dung nhau de thu ich lgi trong ngin han, edc the chg can mang tinh dung nap, tiic Id khdng loai trir mgt ai cung nhu khdng uu ai bat cii ai trong qua trinh xay dung va thuc thi lu^t choi. Bdn than trong khu vyc nha nude Cling can cd sy phdi hgp nhip nhdng giua cdc bg, nganh, tnmg uong vd dia phuang d l thuc hien cd hifu qud dinh hudng chiln luge cila Ddng trong vifc thiic day tang trudng nhanh, bin viing va mang tinh bao trum.
Thyc hifn cam kit mgt each nhdt quan la ygu cau trgng ylu ddi vdi cdch choi cua Nha nude voi tu cdch viia Id ngudi ddt ra lu|it choi, vOta la m^t trong nhung ngum choi, d l ddm bdo tinh hifu l^rc cua thl che va chinh sdch. Chinh sdch hay ttiay d6i do
Nguyen Quang Thuan chat lugng thap hoac do "tu duy nhifm k^"
Idm giam nigm tin va tinh hifu luc ciia thl che. Thiic ddy mgt moi trudng kinh doanh binh ddng khdng thien vi ddi vdi doanh nghiep nhd nude, bit cdc doanh nghifp ndy phdi tuan thii ky lu$t thi trudng cung Id mft phdn cua ygu cdu thuc hifn cam kit nhat qudn tii phia Nha nude, qua dd giiip ciing c6 Idng tin cda thi trudng.
Dam bdo nilm tin cua cdc chu thl (ngudi choi) la ygu td quan trgng d l eac ludt choi cd thg dugc tuan thu hfin hieu. Thiic t l eho thay, sau hon 30 nam ddi mdi, mac du ddi s6ng cua ngudi dan duge nang Ign, xa hdi Vift Nam trd nen van minh hon, nln ddn chii XHCN cd nhilu tiln bg, song dang lo ngai la niem tin cua ngudi dan cd chilu hudng suy gidm. Xet v l msit xa hdi, dilu nay cd nguygn nhan ca bdn la xu hudng bdt binh ddng gia tang, nhat la khodng each thu nh^p ngdy cang ndi rgng giiia lao ddng cd tay nghe vd lao d d i ^ chua qua dao tao; gifia cdn bd, cdng ehiic nhd nude vdi dan thudng; giu:a cdc chii doanh nghifp kinh doanh theo loi chup giat, mdc ngo^c vdi nhiing ngudi lam thug... Ben canh dd, tit phia Nhd nude la su suy giam trong chat lugng bg may vd cae can bO cdng quyen.
Hf qua cua vdn d l nay khdng chi la tinh trang tham nhiing, lang phi md cdn la vifc thigt ke chinh sdch uu tien thien lech, danh ddc quygn, d^c Igi cho mgt nhdm ngudi cd siic manh kinh te, tham chi cd thg gay t6n h^i den nhdm ngudi yeu thg han, khdng cd tigng ndi va dugc tham gia ddy du trong qud trinh xay dyng vd thuc hien chinh sach.
Dilm mau chdt khiln du luan it quan tdm din nhung thanh cdng md chi chii y nhieu dgn nhirng ban che ciia qua trinh phat triln hien nay, ddn dgn suy giam nigm tin trong dan chting, la su thilu minh bach, thieu cdng khai cua cdc qua trinh chinh sdch, phdn bo nguon lyc qudc gia vd trdch
nhifm gidi trinh thap kem. Do v^y, can xay dyng nen qudn tri d^ra trgn nhung nguygn tie minh bach, cd trdch nhifm giai trinh, cd su tham gia cua ngudi dan; lay ngudi ddn ldm trung tam vd ldy lgi ich cua ngudi dan ldm mye tigu phan dau.
Nang cao tinh minh bach la chia khda giiip Vift Nam ndng cao chat lugng qudn tri qudc gia; Id dieu kifn giiip thyc hien nghigm tiic trach nhifm giai trinh vd dam bdo su tham gia cua ngudi dan vao qua trinh chinh sdch. Vift Nam ^ n g cd nhiing dieu kien thuan Igi de thyc hien dugc ^ e u nay nhd cdc ygu td:
- Day manh hgi nhap qudc tl, ldy vifc tham gia cdc hiep dinh thuang mai tu do the he mdi dg tiep tuc cdi cdch, hodn thien the chg thi trudng trong nude theo hudng hifn dai, phil hgp vdi chudn m\ic qudc te.
