_KUDAHQC & P H A T TRlfiN
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EUMANN
ttoc vidn vji glSng vlln tai Vi|n John von Neumann
V, Quyen W chu cua \ien n^en cihi theo molmih tam giac tn thufc
I Difong Nguyen Vu
<iS.TS Duimg Nguyto Vu, ViSn tming Viin John von Neumann • DH Qutc gia TP. HCM - thdnti vien lanli dao EuTOControl - trung t i m Biii mM sing tao trong linli vucltingldiongidiiuAu.
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uyen ti/chu cua cac vien nghien cufu phai di ciing trdch nhiem giOfvufng si/quan binh ciia cac ben trong tam giac tri thitc-mgt yeu to ca ban cUa nen ldnh tetri thitc, va trdch nhiem lien ct6i cua cdc ca quan chu quan neu the quan binh khong ditgc giCtvOng.Thieu sit quan binh nay se dUa den si/bien dgng cOa vien nghien citu thanh cong ty kinh doanh hogc thanh trung tdm dao tgo tit thuc "phi lal nhugn."
S6 2 1 . NGAY 05.11.2014 n tiasang com.vn TiaSdng 19
"Quyen tii chu, khi thiic hien vdi tinh than trach nhiem (responsibility) va trdch nhiem-iien ddi (accountability) chae chan se ddn den sii xudt sac trong hgc thudt, qudn tri vd qudn ly tdi chinh cua cdc tochvfc. Neu no khong dan den dieu ndy, ta co the ket ludn mgt cdch an todn Id quyen tii chu do dd bi lgm dung."
Triet ly Giao due cua trudng Dai hgc Mumbai.
K H A I N I ^ M v i QUYfeN T l ^ C H O
Trong nhijng nam dau the ky, chau Au cung timg sdi ndi nhieu vdi cau chuyen trao quyen ty chu cho cac dai hpc cdng lap va cac vien nghien cim. Mpt tien de cho cau chuyen nay la chat Iugng ciia cac don vi nay cd the dugc cai tien mgt each tuyen tinh so vdi mijc do ty chit dugc trao. (Re- icher & Tauch 2005', Sursock & Smidt 2010^).
Ta nen hieu ve viec trao quyen tu chu nhu the nao? Cd phai dd la trao quyen ty do cho tat ca nhtrng ca nhan cd trach nhiem thye hien cdng viec dugc giao. Tu chit cd phai la ty do hay khdng? Va tu do do la gi? Hay do chinh la quyen ty trj va ty quan cita mdt td chtic? Rdi nhtem vu cita don vi, trach nhiem ddi vol co quan chu quan ciing nhu ddi vdl xa hpi cd duoc dam bao hay khdng khi nhiem vy va trach nhiem dugc chuyen giao cho
Cac hpc vien flang hoc trong phong "lecture room". Phia cuoi phong la cau noi noi tieng cua John von Neumann "All stable processes we shall predict. All unstable processes we shall control" (dich- Ta se dir doan tat ca nhutig qua trinh binh on va kiem soat tat ca nhifng qua trinh bat on".
2 0 T'*?'r9!?9 wwwtiasang.com.vn
mgt ca nhan hay mdt tap the chiu trach nhiem lanh dao tien hanh nhiem vu dd?
Cac dy thao ciia Hiep udc Bologna nam 2003 (R Nyborg 2003^) cho thay viec tu qudn v6 tai chinh va ty do hgc thuat ciia mot td chiic la nhiing yeu td can thiet cho sy phat trien giao due va nghien cuu khoa hgc tai chau Au. Hp dinh nghTa nhu sau:
Quyen tic chiu trdch nhiem trong hpc thuat (academic autonomy) Id quydn tu do quyfit dinh ve cac van de hgc thuat nhu chuong trinh dao tao, giao trinh va cac cdng cu giang day, phucmg phap su pham, ky thuat danh gia hgc tap ciia smh vien.
