rdng nghiep khai thac-ehl bien (KT-CB) titan

^

DANH GIA HIEN TRANG VA DE XUAT

MO HINH CONG NGHE KHAI THAC-TUYEN THO

QUANG TITAN SA KHOANG VIET NAM

KS. DAO CONG VU Vien KH&CN Md-Luyen kim

r

dng nghiep khai thac-ehl bien (KT-CB) titan d Viet Nam dugc hinh thanh tCr nhu-ng nam

^ ^ ^ 90 eua t h i ky trudc, d i n nay nganh KT-CB titan da ed bude phat triln manh me ca v l mat ky thuat va quy md. Cac nghien CCPU va cac t l hgp thilt bj khai thac-tuyin thd hien dang san xult thudng tap trung vao viec thu hdi khoang vat nang (KVN) phu hgp vdi quang giau, md tap trung, chua tan thu hit tai nguyen. Trong khi dd, phin Idn eae khoang sang sa khoang titan ven biln nam phan tan, loang l l (kilu da bao) va quy md moi than quang khdng Idn nen md hinh khai thac-tuyIn thd d n phai ed sy thay ddi cho phu hgp.

1. Khai quat v l tru" iLpgng va tinh hinh san xult quang titan sa khoang

Nudc ta la mpt trong s l cae nude cd nguln tai nguyen titan kha phong phu, quang titan phan b l rpng rai tren nhilu vung lanh thd, nhung tap trung nhilu nhit vin la vung ven biln. Trudc nam 2005, ting tru- lugng quang titan da dugc tham dd va tim kilm, danh gia la 14 trieu t i n . TCr 2005 d i n 2008 da tilp tuc dilu tra danh gia tilm nang quang titan tren eac dien tich chua dugc dilu tra trudc dd va da phat hien mdi eae md ed tai nguyen titan quy md Idn, g l m khoang 20 trieu t i n phan b l tai 29 vung md tren ca nudc. Trong nam 2007, da phat hien khu vue cd tilm nang rit Idn v l quang titan va du bao trong ting eat dd vung Binh Thuan va Ninh Thuan cd tai nguyen quang titan kha Idn, tren dien tieh 1500 km^ ed kha nang dat dugc 200 trieu t i n tinh quang titan, zircon (ham lugng khoang vat ed ich tu- 0,3 d i n 4 %). Trong s l dd da cd du ca sd d l d i u tu tham dd tren dien tich 30 km^ va ed t h i xae djnh tru- lugng quang dat 30 trieu tIn.Vdi dilu kien khai thac thuan Igi, cdng nghe va thilt bj dan gian, v l n d i u tu khdng Idn, cd thj trudng rpng, nen cong nghiep KT-CB quang titan ngay cang phat triln va cd hieu qua kinh t l dang k l . TCP nam 2006 d i n nay, trung binh hang nam cac dan vi khai thac titan trong ea nude khai thac va xult khiu khoang 600

ngan t i n quang tinh ilmenit. Ca nude hien ed hang chuc edng ty khai thac va e h l biln quang titan vdi nhilu md hinh, quy md, cdng nghe, thilt bi khae nhau. Da ed mpt s l dan vj d i u tu vao khau ehl biln sau, vdi quy md cdng suit ngay cang Idn.

Tuy tai nguyen dy bao v l quang titan eua Viet Nam kha Idn, nhung chu y l u la quang ngheo. Trudc day thudng cae ca sd thudng khai thac quang nguyen khai vdi ham lugng KVN 3-^4 % trd len, thi nay mpt s l nai da phai khai thac din ~1 % hoac khai thac lai eac bai thai (edn phin Idn tai nguyen titan trong ting eat dd ehua dugc danh gia dly du). Trong khi ddi tugng quang giau dang ngay mpt can kiet ma eac quy md, cdng nghe khai thac-tuyIn thd nhilu nai ehua dugc thay ddi cho phu hgp.

2. Cac mo hinh cong nghe khai thac-tuyIn tho p h i biln hien nay

2.1. Md hinh khai thac bing may xue+may gat, van chuyin quang nguyen khai v l khu vyc tuyln thd bing d td ty d l , he thing tuyln thd g l m cae vit xoln (xem H.1).