- Nhfing thay ddi nhanh chdng ve cdng nghe ma cugc cdch mang cong nghifp 4.0 mang lai, d^c biet Id cdng nghf thdng tin va tmyln thdng, sy phd biln cua mgng xa hgi..., til dd mang l^i cdc cdng ey gidm sat cua xa h^i ddi vdi chinh sdch va hdnh dgng cua cdc can bg nha nude.
Thay ddi ve xa hgi vdi sy md rgng cua tdng Idp trung luu, qud trinh dd thi hod vdi nhimg ddi hdi manh me ve ndng cao chdt lugng dich vu cdng, cdi edeh thl chg, dac bift cdc ygu cdu ve tinh minh bach, tham gia vao chu trinh chinh sdch, phdn bifn xa hgi...
- No lyc xay dyng vd chinh ddn Ddng, xay dyng md hinh Nha nuac, Chinh phu theo cdc chuan muc tign bg nhu: ligm chinh, kign tao phdt triln vd hdnh dfng, phyc vy ngudi dan vd doanh nghifp Id ngudi dan dat, dinh hudng cho tiln trinh edi each manh me.
Vift Nam khong chi cdn thiic ddy nhung yeu td cua quan trj tdt lam nen tdng cho vifc hodn thien nhung thl chl co ban cua
Khoa hgc xa hgi Vift Nam, s6 9 - 2017 kinh t l thi tnidng, md edn can xdy dyng mgt nen quan tri kien tao phdt trien de day nhanh qud trinh thilt lap nhfing the chl dac thu cho mgt md hinh tdng trudng mdi.
Nln qudn tri kien tao phat trign can dam bdo cae nguygn tdc: i) xir ly mgt cdch hifu qud cdc thdt bai cua thi trudng, tde d^ng din qud trinh phan bd lai thu nh^p de bao vf ngudi ngheo, nguoi yeu thg; ii) thiic day su phdt triln ciia mdt xa hgi trung luu; iii) thiic ddy vifc thyc hifn cam kit, phoi hgp vd hgp tdc gifia cdc chu thg ciia nen kinh t l - xd hdi dl ndng cao hifu luc trong viec thyc thi luat choi; iv) khuygn khich, nudi dudng ddi mdi sang tao cung nhu khoan dung vd cho phep tiep nhin nhfing lu|t choi mdi nhat. Chinh phii kien t ^ Id mgt phan cua nen qudn tri qudc gia kign tao. Md hinh chinh phu "Liem chinh, kien tgo, hdnh dgng manh me, phyc vy ngudi dan va doanh nghifp" Id phuong cham, dinh hudng hdnh dgng chuan xdc trong vifc khdi phuc vd duy tri ldng tin - digm nghen ldn nhdt hifn nay cdn trd tinh hieu luc cua thl chl. De thyc hifn dugc phuang chdm "Ligm chinh, kign tao va hdnh dOng", cdn cd sy kit hgp gifia: i) tam nhin chien luge vd quylt tam chinh tri thiic ddy cai each cfia lanh dao cdp cao; ii) su ligm chinh va ndng Iuc hdnh dgng cda cdc cdp chinh quyen; iii) sir dung hifu qud cdc chuyen gia ky tri cd nhfing dy bdo chign luge ve cac xu hudng ldn, cfing nhu ddnh gid, dg xuat nhfing -y tudng mang tinh dot phd phdt tiiln trong mgt thl gidi cd nhieu bien dgng.
4. Mgt so dinh hudng chinh sdch trong giai do^n tod
- Xdy dyng bg mdy hanh chinh hoat dgng minh bgch, cd trdch nhifm gidi trinh d6i vdi cdng chting.
