Khoa hoc Giao due Nglilen^ctfu
QUY TRINH XAY DITNG DE KIEM TRA DANH GIA KET QUA HOC TAP CUA HOC SINH PHO THONG
ThS. LE TH! IVIY HA,
Trung tam Nghien ciiru Danh gia ket qua giao due
K
ilm tra danh gia kit qua hpc tap eua hoe sinh ludn la mdt v i n d l duge xa hdi quan tam. Khi duge cha me ddn hang ngay, rit nhilu dCra tre nhan duge eau hdi d i u tien la: Hdm nay con dugc dilm may? Hdm nay eon ed bai kilm tra khdng, kit qua t h i nao?... Hp vui nlu con dugc diem cao, va budn bye nlu thiy eon bj dilm thip.Mue dieh cua kilm tra danh gia kit qua hpc tap eua hpc sinh (KTDG KQHT cua HS) khdng phai la cho dilm, x i p loai hpc sinh, cho len Idp ma nham theo ddi qua trinh hpc tap eua hpc sinh, dua ra cae giai phap kjp thdi dilu ehinh phuang phap day eua thiy phuang phap hpc eua trd, giup hoc sinh tiln bp, dat dugc muc tieu giao due.
- Hien nay tren t h i gidi quan niem T i m nhin v l danh gia KQHT eua HS nhu sau:
- Danh gia la 1 quy trinh lien tuc va la mdt phin cua hoat ddng giang day;
- c i n tiln hanh danh gia de giup HS trong hpc tap va nha trudng trong mpi hoat ddng ed lien quan;
- HS cin nam rd dugc su ky vpng cua thay cd va cha me ddi vdi viee hpc eua cac em;
HS phai van dung quy trinh tu duy va tim ra nhu'ng dap an ehinh xac nhit.
Thdi gian qua, trong qua trinh doi mdi chuang trinh, sach giao khoa, doi mdi ea sd vat chit, trang thilt bj giang day, Viet Nam da tien hanh doi mdi KTDG KQHT eua HS. Chung ta da xay dyng k l hoach tap huin, boi dudng nghiep vu KTDG cho giao vien trong mdi djp he.
Tuy nhen, kit qua v i n chua dugc nhu mong dgi. Giao vien (GV) v i n lung tung tur each quan niem, each hilu v l doi mdi kilm tra danh gia KQHT eua HS, dae biet Id viee doi mdi each xay dung mdt d l kilm tra, doj mdi cae phuang phap, ky thuat danh gia. De giup dg GV trong viee thilt k l mdt d l kilm tra dap Crng duge eac yeu ciu doi mdi KTDG KQHT eua HS, trong bai vilt nay, chung tdi mudn gidi thieu mdt quy trinh xay dyng d l KTDG KQHT cua HS pho thdng hien nay dang duge thye hien d My va cac nude phat triln tren thi gidi. (Sa d l 1)
Sa do 1: Quy trinh xay dung de kiem tra danh gia ket qua hoc tap cua hoc sinh
Xay dyng k l hoach kilm tra va ra d l
Xay dyng tieu ehi kT thuat ra d l kilm tra (Ma tran)
V i l t eac eau hdi sat vdi Tieu ehi kT thuat va ehuin chuang trinh
Kiem tra thu' cae cau hdi duac bien soan
Tap hgp va in an de kiem tra
Kilm tra, chim dilm va bao eao k i t qua
.."-•i.-
Bao cao tong k i t chit lugng bai kilm tra
i.'. ?!".;(,Vl
Bao cao phan hoi tdi eac can bd ra d l v l chit lugng bai kilm tra.
• o ' j i ' ft'.;::
Chi dua nhCrng eau hdi dap Crng chat lugng ve mat thing ke va thim djnh vao ngan hang cau hdi.