Khai thac va xCie b i c quang bing may xuc, chuyin quang v l khu tuyln thd bing d td d l vao bunke c l p lieu, tach rac, sdi, san... Sau dd vua quang dugc bam d p lieu c l p len cac vit tuyln ehinh. Quang tinh tuyln ehinh duge tuyln tinh lai va lly quang tinh dat tieu chuIn yeu d u .

Quang nguyen

I

May xuc - O to

\

Thiet bi tach rac

1.

Vit xoln tuyln chfnh

Vit xoan tuyen tinh

Rac, soi san QuSng tinh Cat thai H.1. Md hinh cdng nghe khai thac-tuyin thd

tai md De Gi -Binh Dinh

Md hinh nay duge ap dung kha nhilu vao giai doan 1995-2002 tai eae dilm md tap trung, trO- lugng Idn d vung Ha TTnh, Binh Djnh... d i n nay ehl edn rit it md ap dung. Mo hinh tuy cd nang suit eao, nhung ehi phi d i u tu Idn va khdng phu hgp vdi dja hinh cua nhu'ng md hep. Khi khai thac xa vj tri dat cum vit thi ehi phi van tai ldn, bj. Khdng khai thac dugc phin quang nlm dudi muc nudc nglm, t i n thit trong khai thac Idn.

2.2. Mo hinh khai thac bing may xue+may gat, van ehuyin quang nguyen khai v l khu vuc tuyln tho bing he thing bam cat. He thing tuyln thd glm phan ly edn k i t hgp vdi vit xoln, dat tuang ddi c l djnh (xem H.2). Gat gom hoac may xuc xuc d l v l thung chCra quang diu tai khu tuyln thd. TLP thung chu-a vua quang duge bam len d p lieu cho cae phan ly edn. Quang tinh eua phan ly edn duge tinh tren cac vit xoln va lly quang tinh dat yeu d u .

Quang nguyen

\ May xuc

1

Thiet bi tach rac

''

' •

Bdm

i

Rac, sdi san C :—^

.r-

*—••

Phan ty con Vit xo§n tuy§n 1 Vlt xo^n tuydn 2

• ' 3uang tinh

•

— •

— •

' Cat thai H.2. Md hinh cdng nghe khai thac-tuyin thd

tai Cdng ty khoang san BIMAL

?

'

*

'

Quang nguyen

1

Bdm hut

1

Tach sdi, san ''

Vit xoln tuyln chinh 4

— f r

' Vit xoln tuyln trung gian -^

Quang tinh

Soi san

Cat thai H.3. Md hinh cdng nghe khai thac-tuyin thd

tai Cdng ty Ban Mai-Binh Thuan

Md hinh nay duge ap dung vao giai doan diu tai mpt s l dilm md tru- lugng Idn d vung Ha TTnh, Binh Djnh... din nay chi cdn mpt cum thilt bi tai Cdng ty CP KS Binh Djnh-Viet Nam-Malaysia SLP dung. Mo hinh

nay cd kha cao, chua khai thac dugc phin quang nlm dudi myc nudc nglm. Phan ly con ddi hdi dp I n djnh d p lieu cao nen khd van hanh, he s l lam giau thip, ddi hoi phai tang cudng khau tuyln tinh.

2.3. Md hinh khai thac bing bam hut cat dat tren be, cum thilt bj tuyln tho cung dugc dat tren be nli, ca dpng theo khu vuc khai thac (xem H.3).

Quang tCr h i khai thac dugc bam hut chuyin d p lieu true tilp len cae vit tuyen chinh d l tach ra 3 san phim (dudi thai, quang trung gian, quang tinh).

Quang trung gian tuyln chinh dugc bam len cac vit tuyen trung gian d l tuyln lai lly tilp quang tinh.

Quang tinh eua eac vit tuyln ehinh va tuyln trung gian la quang tinh dat yeu d u .

Mo hinhnay ed tinh ca dpng rit eao, thich hgp vdi nhCrng md cd than quang nlm toan bp dudi mCre nudc nglm, nudc biln. Hien nay dang dugc nhilu md d khu vue Quang Nam, Binh Thuan ap dung. Tuy nhien trudc khi khai thac phai tao h i Idn d l cd du dien tich lam viec cho cum thilt bj khai thac va tuyln tho. Ding thdi cdng nhan van hanh bam hut quang phai thao tac dung quy trinh thi qua trinh khai thac mdi I n djnh. Khi chilu sau khai thac Idn thi viec van hanh Ing hut cat khd khan nen cd t h i din din t i n thit trong khai thac.