Quyen tu tri (administrative autonomy) la quyen ty do trong viec qudn tri cita ca quan, don vi ddi vdi CO quan chii quan. Dd la quyfin ty do dugc quan ly cac cdng viec theo hudng tac dpng va khuyen khich cac tu duy cdu tien, sang tgo (initiatives) trong cdng viec va phat trifin con ngudi dang cdng tac cho co quan, va nhu vay phat trien co quan theo chieu hudng nang dpng va sang tao. Vific phat trien ngudn nhdn lyc la mdt trong nhung viec quan tri, va quyen ty do tuyen nhan sy va quyet dmh Iuong ctia cac nhan sy nay la radt thanh phan ctia quyen ty tri.
Quyen tu guan ve tai chinh Id quyfin tu do ciia mgt ca quan trong viec sir dyng mgt each can trgng cac ngudn tai chinh ca quan do van dpng dugc, dam bao dugc cac iru tien nhiem vu cua CO quan. Trach nhifim (re- sponsibility) va Trach nhiem- lien ddi chinh la hai mat ciia mdt ban tay ty quan.
Sy ty chit ctia cac to chuc nghien ciiu dugc thiet kfi gdn gidng nhu sy phdn quyfin (de- centralized management), tuy nhien trach nhiem lifin ddi (ac- countability) chinh la khung van hda ddm bdo sy thanh cong ciia viec ty quan ctia mpt dan vi. Phat chang quyfin luon ludn di vdi trach nhtem, md neu trach nhiem khdng dugc dam bdo thi quyen nay se di den ddu? Cd anh hudng gi cho co quan, dem vi dugc giao quyfin?
Sd21.NGAY05.lU014
!II^NI
Tam giac tri thiifc tron^ do ha tang cd sd nghien cihi la trong tam dio sifpnat tnen chat lirvngcua nghien cihi, dao tao vd each tan (theo Herve Plro, Directorate General Research Technology Develop- ment, European Commission, trong
"Utilizing Full Potential of Research In- frastructure for Strengthening Euro- pean Research Areas"'2008).
TAM GlAC TRI T H a C .
Vdn de cap bdch cua Viet Nam ndi rieng, va ngay d mdt sd qudc gia d chdu Au ndi chung. Id chdt Iupng cua dao tao sau dai hgc, ciing nhu chdt lugng nghien ciru khoa hpc va cdng nghe Id mdt yeu td quyet dinh sy phdt trien ciia ddt nudc. Dieu ndy cdng ro trong liic chiing ta hgi nhdp qudc te va khi nen kinh te tri thirc dang ngay cdng trd nen quan trgng vdi mgi qudc gia. Khdng dao tao dugc ldp tre tinh hoa gan vdi sy phat trien dat nudc, khdng cd nhirng tap the nghien ctiu gidi ve khoa hgc va cdng nghe d trinh dp cao ctia the gidi, chiing ta se khdng vugt ra khdi vipc chi lap rap va gia cdng sdn pham hoac ban tai nguyen se can kiet mdt ngay ndo do.
Difiu dang lo ngai Id nghien ciru khoa hgc va cdng ngh? cua ta dang tyt hdu qud xa so vdi cdc nudc tren the gidi, vd rat xa so vdi cdc nudc trong khu vyc Bdo chi mdt vai nam qua da dua ra nhieu sd lieu ve sy tyt hdu ndy vdi thdng ke tir nhtrng ngudn dang tin cay. Cung vdy, chat lupng ddo tao sau dai hgc cua ta rat dang bdo ddng va khdng thu hilt dugc cdc sinh vifin cd nang lyc Ihyc su. Khdng chi la sy tyt hdu ma dieu nguy hiem nira la ban chat va gia tri ciia nghien ciiu khoa hpc va dao tao sau dat hgc trong nudc dang bi bien ddi mpt each lech I9C so vdi chudn myc chung
trfin the gidi. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Thye tien phdt trifin giao
dye d cdc nudc tifin tifin tren the gidi dd cho thdy nghifin ciru khoa hgc vd ddo tao sau d^i hgc cd mdi lien quan hiiu CO m^t thiet vdi nhau. Ndi dung chinh trong ddo tao sau dai hgc, d$c bi^t v<di ddo tao Tien sT, Id hgc cac kien thtic ndng cao vd lam nghien ctru khoa hgc. M$t khdc. cdc sinh vifin cao hgc vd nghifin ciru sinh Id ngudn nhdn lyc quan
De tao da xoay chuyen sir yeu kem cua nghien cthi khoa hoc, can co mot quyet sach cho phep mot so ccf che va chinh sach nghien cuTu khoa hoc co tinh dot pha. Thuf hai, can co cac mo hinh to chuTc nghien cihi khoa hoc mdi de ap dung cac co che va chinh sach dac biet do. ThuT ba, viec dot pha can tap trung vao mot so dc^ vj vdi mpt so linh vUc mui nhon cu the de co t h i tao nen mot hieu q u i nhat ^ n h ban dau.