Ap dung manh va md rgng chinh phii difn tii, chinh phii sd d mgi ITnh vuc dk giam thieu vd hifn dai hda thu tuc hdnh chinh, han chl tham nhung, tdng cudng tinh minh bach vd tiep nhan dugc sy phdn hoi cua ngudi dan. Khdn truang thu thdp va xdy dyng CO sd dfi lifu md dl tang khd nang tiep can thdng tin ciia ngudi dan ddi vdi qua trinh ra quyet dinh; th6ng nhdt quy trinh gidi quylt thu tyc hdnh chinh difn tii, tranh tinh trang khong an khdp giiia ede co quan nhd nude trong vifc dp dyng cac quy dinh.
Thiet I^p cdc co chl doi thoai lien tuc nham gidm sat nen hanh chinh cdng vd dd bd nhfing rao can, bat cap xuat hifn trong qua trinh thyc thi chlnh sdeh [1, tr.l 15].
Cdn tgo dyng ca che ddi thoai qua cdc trang thdng tin dien tii tuang tdc, cdc cdng cu web 2.0 (blog, mang xa hdi) chinh thiic ciia Chinh phii, d l ngudi dan cd thl tham gia vao qua trinh hoach dinh vd phdn bifn chinh sach nham gidm sat nen hanh chlnh cdng vd qud trinh thyc thi ehinh sdch. TrSn nen tdng dd, xay dung md hinh dan chii difn tur, gia tdng ca hfi eho tdt cd cd nhdn va cfng dong tuong tdc vdi chinh quyen, xda bd rao cdn ve dia Iy, dia vi xS hdi vd nhfing yeu to bdt Igi khdc, gdn kit nhfing cd nhan, cgng dong trudc day bi ggt ra ngoai qua trinh ndy.
Tdng cudng ddm bdo nguyen tic hoat ddng ddc I|p cila cdc bd phdn, nhu: kilm todn, thanh tra, ngdn hdng trung uong, thong kg... trong bO may nha nude. Thyc hifn cong khai cdc bdo cdo kilm todn, tai chinh cua cdc bg, nganh, chinh quyen dia phuang de ngudi ddn gidm sat.
- Xay dyng hf th6ng didi vy cdng hifu qud.
Can cdi each md hinh cung 6ng dich vy cdng theo hudng tdng cudng sy tham gia cila khu vyc tu nhdn vd cgng d6ng. TCi ddu nhiing ndm 1990 din nay, nhilu nude tign the gidi da dp dyng md hinh "Quan Iy cdng
Nguyen Quang Thuan mod", nhan mgnh yeu cdu tinh gidn bd mdy
nha nude, de cao nguygn t i c thi trudng, dp dung phuong thiic lanh dgo doanh nghiep cho cdc td ehiic cdng vd khuyin khich cdc cdng ty tu nhan tham gia cung cdp dich vy cdng d l gidm gdnh ndng cho chmh quyln... [6, ti-.377-388].
De thod man nhu cau djch vu ngdy cdng cao va da dang ciia ngudi dan, cdn dua co che thi trudng va tao dung chinh quyln dang doanh nghiep theo cdc hudng: i) T r ^ quyen cho td chiic eung cap dich vy edng, ddm bdo cho cdc td chiic ndy cd quyln tu chu cao ve bg mdy, eon ngudi vd tdi chinh;
ii) Trao quygn cho nguoi lam thue dk tang su nhiet tmh, sang tao cua nhdn vign; vd iii) Trao quygn cho khdch hang la cdc cdng ddn trong viec lua chgn dan vi cung cdp dich vu, kiem sodt va ddnh gid chdt lugng cung nhu gid cd ciia dich vu.
- Hoan thien hf thong gidi quygt tranh chdp, xet xii.
Dilu nay giiip tao dilu kien cho vifc bao vf quyen sd hiiu tai san (trong do cd cdc van de "ndng" d Viet Nam hifn nay nhu so hiiu dat dai, sd hiiu tri tuf), tiln hdnh cdc thii tyc pha sdn doanh nghifp... Quan trj tdt nhdn manh tinh thdn thugng tdn phap luat.
Bdi vdy, cdn ddm bao cho nguygn tdc toa dn ddc lap cd hieu luc trgn thye te. Dong thdi, can thay ddi nhan thtic ve tda an, coi dd khdng chi Id ca quan x^t xii md cdn Id co quan bdo vf cdng Iy. Ben cgnh dd, can tiep tyc da dang hod, md rgng cdc dich vy, nhu:
luat su, tu van kinh doanh, trgng tai...