Quy trinh bien soan de l^iem tra
(Ngudn: GS.TS A.Nitko, chuyen gia danh gia KQHT eua HS - Dy an PTGD THCS II - 2006, [6]
NgHienl c ihi- -Khoa hoe Giao due
Theo quy trinh tren, ed 9 bude ea ban sau:
1. Xay dyng k l hoach kiem tra va ra d l kilm tra 2. Xay dyng tieu ehi kT thuat ra d l kilm tra (Ma
tran)
3. Vilt eac eau hdi kilm tra 4. Kilm tra thur nghiem cae eau hdi 5. Tap hgp va in i n d l kilm tra 6. Kilm tra, chim diem va bao kit qua
7. Vilt bao cao tong kit danh gia chit lugng bai kiem tra
8. Bao cao phan hoi tdi can bd ra d l v l chit lugng d l kilm tra
9. Chpn lya eac cau hdi tdt dua vao ngan hang d l (Item bank).
Trong quy trinh nay, van dung vao Viet Nam, ed t h i thiy:
+ Budc 4: Kiem tra thur nghiem eac eau hdi, chung ta chi lam duge cdng doan nay trong cae cudc khao sat c i p quoc gia, ehua thye hien trong qua trinh kilm tra danh gia kit qua hpc tap cua HS tai trudng. Khie phuc bing each, d trudng, cac thay cd khi ra d l kilm tra 1 tilt, hpc ki, nen nhd giao vien d to bd mdn xem xep, gdp y.
+ Budc 7, 8 va 9: Chung ta ehua duge thye hien trong eac ki kilm tra danh gia kit qua hpc tap cua hpc sinh tren Idp.
Trong quy trinh thilt k l d l kilm tra hien nay, GV vudng mac nhit ehinh la khau thilt k l ma tran. Trong bai vilt nay, chung tdi tap trung gidi thieu bude 1 va bude 2 trong quy trinh la Xay dyng k l hoach kilm tra va ra d l kilm tra; Xay dyng tieu chi kT thuat ra d l kilm tra (Ma tran).
Bu'ac 1: Xay dirng ke hoach kiem tra va ra de kiem tra
a.Xac dinh mue dieh, yeu ciu kiim tra danh gia.
Can xae dinh rd day la bai kiem tra nham thu thap thdng tin cho loai hinh danh gia nao (danh gia chin doan, danh gia qua trinh hay danh gia tong kit; danh gia theo chuan hay danh gia theo tieu ehi) de tCr dd dat ra mue tieu va yeu c i u ddi vdi d l kiem tra. Vdi GV, c i n xae djnh day la bai kilm tra d i u vao, kilm tra 1 tilt, kilm tra h i t chuang hay kilm tra hpc ki.
b. Xac dinh muc tieu day hoc. De xay dyng duge mot d l kilm tra tdt, c i n can aCj! vao mue tieu giang day nhu la kit qua eua viee day hpc (kiln thure, kT nang, thai dp). MCre dp eu t h i hda muc tieu ddi vdi bai kilm tra danh gia theo tieu chi c i n dya vao ehuan kiln thure, kT nang da dugc quy djnh trong chuang trinh.
Bu'ac 2. Xay dipng tieu chi kT thuat ra de kiem tra (Ma tran).
O mot so tai lieu khae edn goi la Thiit lap ma tran hai chiiu eho di kiem tra/ Xay dung bang dae trung hai chiiu.
Xay dyng cac Tieu ehi kT thuat ra d l bai kilm tra (Ma
tran) cd hai muc dich:
(1). Cdng cu lap k l hoach kilm tra - tardc ki kilm tra - Dam bao eac cip dp tu duy cin thilt duge danh gia.
- Dam bao ndi dung chuang trinh quan trpng duge danh gia.
(2). Cdng eu danh gia chit lugng eac bai kilm tra sin cd - sau ki kilm tra.
- K I hoach kilm tra ban diu ed duge thuc hien hay khdng?
- Ndi dung chuang trinh va cip dp tu duy nao da dugc danh gia?
- Bang md ta tieu chi kilm tra 2 chiiu thudng ed cae ndi dung sau:
- Cac npi dung kilm tra;
- Cae cip dp tu duy;
- Kem theo ti le % mCre dp quan trpng trong moi d.
T i m quan trpng eua viee thilt k l cac tieu ehi kT thuat ra d l bai kilm tra (Ma tran) t h i hien d eac dilm sau:
+ Dua ra mdt ciu tnjc hgp li, can ddi nhim xae djnh duge diy du cac ndi dung cin kiem tra. Nhin ma tran, ed t h i danh gia duge d l kilm tra ed toan dien va tong hgp dugc nhCrng pham vi kiln thCre, kT nang cin danh gia khdng, cd phan hda dugc nang lye hpc sinh khdng.
+ T h i hien duge sd lugng nhO'ng cau hdi dam bao can ddi v l thdi lugng cOng nhu mure dp quan trpng eua tCrng ndi dung da hpc. Cau hdi nao khd han duge danh thdi lugng va sd dilm eao han.