2.4. Mo hinh khai thac bing bam hut cat dat tren be, chuyen quang nguyen v l khu vue tuyln tho bing bam cat, cum thilt bj tuyln thd dat tren bd moong gin khu khai thac (xem H.4).

Tren be hut eat b l tri dat may bam hut eat, hut trye tilp vao via quang. Cat quang trong h i khai thac dugc bam cat bam len va chuyin v l cum vit tuyln tho dat tren bd moong khai thac. Quang dugc bam true tiep len cac vit tuyln chinh d l tach ra 3 san phim. Quang trung gian tuyln ehinh duge bam len cac vit tuyln trung gian d l tuyln lai. Quang tinh cae khau dugc tuyln lai tren eac vit tuyln tinh d l thu duge san pham dat yeu elu.

Md hinh nay ed tinh ca dpng tuang doi cao, hoan thd d l dang, thich hgp vdi nhQ-ng mo ed toan bp hay mpt phin than quang nlm dudi mCpc nudc nglm, nudc biln; nguln nudc khdng qua khd khan. Tuy vay, trong san xult edng nhan lam nhiem vu choc ting de d p lieu cho bam khai thac va be dat bam hut ludn d sat chan tang quang, de gay mit an toan lao dpng. Mo hinh nay dang dugc ap dung tai mpt s l md khu vue Quang Binh, Quang Tri, ThCpa Thien-Hul.

2.5. Md hinh khai thac bing may gat gom quang, bom d p lieu v l cum vit tuyln thd, cum vit tuyln thd quy mo nhd dat gan khu khai thac, di chuyin theo khu vyc khai thac (xem H.5).

Tai nhu-ng khu vuc mo cd toan bp than quang tren muc nudc nglm, than quang nong (1-3 m), ham lugng giau, khai thac bing may gat cat cac than quang va

gom tap tiung vao bunke chu-a. Quang tCr bun ke dugc tach rac, bun quang dugc bam d p lieu tare tilp cho cum vft tuyln thd. Cum vft tuyln thd tCr 3 din 8 vft, cd till chi cd 1 hoac 2 nguyen cdng tuyln chfnh va tuyln tmng gian lly ra dugc quang tinh dat yeu d u .

Quang nguyen

I

Bdm hut

Tach sdi, san Soi san

; ,

' '

Vft xoln tuyln chinh

n

i

Vft xoln tuyln trung gian

Vft xoln tuyln tinh

* Quang tinh

— •

' ' Cat thai H.4. Md hinh cdng nghe khai thac-tuyin thd tai

Cdng ty KS Thira Thien-Hui

Md hinh nay cd tinh co ddng eao, hoan t h i d l dang, khai thac dugc hit Idp quang, thich hgp vdi nhu-ng md cd than quang nam tren mu-c nudc nglm, nudc biln. Tuy nhien nang suit cua 1 cum thilt bj thip, ehl phu hgp vdi khai thac quy md nhd tai cac dilm quang giau. Dugc su- dung d mdt vai dilm md nhd va giau vung quang Hui, Quang Binh...

2.6. Md hinh khai thac bing xuc, bam clp lieu v l cum vft tuyln thd, cum vit tuyln thd cd nhilu nguyen cdng tuyln, dat gin khu khai thac (xem H.6).

(3uang dugc may gat, may xuc gom tap trung nguyen lieu va dua vao bunke. Quang tCr bun ke dugc tach rac, bun quang dugc bom d p lieu trye tilp cho cum vit tuyln thd. Quang dugc bam len cae vit tuyln chfnh d l tach ra 3 san phim. Quang trung gfan dwgc tuyln lai d l thu hii tilp quang tinh. Quang dudi eac khau dugc tuyln vet d l tan thu quang.

Quang tinh cac khau dugc tuyln lai tren eac vit tuyln d l san phim dat yeu elu.