- Gidi quyet cac diem nghen cua qua trinh do thi hod qua vifc thiet lap cdc md hinh qudn tri do thi hifn dai.
Cdc van de nhu tdc dudng, 6 nhiem mdi tnrdng, an todn thuc pham... dang tao ra nhiing diem n ^ e n cdn trd tdc dg tang trudng cua hai ddu tau kinh t l Id Hd Ngi va thanh phd Hd Chi Minh. Cdn quy hogch d l
tgo l|p m0t CO cdu dd thi phu hgp vdi cac thanh phd ddng sdng cd qui md ldn, ddng vai trd, cdc tnmg tdm cdng nghf vd ddi mdi sdng tao vd dugc kit noi tdt vdi cdc do thi loai hai la noi phat triln cac cym lien ket nganh ttong cdc chuoi gid tri todn cdu, vd cdc dd thi logi ba Id nod chg bien nong sdn tiong cdc chudi gia tri nganh hdng ttong ndng nghifp.
Trign khai cac chfi truang xay dung cdc md hinh thdnh phd mdi nhu "thanh pho ddng sdng", "thanh phd thdng minh" va
"thdnh phd xanh"^... Tuy theo dieu kien vd the mgnh ciia minh md chinh quygn dia phuang cdn xdc dinh linh vuc uu tien triln kliai trudc khi bit tay vao xay dung md hinh thanh phd thdng minh. Tuy nhien, cdc chinh quygn dia phuang cdn tiln hdnh ddnh gid ky luong tfing phuang dn, tu dd lya chgn phuang dn tdi uu. Nhdm ndng cao tinh khd thi ciia cdc du dn dd thi thdng minh, Nha nude can huy dgng sy tham gia eua cdc tdp doan vd cdng ty cdng nghf trong vd ngoai nude.
Day nhanh vifc thanh Igp cdc ddc khu kinh te de thfi nghiem cdi each the chl theo hudng ndng cao miic do tu do, ty chu vd ty quygt cao. Phai xay dyng cdc md hmh thl chg va qudn tr; thyc su mang tinh "vugt ttdi". Day Id each tilp can vd tu duy mdi cfia cdc chinh quyen dia phuang nhdm thu hiit ngudn lyre tu bgn ngoai ttong qua trinh hOi nhdp. Canh ttanh vd thu hilt ngudn lyc bang su "uu dai" la tu duy hgi nhap cfia nhfing nam 1980; tu duy hgi nh^p cua thl ky XXI la canh ttanh vd thu hut ngudn lyc bdng nhfing yeu to "vugt ttdi", ttong dd cd su vugt ttgi ve thg che vd quan tri. Viec cd dugc cdc ea ehe "ddc thu" (vi dy, tu chu va ty quylt ttong mgt so ITnh vyc) mdi chi Id no lire ban ddu de edc dia phuang xdy dyng mdi tnidng the chg vd quan tri vugt ttdi.
Dieu quan tigng la can phdi bien cdc ea chl
Khoa hgc xa hgi Vift Nam, s6 9 - 2017
"dac thu" thanh sy "vugt ttfi", tiie Id tao ra s\i khdc biet vd lgi thl nhd dat tdi mgt
"ddng edp" eao hon.
- Thilt k l m0t chinh sdch cdng nghifp dSit trgng tam vdo ndng cap nen tang cdng nghe va phdt ttien khu vuc kinh tg tu nhdn.