+ The hien duge eg t h i cac yeu eic v l mCre dp ta duy cua mdi ndi dung cin kilm tra. Kinh nghiem khi thilt k l d l KTDG KQHT eua mdn NgCr van, ti le % danh eho cae mCre dp thudng la: Biit khoang 20 - 25 %; Hilu khoang 35 - 40 %; Van dung khoang 35- 40%.
Ve cac miFC do tu" duy/ nhan thipc cua hoc sinh :
Trong thdi gian qua, xu hudng ehinh eua cae nude trong KTDG KQHT eua HS la dya vao thang danh gia nhan thCrc eua B.S. Bloom, gdm 6 mure dp : Nhan biit, Thdng hilu, Ap dung, Phan tich, Tong hgp va Danh gia. Khi thilt k l ma tran d l kilm tra theo thang do nay c i n dya vao ehuan kiln thure, kT nang HS duge hpc trong chuang trinh.
Q Viet Nam, tCr thdi ki doi mdi chuang trinh, sach giao khoa tiiu hpc da dua thang danh gia nhan thCre eua Bloom vao thilt k l xay dyng eac d l kiem tra danh gia kit qua hpc tap cua HS, sau dd phat triln d cae c i p hpc khae. Ddi vdi c i p Tiiu hpc va Trung hpc ca sd, chung ta danh gia HS d 3 mCrc d i u tien la Nhan biit, Thdng hilu va Ap dung ; d c i p Trung hpc pho thdng, d l kiem tra danh gia HS d ca 6 mCre dp. Tuy nhien, thang do nhan thure eua Bloom d 3 mCre sau rit phCrc tap cho viec thilt k l cae eau hdi, bdi vi, cd nhCrng cau hdi la su kit hgp cua nhilu mCre dp, khd ed the phan tach rach rdi.
Sau nay, khi khoa hpc danh gia phat trien, GS.
Boleslaw Niemierko da xay dyng mdt thang danh gia
KHGD so 63, thang 1 2 - 2 0 1 0
29
Khoa hoe Giao due Ng
:iruket qua hpc tap eua hpc sinh dua tren cac cap dp t u duy (Thingking Levels). Cae nude phat triln da su' dung thang do nay d l xay dung cae d l kilm tra danh gia KQHT cua HS, nd d l dang han trong viec thilt k l eac eau hdi va danh gia dugc nang lyc eua hpc sinh.
Bang 1 ehi ra sy khae biet cua thang do Bloom va thang do Cac c i p dp t u duy [6]
Bang 1: thang do Bloom va thang do Cac cap dp tw duy Cac cap do tu" duy (Thingking Levels)
04mLi'c : Nhan biet. Thong hieu. Van dung mCrc 66 thap, Van dung mupc dp cao
Gin vol li thuyet ve tam li hien nay
La cong trinh NC cua GS Danh gia nguoi Ba Lan Boleslaw Niemierko
De ap dung trong cong tac danh gia KQHT cua HS thu'ong xuyen trong thufc te
Gan vol hoat dpng danh gia HS tren lop
Thang Bloom
06 mure dp : Nhan biet. Thong hieu, Ap dung, Phan tich, Tong hpp va Danh gia.
Dya tren li thuyet tam li cua nhOng nam 1940, 1950 La cong trinh NC cua GS Benjamin Bloom va cac cpng sy Viec ap dung kha phu-c tap, dac biet doi voi cac mupc phan tich, tong hpp, danh gia
Kho ap dung cho viec danh gia HS tren lop (Nguon: GS. TS A.Nitko, chuyen gia danh gia KQHT ciia HS - Dw an PTGD THCS II - [6]
Thang do Cac c i p dp tu duy da dugc gidi thieu d Viet Nam tu' nam 2003, khi GS.TS. Anthony J.Nitko, chuyen gia danh gia eua My giang day tai trudng Dai hpc Arizona, sang Viet Nam lam chuyen gia danh gia KQHT eua-HS cho Dy an PT GDTHCS 1 va II. GS. Nitko da tap huin cho can bp quanly giao due, cac Hieu trudng trudng THCS, cac giao vien edt can tai 3 miln Bic, Trung, Nam. Cho d i n nay ma tran d l kilm tra theo thang do cac c i p dp tu duy nay da trd nen quen thupc vdi GV THCS, dugc sur dung thilt k l eac d l kiem tra danh gia thudng xuyen tren Idp hpc va cae ky khao sat quoc gia.