Vdi quy md cum vft ft thi md hinhed tfnh ca dpng tuong dii cao, nhung niu nhilu vft thi khdng ea dpng. Ding thdi chi phf san xult cao do thilt bj khai thac va cd nhilu thilt bj bom. Chi phu hgp vdi khai thac tai cae dilm quang tuang d i i giau, cd nhilu loai khoang vat trung gian khd tuyln, cd than quang nlm tren myc nudc nglm. Md hinh dugc su- dung trong mdt thdi gian d Ha TTnh, ThCra Thien-Hul, Binh Djnh ... nhung hieu qua kinh t l khdng cao.

. £ » . > • . ~

' •

Quang nguyen

1

May xuc (gat)

i

Tach sdi, san

i

Bom

1

Vft x o l n tuyln chinh

i

— • Soi san

' Vft xoan tuyln trung gfan -*

Quang tinh

'' Cat thai H.5. Md hinh cdng nghe khai thac-tuyin thd

Cdng ty Thanh Tam va Doan Dja chit 406

Quang nguyen May xuc (gat) Tach sdi, san

I

I

Sdi san Bam

Vft x o l n tuyln chfnh

I

Vit xoan tuyen trung gian

I

Vit xoln tuyln tinh *"

Quang tinh

X

Vft xoan tuyln vet Cat thai H.6. Md hinh cdng nghe khai thac-tuyin thd

Cdng ty Sao Mai-Binh Thuan 3. Danh gia chung

Tren t h i gidi: Thudng khai thac d cae md cd quy md nang suit Idn (hang trieu t i n quang nguyen khai/nam), nen dugc co gidi hda d mCre dp cao. Ham lugng quang dua vao tuyln thudng tCp 3-^7 % KVN va tru- lugng moi md tCr hang trieu d i n nhilu chuc trieu t i n KVN. Nhilu ca sd khai thac bing tau culc hoac sung nudc dat tren tau hut bun va van tai quang v l xudng tuyln thd t)lng SLPC nudc. Cac thilt bj khai thac va tuyln thd d i u dat each nhau mdt khoang each phu hgp d l dudi thai cua tuyln thd ft anh hudng d i n

nudc d p cho khai thac ding thdi cac cum thilt bj tuyln thd di chuyin theo khai trudng d l giam chi phf van tat quang diu va dudf thai.

Cac day chuyin tuyln thd thudng dugc thilt lap lip ghep tCr cac modun (cum) thilt bj da dugc thilt k l chi tao hang loat cho tCrng muc dfch cu t h i : tuyln quang cd ham lugng thip <10 KVN; quang ham lugng tmng binh 10+25 % KVN; quang ham lugng cao >25 % KVN hay cum vft chuyen cho tuyln clp hat mjn. Cac md quang tren t h i gidi cd xu hudng xay dung cac xudng tuyln thd cd quy md khdng qua Idn, cd tinh ca dpng, cd till djnh ky di chuyin theo khai tardng d l giam chi phf van tai.

d Viet Nam: Tuy theo ham lugng KVN trong md, dae dilm dja chit mdi than quang, quy md tCrng md, quan dilm diu tu cua tCpng dan vj san xult... ma cong nghe khai thac-tuyin thd d tCrng md da cd nhu-ng su thay dii, dilu ehlnh nhit djnh.

'> Cong nghe khai thac: Do dac dilm cac than quang nlm Id thien hoac bj phu dudi Idp cat mdng, nen cdng nghe khai thac d tat d cac khu md la Id thien, khdng n l min, bai thai trong, khai thac theo Idp bing, kilu cuIn chilu. Chia khai trudng thanh nhilu khoanh khai thac, tiln hanh khai thac dCrt dilm tCr khoanh d l tao dien d l thai trong. Phuang phap khai thac-van chuyin chu y l u la: Khai thac bing may xuc, may gat, van chuyin quang v l xudng tuyln thd bing d td hoac khai thac bing may xuc, may gat, van chuyin quang v l xudng tuyln thd bing thuy lye hoac khai thac bang sung ban nudc va bom hut eat, van chuyin quang v l xudng tuyln thd bing thuy luc.