D I dat duge muc tieu phdt triln nit ngdn, cdc nln kinh t l Ddng A nhu Nhat Bdn, Han Qude va Ddi Loan da trai qua mgt qua tthih "giai md cdng nghe"; bat ddu bdng vifc thu thap cdng nghe tien tien tii cdc nude phdt triln, iing dyng, timg budc ndng cao va k i t hgp vdi nen khoa hgc kJ thu|t ttong nude; tfi sdn xudt, Idp rdp linh kifn, timg budc ddi mdi, ndng cao nang lyc vd phdt ttiln n l n cdng nghf ky thu$t cao. Kinh nghifm dd cho thdy, chinh sach cdng nghiep edn cd ba ylu td chinh: i) Cdc nguygn tdc tao ra bdu khdng khi hgp tdc giua Chinh phfi vd khu vuc tu nhan hon Id chi dan thudn cung cap cac uu dai tai chinh; theo dd, Chinh phu cdn cimg vdi khu vuc tu nhdn xac dinh vdn dl, ca hdi vd cdc gidi phdp nhdm khuygn khich dau tu phdt triln mdt sd nganh uu tign vd hd ttg edc doanh nghifp cd nhidu tilm ndng phdt trien; ii) can phdi dya vao cd "cd rdt" vd
"cdy gly" de huang khu v\ic tu nhan vdo nhung ITnh vyc dugc xdc djnh can uu tign phdt trign; vd iii) can dugc thuc hien mft cdch minh b ^ h va cd trdch nhifm gidi trinh, vd md r^ng cho tat cd cac bgn lign quan cd the tham gia.
cdn ndm bat dugc Ian sdng khdi nghifp cfia cdc doanh nghifp cdng nghf vd cd ede chinh sach giup cdc doanh nhan vugt qua rdo cdn vg vdn, rui ro, ngudn nhan lyc... dl hifn thyc hda cac y tudng sang tao cfia minh trong cac d\r dn kinh doanh. Phdt triln hf thdng tai chinh ho ttg hdp thy vd dp dyng cdng nghf, thuc day doi mdi sdng tgo. Nhd nude cdn tap trung xdy dung, hoan thien ca
chl ehinh sach, tao thudn lgi cho vifc thdnh lap, hoat ddng cfia QuJ ddu tu mao hilm;
thyc hifn nhilu hinh thiic d6i tde cdng - tu, kit hgp ngudn vdn hS ttg cfia Nha nude vdi ngudn v6n ddu tu cfia tu nhdn dl cung cdp tdi chinh cho cac doanh nghiep khdi nghifp.
Nang cao chat lugng ngudn nhdn lyc thdng qua cai cdch hf thdng giao due vd ddo tao, gdn ddo tao vdi thuc tien, thue day vdn hda khdi nghifp; dac bift chfi trgng ddo t£io nghi va dao tao nhdn tai. Trudc mdt, Vift Nam edn cd nhfing trudng ky thugt vd cdng nghg kit ndi tot vdi khu vyc doanh nghifp, tdp tnmg vao dao tao cdc ngdnh nghe lien quan den cdc cong nghf mfii nhgn nhu STEM (khoa hgc tu nhiSn, cdng nghf, CO khi, todn), robotic, kinh t l xanh, intemet kgt ndi van v|it, thiet ke tri tuf nhdn tgo, ty ddng hod, nang lugng vd vdt lifu mdi...
Ngoai ra, mac du da thay doi nhieu ttong thdi gian qua, xa hgi Vift Nam van chua phdi la mdt xa hgi mang nen van hod kinh doanh vd khdi nghifp. Bdi v^y, cdn khuyen khich, tao dung mdi trudng sdng tao cho gidi tte ngay tfi khi cdn ngoi trgn ghi nhd trudng, giup hg hinh thanh y chi t\r than lap nghiep de sdn sang cho tuong lai [2].
5. Ket lu^D
Mdc du dat dugc nhilu thanh tvm v l phdt tiiln kinh t l - xd hgi sau hem 30 nam doi mdi, song Vift Nam van chua thiet lap duge mOt mdi trudng qudn hi qu6c gia phfi hgp vd hifn dai, chdt lugng quan tti quIc gia cfia Viet Nam dugc cdi thifn rat cham.
D l cdi thien nln quan ttj qudc gia, Vift Nam cdn phdi: xay dyng bg mdy hanh chmh hoat dgng mmh b ^ h , cd trdch nhifm gidi ttinh d6i vdd cdng chiing; xay dyng hf thong djch vy cdng hifu qud; hodn thifn he
Nguyen Quang Thuan thong giai quylt ttanh chap, xet xu; giai L&o (155), Myanmar (158), song thdp hon quylt cac dilm nghen cua qua trinh dd thi Campuchia (112).
hod qua viec thiet lap eac md hinh qudn tri * Tinh den nay, Vift Nam da dat mye tifiu phdt triln do thi hien dgi; thilt k l mgt chinh sach mu6i do thj th6ng minh (gIm: H^ Nfi, Tp. Ho Chf cdng nghiep ddt ttgng tdm vdo nang cdp Minh, LSm D6ng, Thiia Thifin Hul, Binh Duong, nen tang cdng nghf va phdt triln khu vuc Vmh Phiic, Qu^g Ninh, Hai Phong, Thanh H6a vi kinh tg tu nhan. Dieu nay gdp phdn tao mdi Phfi Qu6c).
trudng thuan Igi thiie ddy tdng trudng kinh te ttong giai dogn tdi.