Xin gidi thieu eu t h i v l phan loai eac c i p dp t u duy d thang do nay (Bang 2) [6]:
Bang 2: Phan loai cac cap do tw duy Cap do tip duy
Nhan biet
Thong hieu
Van dung (d cap dp thap)
Van dung (d cap dp cao)
Mo ta
Hoc sinh nho cac khai niem co ban, co the neu len hoac nhan ra chung khi du'pc yeu cau
Hpc sinh hieu cac khai niem co ban va co the van dung chung khi chung duppc the hien theo cac each tu'ong tu" nhu" each giao vien da giang hoac nhu' cac vi du tieu bieu ve chung tren lop hpc.
Hpc sinh CO the hieu du'pc khai niem a mpt cap dp cao hon "thong hieu", tao ra du'p'c sy lien ket logic giOa cac khai niem co ban va co the van dung chiing de to chCfc lai cac thong tin da du'pc trinh bay gieng voi bai giang cua giao vien hoac trong sach giao khoa.
Hoc sinh CO the sir dung cac khai niem ve mon hpc - chu de de giai quyet cac van de moi, khong giong vol nhOng dieu da dypc hpc hoac trinh bay trong sach giao khoa nhu'ng phu hpp khi du-oc giai quyet voi kT nang va kien thupc du'pc giang day o mure dp nhan thCfC nay Day la nhOng van de giong voi cac tinh huong hpc sinh se gap phai ngpal xa hpi.
Oe hilu rd han thang do Cae c i p dp tu duy ehung tdi xin gidi thieu mdt Ma tran d l kilm tra mdn Van hpc
• Idp 9 cua My (Bang 3):
-Khoa hoc Giao due
Bang 3: Ma tran de kiem tra mon Van hoc - lap 9 cua My
Noi dung chu de (chuan hoac noi dung chu'O'ng trinh)
(Content Topics/ Standard or Objec- tives)
a.Nho va mo ta cac nhan vat trong truyen ngin
b.Ke lai truyen ngan theo each hieu eua HS
c.Lien he chu de truyen ngan vol cae tinh huong thye te
d.Xac djnh cac thu phap nghe thuat du'pc tac gia dung de mo ta cam xuc, tam trang... doi vol dpc gia
e.Phan tich chu de truyen ngan de xac dinh cac hanh dpng cua nhan vat va so sanh sy giong/khae nhau giCfa cae tae gia khae nhau
f.Xay dyng tieu chi cua rieng em ve danh gia npi dung va dac diem cua truyen ngan
Tong so cau hoi Tong so diem Phan tram diem so
Hoi tu'O'ng/
nhan biet (Recall/
Recognition) Cau 1 = 2 diem Cau 2 = 2 diem
2 4 12%
Hieu
(Comprehen- sion/
Understanding)
Cau 3 = 4 diem
1 4 12%
Van dung cap do thap (Application Lower level)
Cau 4 = 5 diem Cau 5
= 5 diem
2 10 29%
Van dung cap dp cao (Application Upper level)
Cau 6 = 8 diem
Cau 7 = 8 diem
2 16 47%
(Ngudn: GS. TS A.Nitko, chuyen gia danh gia KQHT cua HS - Dw an PTGD THCS II) [6]
Sau day, chung tdi xin gidi thieu 10 bude d l xay dyng Ma tran d l kilm tra [6]:
(1) Liet ke cae ndi dung c i n kilm tra
(2) Vilt eac chuin chuang trinh can kilm tra Crng vdi mdi c i p dp tu duy.
(3) Tinh % cua tong dilm eua mdi ndi dung (4) Quylt dinh tong dilm eua bai kilm tra (5) Tinh toan so diem vdi mdi npi dung ehinh
(6) Quylt djnh ti le % dilm sd eua eac ndi dung vdi mdi chuin (7) Tinh toan sd lugng dilm so c i n thilt eho mdi ehuin.
(8) Tinh toan sd lugng diem sd cua mdi c i p dp tu duy.
(9) Tinh ti le % cua diem sd cho mdi c i p dp tu duy.
(10) Danh gia tieu ehi kT thuat do minh xay dyng d l xae dinh lieu chung ed dung nhu mong mudn. Chinh sura n l u can thilt.