• Cong nghe tuyln tho: Dac dilm cua cac khoang vat cd ich d n thu hii trong quang diu la KVN d dang ty do, khac nhau nhilu v l ty trpng so vdi cac khoang vat phi quang nen tuyln thd su- dung phuang phap tuyln trpng lye trong mdi trydng nudc. Thilt bj tuyln chu ylu la vft xoln hoac phii hgp giu-a phan ly cdn va vft xoln. Cac kit d u md hinh cdng nghe cd thi: ehl cd 1 nguyen cdng tuyln hoac cd hai nguyen cdng hoac cd nhilu nguyen cdng. Kit c l u cOm thilt bj tuyln thd cd t h i dat tren be hay tren bd moong khai thac, cd tinh ca dpng tuong d i i theo tiln trinh khai thac md. Quy md va s l lugng thilt bj cua tCrng nguyen cdng tuyln thay d i i tCr 1 d i n 24 vit, kit c l u ca cum tuyln thd cd t h i tCr 3 d i n 48 vft tuy thupc vao tCpng quy md va dac dilm md cu t h i theo tu-ng thdi ki san x u l t Phin Idn cat dugc thai ngay tai khai trudng da khai thac ding thdi d l hoan thi.

Cac phuang phap khai thac-tuyin thd da va dang ap dyng tuy cd nhilu cai tiln, song v i n cdn cd nhuge dilm nhu: chua dat hieu qua kinh t l cao trong dilu kien tai nguyen khoang san ngay cang can kiet, vung quang giau dugc khai thac hit d i n ehl cdn lai quang ngheo, ham lugng khoang vat cd ich thip, dilu kien

khai thac ngay cang khd khan phCrc tap, dp sau khai thac ngay cang Idn, tru- lugng phan tan. Mit mat KVN trong dudi thai van cdn cao, ham lugng cat thai tCr 0,5 d i n 1 %. Khd khan trong viec khai thac cac than quang cd chieu sau thay ddi phCrc tap theo dja hinh hay nhu-ng khu vuc cd khd khan v l nguln nude.

4. D I xult mo hinh cong nghe khai thac-tuyin tho Qua thye t l hoat ddng cua cac don vj thiy ring: Md hinh khai tiiac tuyln tiid cd hieu qua han ca la eac md hinh cd tfnh ca ddng cao, quy md khdng qua Idn, tiiuan tien ti-ong tiiao lip, tiiay t h i thilt bj. Md hinh khai tiiac- tuyln tiid su- dung d td d l chuyin quang v l khau tuyln thd din nay khdng co sd nao ap dung. Nhu-ng md hinh khai ttiac bing may xuc, may gat, quy md ttiilt bj tuyln thd ca Idn sau mpt thdi gian d i tiln, thu- nghiem khdng dem lai hieu qua kinh t l eao, nen khdng dugc cac ca sd diu tu tilp (chi duy tri hoat ddng tai mpt s l vai md da diu tu tiu-dc day). Su- dung phan ly edn trong tuyln thd ca nudc hien ehl cdn 01 cum thilt bj dang hoat ddng tai md D l Gi (Binh Djnh).

Quang nguyen

i

Bam sue nudc

^

? ^

Bam hut tren be hoac tren h i thu

• H ^^P'

' '

1

Tach sdi, san

i

Vft xoln tuyln chfnh Vft xoln tuyln tinh

i

Quang tinh

L

"

— • Soi san

'M

₉

m m m

Cat thai H. 7. Md hinh cdng nghe de xuit

Vdi dac diem quy md md quang cua Viet Nam (quy md nhd va trung binh, phan tan dpc theo ven biln, dan xen giu-a cac khu vyc dan cu hay dit da su- dung vdi muc dfch khac, ham lugng ngay cang ngheo), nen md hinh khai thac-tuyin thd khdng nen xay dyng g quy md qua Idn d l cd tinh co dpng cao, nhyng phai dam bao yeu d u kinh t l trong san xult (khdng qua nhd), ding thdi phu hgp vdi quy md thiet bj san ed, thuan Igi cho ca d i u ty va thay t h i trong van hanh. Thye t l san xult cho thiy viec d p quang nguyen khai bing bam hut cat trye tilp tCr khai thac len khau tuyln rit khd I n djnh (ca v l ham lugng, ty le rin/ldng...), anh hudng khdng t i t din kit qua tuyln.

D l han ehl bdt hien tugng nay d n ed them thung

chCra lam nhiem vu dilu hda giu-a khau khai thac va clp lieu len vit tuyln, ding thdi san phim trung gian cua khau tuyln nao quay lai chfnh khau tuyln dd.