trpng de gidi quyet cac van de nghien ciru dat ra thdng qua cac ludn dn tdt nghiep. Do vay, mdt ddt nudc khdng the cd mdt nen khoa hgc cdng nghe tdt neu khdng cd mdt nen dao tao sau dai hgc tdt, vd ngugc Iai.
Nghien ctiu khoa hpc va phat trien cdng nghifip Cling cd quan he hd tuong vdt nhau trong viec lam cho mdt dat nudc trd nen gidu manh that sy ve cd vdt chat va tri tue. Sy phdt trien ciia cdng nghiep can cd nghien cim khoa hgc de each tan cdc qui trinh va san phdm, cd y nghTa sdng cdn trong mdt thi trudng canh tranh. Ngugc Iai, cdng nghiep cd tai lyc de cd the dau tu cho cac nghien ciru khoa hgc vdn mang tinh riii ro nhung neu thanh cdng se mang lai lgi nhuan gap nhieu ldn so vdt kinh phi ddu tu.
Theo nhiing sd lieu dugc cdng bd, ty le kinh phi ddu tu d Nhat Ban trong nhimg nam gan day cho nghien cuu co ban, nghien ciru irng dung vd nghien ciru phat trien (R&D) la 14%, 23% va 63%, trong dd cac doanh nghiep ddng gdp va thye hien khoang 74% phan nghien ctiu phat trien. Su tham gia tich eye cua doanh nghiep vao nghifin ciru phat trien va hgp tac vdi cac co quan nghifin ciru da cho phep hg ludn sang tao dugc tri thirc mdi, lien tuc each tan va do dd
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ™ tao ra sue manh canh tranh.
Trong khi dd cd the thay la cac lap doan nha nudc va cdng ty cua ta hdu nhu chua nhdn thirc dugc vat trd ciia nghien ciru khoa hgc va ddu tu cho nghien ctiu phat trien nhu d cac nudc tien tien, va chuan bi sdm cho vific canh tranh vdi cac cdng ty va tap doan cdng nghiep tii ben ngoai va(t Irong mdt tuong lat rai gan.
Cac dieu kien can dc phai trien nghien cuu khoa hui. ^o
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B_KH_(
LOAJHQn fi. PHATTRlP^Nchat lugng that sy, va cung la cac nguyen nhdn chinh ciia su yeu kem ve nghien cun khoa hgc trong nudc hien nay, la: (I) Iyc Iugng nhiing ngudi Iam nghien cuu gidi; (2) dieu kien lam viec tdt va muc luong dn dinh va thda dang; va (3) co che va chinh sach quan Iy va hoat ddng hieu qua.
Ba dieu kien ndi tren Iai tac ddng qua lai vdi nhau. Luong bdng va dieu kien Iam viec tdt ddi hdi nhung ngudi Iam nghien cuu phai cd nang Iyc that sy de mang lai hieu qua cho sy dau tu. Mat khac de thu hut lyc Iugng tinh hoa dugc dao tao d nudc ngoai trd ve thi can phai cd mdt mdi trudng Iam viec tien tien va miic thu nhap sao cho hg cd the yen tam Iam nghien ciiu trong nudc.
Nhu vay ca ba van de nghien ciiu khoa hpc, dao tao
sau dai hpc, va phat trien _ cdng nghiep qua nghien ciiu
each tan (hoac ddi mdi sang tao - innovations), ciing nhu ba dieu kien ve Iyc luong nghien ctiu, Iuong bdng, va mdi trudng lam vific, deu cd quan he hiru co kieu con gd- vd-qud tricng. Do do khdng the tach rdi tirng van de, hoac dap ting tirng dieu kien, mpt each rieng re ma can phdi lam ddng bg va tien dan tirng budc.