Bang 4 la vi du ve Ma tran d l kilm tra euoi nam kit qua hpc tap eua HS mdn Ngu van Idp 9 iiam hpc 2008 - 2009. [8]
KHGD so 63, thang 1 2 - 2 0 1 0
31
Khoa hoc Giao due Ng
Bang 4: Ma tran de kiem tra cuoi nam ket qua hoc tap cua HS mon Ngu' van Id'p 9 nam hoc 2008 - 2009
Npi dung kiem tra
P H A N 1 D p c - hieu van ban truyen, tho.
nghj luan
P H A N II Tao lap van ban
Xu4t XLf
Phu-ong thuc va the loai Y nghTa, Gia trj noi dung.
tu' tu'ong Gia tri nghe thuat
Tu' vi/ng ngu nghTa, cac phuong Ihu'c phat trien v6n ti> va trau d6i von t u
Cau. cac thanh p h i n cau.
NghTa cue cau, d^u cau Phong each ngon ngu va bien phap tu t u
Lien k i t eau, doan V i l t cau/doan
V i l t bai van t h u y l t minh / tLf s u / nghi luan Tong s6 cau
D i l m Tl le %
Nhan biet
Trjc nghiem
14. 15 32
34. 35
3 . 8 , 13, 17, 18.20.
24. 25, 26.
30
27. 28
17 17
luan
2 1 , 2 %
Thong hieu
Trie nghiem
1 , 2 , 9 , 10, 16,22, 33. 36 5, 31
4, 6 , 7 , 12
19, 2 1 . 23, 29, 40 11. 39 37, 38
23 23
Tif luan
41a 41b
1 8 38,8 %
Van dung thao Trie nghiem
Tl/
luan
Van dung cao Trie nghiem
Tu luan
42
1 32 40%
Tong
Trie nghiem
2 1
12
2
13
6
4 Tif luan
1
1
42 80 100%
Giai thich: Mdi eau trie nghiem dupe 1 diem. Cau ty luan sd 41 dupc 8 dilm; Cau tu luan sd 42 dupe 32 dilm.
Toan bai cd 42 cau, dat 80 dilm, la 100 %; Mi>'c dp nhan biit dat 21,2 %; Muc dp Thdng hilu dupe 38,8
%; Mue dp Van dung (thip va eao) la 40%, TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Benjamin S. Bloom va cac cong sy (1994), Nguyen tic phan loai muc tieu giao due: Lanh vwc nhan thirc, ngirdi dich: Doan Van Dieu, Dai hpc Su pham TP. Hd Chi Minh, Tu sach Tam ly - Giao due.
2. Ngo Cu'O'ng (2001), Ca sd danh gia giao duo hien dai, tai lieu luu hanh noi bp, NXB Hoc Lam,
3. Danh gia chit lugng ITnh hdi tri thirc cue hoc sinh Tiiu hoc va THSC trong pham vl ca nuac qua bai kiim tra trie nghiem. de tai dpc lap cip Nha nu'dc, Vien Chiln luac va Chtr'ang trinh Giao due. Ha Npi, 2005.
4. Nguyen Thuy Hong (2007), Ddi mdi danh gia kit qua hoc tap mdn NgO-- van cua hoc sinh THCS, THPT.
NXB Giao due. Ha Noi,
5, H.G. Macintosh, D,E. Hale, Assessment and the Secondary School Teacher. Students Library of Edu- cation, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, Henley and Boston,
6, Trin Kilu, Anthony,J. Nitko, Tai lieu tap huin Danh gia chit lugng giao due phd thdng. giao due trung hoc co sd; Dy an Phat trien Giao due Trung hgc ca sd. Bo Giao due va Dao tao. Ha Npi, 2006, ,
7, Le Thi My Ha, Nguyin Thuy Hdng, Nguyin Hong Van, Tai lieu tap huin giao vien NgO- van 2007 vi Ddi mdi kiem tra danh gia kit qua hoc tap ciia hoc sinh. Dy an PTGD THCS II, 2007.
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SUMMARY:
Learning assessment is always a social focus. In the recent years, along with the curriculum and textbook changes innovation of assessment has been conducted, but not as desired. This article presents a procedure for compiling learning assessment test as used in de- veloped countries which could be used as reference by Vietnamese school teachers.
