Thifc tiin - Kinh nghiem
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hoat dong khai thac Ichoang san
O HOANG THj NGUYET TrUdng Dgi hoc Ky thuit - Hau can Cdng an nhin din
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udc ta ed ngudn tdi nguyen khoing sin da dgng, phong phu vdi hdn 5000 diim md vi 60 loai khoing san khic nhau nhuda vdi, sat, urani, than. Vi vgy, khai thic khoing san dem din ngudn Igi nhuan ding ki ddi vdi nin kinh ti qude dan, nhung ddng thdi cung giy khdng it thi$t hgi ddi vdi mdi trudng cung nhu eon ngudi. Do viy, can phai tim ra giai phip hdu hidu dingan ngUa mgt trdi cua hogt dgng khai thic khoing san, nhit Id nguy cd gay ra tai ngn trong lao dgng.Nguy cPtai ngn lao d$ng Idn Khai thac khoing sin khdng chi gay d nhiim nang ne ddi vdi mdi trUdng tp nhien m l edn gdy ra tai nan rat Idn dd'i vdi con ngudi.
Vide khai thac khien nude va khdng khf bj Inh hudng bdi cae hogt dOng khai thac thudng sinh ra byi, nude thli vdi khdi lupng Idn;
lam thay doi eInh quan khi pha hiiy hoan todn he thpc vat va phiu didn dat phat sinh; lam mit ldp dat mat va ton hgi din cac di tfch Ijch sU. Khdng nhOng vay, KTKS cdn Inh hudng den con ngUdi khi khdng bio dim an toan lao ddng, nguy eP tai nan lao ddng eao.
Khai thac khoing sin dupc xep vao mdt trong nhUng logi hinh lao dpng cpe nhpc, nguy hilm nhlt. Hlu hit d c md KTKS diu ed kien tgo phUc tgp, ngudi lao dpng thudng xuyen phli tiep xue vdi byi than, d l , tieng dn, cae logi khf ddc nhu CO2, CO, CH4... Theo ude tfnh, so lupng tai nan lao dpng do KTKS chiem 18-20% ting sd
tai nan lao ddng, chidUng sau xay dUng va sin xuat edng nghidp. VI dy nhu: Thanh Hda ed g i n 300 md va diem md vdi gan 42 logi khoang s i n . NhOng nam qua, khai thac da da tao thdm hing nghin edng an viee llm eho ngudi ddn dja phuong. Nhung an todn lao ddng trong khai thac da Igi ehua dupc bio dim va v i n cdn nhidu bit cap bdi mdt bd phan ngudi lao ddng, chii sis dgng lao dpng thge hidn chua nghidm tiic cdng tae an toan lao ddng, khien nhieu vy tai nan ding tile da xly ra. Theo bao d o cDa Sd LD- TBXH Thanh Hda, nam vUa qua, todn tinh da xly ra 44 vy tai nan lao ddng tgi 33 doanh nghidp, lam 21 ngudi chet, 31 ngudi bj thUdng, trong do 17 vg cd ngudi chd't, S vg cd tU2 ngudi chet trd Idn. Tgi Phu Thp, trong nam 2014, toln tinh da xly ra 16 vy tai ngn lao dpng vdi 17 ngudi gap ngn, trong do c6 4 ngudi chdt, 2 ngudi bj thUOng nang, 1 ngudi bj thUdng nhg.
Trong nam 201S da xly ra mdt vu tai ngn do bye nude tgi Id khai thac than xdm Xieng, xa Ld Sdn, huydn Tan Lae, tinh Hda Binh khiln 3 ngudi chet.
Ben egnh nguy cP tai ngn lao ddng rat Idn trong KTKS, edn gly ra nhilu tae ddng xau den mdi trudng xung quanh. Bieu hidn rd net nhlt la vide sis dyng thilu hieu q u i cae ngudn khoang sin tu nhien; tie ddng dd'n cinh quan va hinh thai mdi trudng; tieh ty hoae phat tan chat thli; lam Inh hudng d i n sd dgng nude, d nhidm nude, tilm I n nguy eo v l ddng thli axit md... NhUng hogt d6ng nay dang pha vd can bang dilu kien sinh thli dUpe hinh thanh tU hang chue trieu nam, gay 6 nhidm ngng n l ddi vdi mdi trUdng, trd thinh van de d p bach mang tfnh chfnh trj v l xa hdi eCia cdng ddng met cdch sau sic, Inh hudng nghidm trpng den ddi sdng, sUc khde va tinh mgng cDa con ngUdi.
3 8 Toi nguyen vg Moi trudng | Ky 2-Th^ng 5/2016
Di ftn nhiJhg nguyen n i ^ chinh Nhan djnh ve nhUng tai ngn lao ddng do hogt ddng KTKS hidn nay, nhieu nha khoa hpc cho rang: Dang lo nggi nhat Id eae hoat ddng khai thac, che bien khoang s i n quy md nhd dang dien ra kha phd bien d nude ta.
Do vdn dau tU eua ele doanh nghidp hgn chd, khai thac bang phuOng phdp thu cdng, ban cO gidi, edng nghe Igc hau v l nhat la ehay theo Ipi nhuan, y thUe chap hanh luat phap chUa cao nen cae ehu eP sd ft quan tam den c6ng tic, an toan lao dpng, bao ve tai nguyen khoang s i n , de Igi nhieu hdu q u i xau trong an toln lao dpng. Da so c i c md dang hogt dpng hien nay s i n lupng khai thac thap hPn nhieu so vdi s i n lupng dupe d p phep, hogt ddng khdng tuan thu dp dn, thidt k l va bao cao danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng, hoae b i n cam k i t dUde duyet ve bao d i m an t o l n eho ngUdi lao ddng.