Su tuong tac nghien ciiu khoa hgc, dao tao, va each tan ciing nhu cac dieu kien phat trien cac tuong tac nay
nhu ndi tren dugc the hien qua md hinh "Tam giac Tri thtic" (Knowledge Triangle) ma hien nay Cgng ddng Lien minh chau Au dang theo dudi vi tam giac ndy chinh la yen td co ban cua nen kinh te (dya vao) tri thiic. Theo dd dao tao chat Iugng cao, nhdt la d bac sau dai hgc can cd kien thtic chuyen sdu cap nhdt mdi nhat tu cac nghien cim khoa hgc, va tir cdc cdng nghe, phuong phap den tir each tan (hay ddi mdi sang tao) trong doanh nghiep, cdng nghiep. Cac each tan nay cung chinh Id san pham cua sy gdn kdt Vien nghien ciiu. Dai hgc va Doanh nghiep. Trgng tam ciia mdt tam giac tri thiic chinh la vai trd quan tri cita Vien nghien ctiu. nhu la mdt ha tdng co sd ciia Tam giiic nay. Day la mdt md hinh dugc sir dyng dfi lam kim chi nam Irong viec ty chit, ty chiu trach nhiem ciia cdc Vien.
QUYfeN TU C H O C O A V I | N NGHieN COU THEO MO HlNH TAM GlAC TRI THCfC Quyen ty chii cho cac Vien Nghien ctiu la mot difiu kien tien quyet quan trgng ddi vdi tam giac tri thirc de thye hien dugc. Quyen ty chii cho phep cdc Vien nghien ciiu trien khai cac nhiem vtj ciia minh, xac dinh vai trd cua minh trong cdng dfing khoa hgc, vd ddng thdi trifin khai md hinh hgp tac chien lugc vdi doanh nghiep, phan anh siic manh tuong ddi va can bang cdn thifit cua mdi ben ciia tam giac kien thirc.
Neu quyen ty chii la ty chit ve tdi chinh hoac
f^'"^
Cac chuyen vien Ha Lan chia se trong buoi hoi thio "Ciing tao ra ccr hoi cho tUOng lai tiia giio due"
difOc to chulc tai Vien John von Neumann.
chi nang vfi viec ty qudn ve tdi chinh thi vi?c kinh doanh cac san pham tir nghifin cuu khoa hgc la trgng tdm ciia hoat ddng ciia Vien nghien ciru thay vi chat lugng nghien ciru va ddo tao sau dai hgc.
Tir tir, viec kinh doanh nay se bien Vifin nghien ciru thanh mgt cdng ty (thudng dugc gpi la to chiic khoa hgc cdng nghe) vdi cdc lo toan nhu mdt cdng ty kinh doanh thuan tiiy. Sy khdc bift phai chang chi Id cdng ty ndy cd mpt phong nghien ctiu phat Irien (R&D), liic ddu cdn quan trgng nhung ddn ddn se chi la mdt bd ph?n phat trien, rdi cd the se mdt di. Ddy la mgt vific rat binh thudng vdi cdc Vien nghien cim cd muc dich kmh doanh, nhat Id khdng cd sy tham gia ciia cdc nha dau tu tu nhdn, tir cdc quy dau tu cdng nghe. Mgt
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K H O A H O C A P H A T T R 1 £ N
Viec cSn b&ng cua cac ben cua tam gidc tri thijTc doi hdi phii co mpt chien liftfc va tam nhin dong thdi mot t | p the lanh dao manh, dA tam vdc d l ddi pho vci sif khong thanh cong nhat thdi trong q u i trinh trien khai chien lUOc hoat dong.