Do vay mo hinh d l x u l t la: khai thac bing sung bin nude hoac vdi sue nudc danh tai, sau dd dung bam hut cat (dat tren be hoac tren h i thu sat chan ting khai thac) d l hut quang va chuyin v l khu tuyln thd.

Su- dung cae vit xoln d l tuyln thd, dat gin khu khai thac (cd till tren be hoac tren bd moong khai thac), ca dpng, dinh ky di chuyin theo khai tardng. Kit d u md hinh cum vft tuyln thd vdi 2 nguyen cdng tuyln (tuyln chfnh va tuyln tinh), s l lugng vft trong moi cum tCr 12 din 16 chile, ham lugng KVN trong tinh quang khau tuyln tiid nen tCr 6 0 ^ 5 %. Sa d l cdng nghe xem H.7.

Dii vdi khu vyc cd than quang nlm cao tren myc nude nglm: khai thac bang bam hut eat dat ti-en h i thu sat chan ting khai thac d l hut quang; cum vit tuyln thd dat tren bd moong gin khu khai thac. Cdn vdi khu vyc ed toan bp hay mpt phin than quang nlm dudi myc nudc nglm: Khai thac bing bam hut cat dat tren be nli ti-ong h i khai thac d l hut quang; cum vit tuyln thd dat ti-en bd moong gin khu khai thac hoac tren he thing be phao trong h i khai thac.

5. K i t luan va k i l n nghj

Cac md hinh cdng nghe khai thac-tuyin thd da va dang ap dung ed nhilu thay d i i va cai tiln, song vin cdn cd nhuge dilm: chua phu hgp trong dilu kien tai nguyen khoang san ngay cang can kiet, vung quang giau dugc khai thac hit d i n ehl cdn lai quang ngheo;

mit mat KVN trong dudi thai v i n edn eao; khd khan trong khai thac cae than quang cd chilu sau thay d i i phu-e tap theo dja hinh (chua tan thu hit tai nguyen va chua mang lai hieu qua kinh t l tdi uu).

Md hinh cdng nghe khai thac-tuyin thd ehl nen d quy md tmng binh, tang tinh ca ddng, giam ehi phi diu tu. Trong tuyln thd phai cd giai phap dam bao I n djnh ti-ong d p lieu, loai ngay san phim thai dam bao yeu d u tCr khau tuyln diu, sau dd tang cudng cae khau tuyln tinh d l thu duge san phim tinh quang dat yeu d u . Linh hoat trong b l tri thilt bj khai thac va tuyln thd d l phu hgp vdi dilu kien dja chit md.

Dii vdi nhung md cd cdng suit thilt k l Idn cd t h i lip dat nhilu cum thilt bj theo md hinh tren cung song song hoat dpng. D l eho viec d p quang diu len cac vit tuyln I n djnh han, nen ghep hai cum vit vdi nhau tiianh mpt modun, ed kit d u ehung 1 bp tach rac+thung bam quang diu va he thing dien dilu khiln.

Do dilu kien dja chit, dac thu thanh phin vat chit tCrng vung miln, tCrng md eua Viet Nam va quy md cac thilt bj da diu tu eua cac ca sd rit khae nhau, nen khi dii mdi md hinh khai thac-tuyin thd: phai cd cac nghien CLPU, danh gia dly du d l thilt k l quy md, kit clu md hinh phu hgp nhlm dat hieu qua kinh t l

eao nhit, tan thu dugc tai nguyen, bao ve dugc mdi truang sau khai thac; d n ed them eac nghien cuu ehl tao cac loai vit tuyln phu hgp vdi dac dilm cua tCrng loai quang ed thanh phin vat chit khac nhau d l phu hgp vdi tCpng nguyen cdng t u y l n . •

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng. Van ban s l 2009/BTNMT-DCKS V/v dilu tra, tham dd, quan ly hoat ddng khai thac quang titan. 04/6/2008.

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Ngudi bien tap: Tran Van Trach

\^:;:\:::,,;••;;/:/:•••;'SUMMARY •'':-y\.•••-•-'\:',\

: The paper shows the results of assessing the state and suggesting the model B technology for coarse exploitation and benefieiation for titanium ore in Vietnam.