Dat da thli loai trong KTKS eung la nguyen nhdn gian tiep d i n den mat an toan cho ngudi lao ddng. Tren cac md than thudng cd mat vdi ham lupng eao cae nguyen td Sc, Ti, Mn... Cae khoang vat sulphua cd trong than cdn ChUa Zn, Cd, HG... lam eho bgi md trd nen doe hai vdi sUe khde con ngudi Trong khai thac md kim logi, tae dpng rd net nhat la tan pha mat dit, Inh hUdng Idn ddn rUng v l thim thUe vat. Vide khai thac vat lidu xay dgng, nguydn lidu eho s i n xuat phdn bdn va hda chit nhu da vdi lam d nhiem khdng khf, d nhidm nude nghiem trpng. Do quy trinh khai thac lac hSu, khdng cd he thdng thu bgi ndn hdm lUpng bgi tgi nhUng ndi nay thudng Idn gap 9 lan so vdi tidu chuan cho phep.
Dang ehu y I I , tai ngn lao ddng tgi cae md khai thac da xly ra ngay cang nhieu la do edng tae bao d i m an toan lao dpng cdn kem. cac chii cd sd khai thac da chua ehu y tdi vide dao tao cdng nhan lam viee, nhU viee danh min khdng theo quy trinh. Trong khi dd, d e phuong tien nhu may mde, thie't bj khai thac tgi eae md da edn thieu, mIy mde eu ky ndn khdng bio d i m an toan lao dpng va ve sinh mdi trudng. Cap thie't nhat la, tinh trang thieu can bp chuyen mon ky thuat ed tay nghe, khdng chip hanh day du quy trinh khai thac, bat chap cac quy djnh ve b i o d i m an toln. Qua kilm tra tgi eac md da, sd d n bd cd chuyen mdn ky thuat v l khai thac md, dia chat cd trinh d6 trung d p trd len ehua nhilu, sd cdng nhdn lam vide true tiep tgi eae m6 da dupe dao tgo ehinh quy tgi eae trudng edng nhdn nghe md la rat ft. TU dd dan den quy trinh hogt dpng khai thac khdng bio dam.
Trong giay phep khai thac, ehe biln khoang s i n ed quy dinh doanh nghiep phai tuan thii quy trinh ky thuat an toan theo tieu ehuan, c6 phuong an sii dgng vat lieu no trong khai thac, ddng thdi doanh nghiep phai thge hien c h i dp bao cao dmh ky theo quy dinh hien hanh la 6 thang mpt lan. Tuy nhien, trdn thge te cd rat ft doanh nghiep khai thdc thyc hien nghiem tuc quy djnh nay. V l phfa ehli cac doanh nghidp khai thac da cung ehua chu trpng huan luydn ky thugt khai thac, trang bj eae phuong tien, thid't bj b i o hd lao ddng eho cdng nhan. Nhgn thUe eua bin than ngUdi lao ddng v l vai trd eua cong tac bao hp lao ddng, an todn ve sinh s i n xult, phdng ehdng tai nan cho ehinh bin than cung cdn hgn ehe.
Gili phap trong thdi gian t&
Be khdng con nhUng vy tai ngn thUdng tam trong q u i trinh KTKS, cdng tac quan ly c l ve tai nguydn vd hoat ddng khai thac d n dupe chu trpng hdn. Nha nude d n tang cUdng kilm tra va chi dgo eac dPn vj thudc pham vi quin ly thUe hidn d l y dD ele quy djnh cua nha nude ve an toan lao ddng va v§ sinh lao dpng, ke c l cac ehe dp b i o hiem lao d6ng.
Doi mdi phUPng thUc huan luyen v l an toan lao ddng cho ngUdi sii dgng lao ddng va ngUdi lao dpng.
Cae dja phUdng can tang eUdng edng tac thanh tra, kiem tra viec thuc hien eae quy djnh cua nha nUde ve an toan, ve sinh lao ddng d eac doanh nghidp KTKS.
Kien quyet xd ly nghiem minh, kjp thdi ddi vdi eae hdnh vi vi pham luat phap lao ddng, dae bidt la edng khai hda cae doanh nghiep khdng chap hanh nghiem quy djnh phap luat v l fTnh vpc nay.
Phdng ngUa cac vg tai ngn xly ra, hogt dpng khai thac eac loai khoang s i n phli dupc khao sat, tham dd va thilt k l khai thac dung quy ehuan, tieu chuan quy djnh va phli dupc eo quan to ehUe ed tham quyIn phe duyet.
cac thiet ke thi cdng phli ap dung cae bien phap an toan cu the, ehi tilt cho tUng khai trUdng, khu vUc can thiet. Dong thdi, chu trpng dao tgo, bdi dUdng eho dpi ngu giam sat an toan, quin ddc, pho quin dde, trpe ea ve kien thUe an toan, vd sinh lao dpng;
danh gia phan tfch rui ro, chdng id va ele bien phap an toan lao ddng theo m l u cg t h i chi tiet.
Ble d i m khdng de x l y ra tinh trang mat an toan trong khai thac va che bien khoang san, gilm thilu nguy cO trong lao ddng, dem lai eupc sdng an toan, hgnh phue eho cdn b6, e6ng nhan vung mo'.B
Toi nguyen vo Moi tru'dng | Ky 2-ThJng 5/2010 3 g