V i e n n g h i e n ciru cd thfi lam kinh d o a n h mdt cdch bfin v u n g md k h d n g b i b i e n d a n g t h d n h c d n g ty k h d n g ? Dd t i m g cd radt d i e n h i n h ndo k h d n g ? H a y n g a y ca c a c T r u n g tfim n g h i e n ciiu m a n h nhat n h u Xerox Palo A l t o Research Center ( P A R C ) cQng k h d n g the tdn tai d u d i sire ep ctia k i n h d o a n h ?
n g u d n thu cho s y n g h i e p cua mdt vien nghifin curu (hoac n g a y cd ciia m d t dai h g c ) thi dan dan vifin/trudng se t r d v e d a n g ctia mdt trung t a m thudn dao tao d e Idm ra Igi nhuan ma rat nhifiu t r u d n g dai h p c t u t h u c d a n g di theo. Cach tdn tir n g h i e n curu khoa hpc va nghien cim khoa hgc se m a t di vi Igi nhudn k h d n g dii dap iing chi phi c h o n h a n sy n g h i e n ciiu khoa hgc ddi h o i , vd c h o cdch tan ddy nil r o .
N e u k h d n g t y c h u va t y qudn h a y t y tri thi cac v i e n / t r u d n g se t r d ve m d hinh n h u hien nay:
h o a c la t h u a n n g h i e n ciiu khoa hgc hoac chi la dao tao, va hd chia doanh nghiep vd dai hpc mai m a i k h d n g Idp ddy d u g c . K i n h te se bi dnh h u d n g , va k i n h p h i se tit tir t d m nhd lai den liic khdng cdn k h a n a n g p h a t trifin mdt n g u d n nhan Iyc, va v d n g x o a y se n h d dan cho dfin e y e tieu?
Cic hpc vien trao doi Irong phong "Lecture home" (gidng itsimg ldn ciia Vien).
Mgi Vipn nghien ciiu khoa hgc vdi sit m e n h d d n g g d p c h o nen khoa hgc vd c d n g nghfi vdi cac thanh qua khoa hpc chdc k h d n g nfin roi vdo h o a n cdnh nay. T y chil k h d n g phai Id t u qudn tdi chinh vdt lat ca mpi cdch; khdng phdi cd nghTa la Vien nay k h d n g cdn le thugc vdo kinh phi ciia c o q u a n chu q u a n , ma phdi la t y q u a n tdi chinh mgt each hipu qua va cd trdch nhiem.
T r o n g d d trach n h i ? m nghifin ctiu chat l u g n g c a o . cd anh h u d n g xd hgi. cd gid tri cho xa hdi phat la u u tien.
Nfiu k h d n g , Vien n g h i e n ciiu se trd thanh mdt c d n g ty kinh d o a n h . cd the t h a n h c d n g v e tdi c h i n h . n h u n g c u n g cd the mat di h o a n todn vd khi d d , ai la n g u d i lam n g h i e n ciiu. d o n vi nao se ldm n g h i e n ciiu? Tai sao l^i ddu t u c h o cdi nii ro rat c a o ndy chi \i d e gidm ddu t u cho khoa hgc \ a c d n g n g h e trong tuc thdi?
N e u t y qudn v e lai chinh d u g c di k e m theo ty tri \ c ddo t^o. vd n g u d n thu tir ddo t^io d u g c su d u n g n h u
S621.NGAY 05.11 2014
K ^ L U A N Viec giao quyen ty chit cho Vien nghien ciiu khoa hgc can phai di kem theo trach n h i e m va trach nhiem - Uen ddi cua Vifin va CO quan chu quan, Khi
• •* ! not den trach n h i e m , thi vai trd lanh dao tao s y quan binh cho cac ben ciia tam giac t n thirc la can thiet. Can cd mdt Id trinh chien l u g c lam ro cac anh h u d n g cita viec t y q u a n tai chinh di kem theo quyfin t y tri va t y chiu trach n h i e m lfin cdc m u c tieu n g h i e n ciiu k h o a h g c , m y c tieu d a o tao, va each tan cdng nghe vdi k e hoach dai han cd t h u d c d o hang nam d e danh gia mirc d o trach n h i e m vdi xa hdi, vdi ddt n u d c n
'S Reichen&C Tauch. Trends IV: European Universities i mpl em en ting Bologna. European UiiiversUv Association 2005
-Sursock & H. Smidt. Trends 2010 A Decade of Change in European Higher Education Euiopean Universiiy ,4s- socialian 2010.
"P Niborg. 2003 Institutional .Aulonomy and Educational Governance. Council of Europe Conlciviuc. trnpliinlion of Bologna Process in Snulli-Eii.\l Eun/pc. SlnitliDun;, Dec 02-03
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