Tai lieu tham khao
Chii thich
^ Theo WB, quan trj bao gom nhftng truyen thing vi the chl mS dira vio &6 thim quyln trong mOt nuac dupe thye thi [8].
' Theo PCI 2015, c6 t(n 74% doanh nghifp tCmg don tilp cic doin thanh kilm tra trong tit ca cdc lihh we trong nam 2014 [5].
" Theo PCI 2015, 62% doanh nghifp sieu nh6, 68%
doanh nghifp nh6, 70% doanh nghifp quy mfl vira cho ring hifn tupng chi tri chi phf khflng chfnh thilrc li thuimg xuySn. Khoing 11% doanh nghifp sifiu nho, 13% doanh nghifip nhfl, 10% doanh nghifip quy mfl vira cho bifit chi phi khflng chfnh thiic chilm tren 10% doanh thu cua doanh nghifp.
^ Heritage dinh gii mfic dfl t\r do cOa mflt nln kinh tfi theo bon nhdm chi so: 1) Tinh than thugng ton phip luit (bio dim quyln sir hOu, Idi&ng bi tham nhung); 2) Han chl cfia chfnh phfi (tu do vl tii Idioi, chi tifiu cfia chfnh phfi); 3) Hifiu qui cfia quy dinh (tir do kinh doanh, t\r do lao dfng, ty do vl tiln tf); vi 4) Thj tni6ng m6 (t\r do thirong m^ii, tif do d^u tu vi ty do tii chinh) [10]. Diu hifu tfch c\rc li trong khoing 2 nim gdn diy, chf sd niy cd xu hirflng dupe cii thifn. Nim 2016, Heritage Foundation xIp Vift Nam dfing thii 131 trong ting s6 178 nln kinh tl d u ^ xIp h^ng vl mfic dfl ty do kinh te, thufc nhflm cdc nln kinh tl bj coi Ii "phin Ifln khflng ty do".
Thi^ b^c niy cao hem Trung Qu6c (144), Nga (153),
[1] Dien ddn kinh ti tu nhdn Viit Nam 2016: Ca hgi. thdch thdc vd gidi ph^. Ha Nfi.
[2] Nguyin Quang Thuin (Chu bifin) (2017), Kinh te the gidi vd Vigt Nam 2016-2017: Thuc ddy tdng tru&ng vd phdt triin trong bdi cdnh cd nhiiu thay ddi, Nxb Khoa hpc xi hfli. Ha Nfli.
[3] Nguyin Quang Thuin (2017), "Hoin thifin thl chl kinh tl thi tnrdng dinh huflng xi hfli chu nghia or Vift Nam: Ly luin vi thyc tiln", Hgi thdo khoa hgc: Hodn thiin thi ehi kinh ti thf tru&ng dinh hu&ng xd hdi chit nghia trong bii cdnh m&i. Hfli dong Ly luin Trung uong, Vifn Han lam Khoa hpc xi hfli Vift Nam, diing 2, Hi Nfi.
[4] VCCI & USAID (2015), Bdo cdo ndng Ifcc cgnh tranh cdp tinh ndm 2015, Hi Nfi.
[5] Vien Hin lim Khoa hoc xi hfli Vift Nam (2014;, Bdo cdo chinh sdch thdng 12, Hi Nfi.
[6] Osborne, o. r. (2006), "The New Public Governance?" Public Management Review, Vol. 8, No. 3.
[7] World Bank (1989), Sub-Saharan Africa:
From Crisis io Sustainable Growth, Washington DC.
[8] http://info.worIdbank.0rg/govemance/wgi/i ndex.aspx#reports
[9] http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/expIore economies/vietnam
[10] http://www.heritage.org/index/ranking
