TRAO DOI Y KIEN
SI/ "HOiv JVGiirEJsr' TROJVO TRBCT HOC
• • P H A M Q U Y N H <•>
Trong bdi viet ndy, tdc gid dd dUa ra nhiing y kien cua minh nhdm trao doi vi bdi viet cua tdc gid Vu, Minh Tam co tieu di "Triet ly truyin thdng d Viet Nam ve vd tru" tren mgt so'khia cgnh, nhu cdch hieu vd sik dung cdc khdi niem, ddnh gid ve vdn hiin Viet Nam hoac van de phUdng phdp ludn triet hgc...
^) ai Triet ly truyin thd'ng d Viet Nam vi vu tru c u a P G S , T S . Vu M i n h T a m d a n g t r e n T a p ehi T r i e t hge sd' 1 (212) n a m 2009, t h e o tdi, ed n h i d u diem sai, k h a i q u a t lai cd h a i cai s a i ldn: 1. Sai ve kidn thflc; 2. Sai vd n g u y e n ly logic - lich sfl. Tdi xin di vao p h a n tich va t r a o ddi lai vdi t a c gia tflng v a n dd.
M o t l a , stif d u n g s a i k h a i n i e m . Khai niem "VU T R U LUAN - cosmology" (tidng Hy L a p la "kosmo" nghia la the gidi "world" va "logos" nghia la
"nghien cflu", "ly do cd ban"...) ® Nghien cflu ve vu t r u vdi tfl each mdt h e thd'ng cd ly tri va t r a t tfl; ® Ddi k h i dfldc sfl d u n g ddng nghia vdi t h u a t ngfl "SIEU H I N H HOC": n g h i e n cflu nhflng k h a i niem phd bien va tdng q u a t n h a t vd vu t r u (khdng gian, thdi gian, v a t c h a t , bien ddi, dgng Iflc, q u a n g t i n h , n h a n qua, v i n h cflu...); ® Thfldng dfldc h i e u la mdt n h a n h ciia khoa hgc, dae biet la t h i e n v a n hgc, mdt n g a n h khoa hgc cd' g i n g dfla r a nhflng gia t h u y e t ve ngudn gd'c, ca'u t r u e , dac t i n h va sfl p h a t trien cua v u t r u v a t ly dfla t r e n cac quan s a t va phfldng p h a p k h o a hgc(l).
Theo The shorter Routledge encyclopedia of phylosophy, t h u a t ngfl vu tru ludn cd b a each d u n g ehinh: tdng q u a t n h l t , nd ehi mdt t h e gidi q u a n (worldview), vi du t h d gidi q u a n ciia ngfldi Maya. D l u the ky XVIII, n g a y s a u k h i t h u a t ngfl n a y r a ddi. C h r i s t i a n Wolff da sii d u n g nd de p h a n biet r a n h gidi gifla v a t ly hgc, mgt n g a n h k h o a hgc k i n h n g h i e m n g h i e n cflu vd t h e gidi v a t chat, va vu t r u l u a n , mdt n h a n h cua sieu h i n h hgc vdi q u a n h e vdi b a n c h i t hflu h i n h theo k h i a e a n h phd bidn n h l t cua nd...(2).
Theo Hdn - Viet td dien cua GS. Dao D u y Anh: "Bo'n phfldng t r e n dUdi la vu, xUa q u a n a y lai ggi la tru"(3), n g u y e n v a n Hoai N a m Tfl viet: O. ^ ^ ^ m Z W . m If ±. T W ± f' (Vang cd lai k i m vi chi t r u (thdi gian), tfl phfldng thfldng
(*) Tien si, Nha xua't ban Giao due.
(1) Peter A.Angeles: Dictionary of Philosophy, Barnes & Noble Books A Division of Harper &
Row Publishers, 1981, p.50.
(2) Edward Craig (edited): The shorter Routledge encyclopedya of phylosophy, Routledge, New York,
2007, p.150.
(3) Dao Duy Anh. Hdn - Viet tii dien. Nxb Minh Tan, Paris, 1951, tr.567.
PHAM QUYNH
ha vi ehi vu (khdng gian). Trang Tii viet:
:^^. m '^ iH^ M Vl -^ M ^ fn^i z m
^ W E B# Pel : t ^ (Hflu thflc nhi vd hd xfl gia da, hflu trfldng nhi vd ban tieu giai tru da. c a i di vu vi khdng gian ehi nghia, tru vi thdi gian ehi nghia). - Cd thflc ma khdng cd chd n h l t dinh la vii vay. Dai ma khdng cd d l u cud'i gd'c nggn la t r u vay. Vi vu cd nghia la khdng gian, t r u cd nghia la thdi gian. • . . , . ., • .
Nhu vay, theo quan niem cua ngUdi Trung Qud'c, vu tru la sU thd'ng nha't gifla khdng gian va thdi gian. Vdi nhflng ndi ham nhu tren, ngUdi Trung Qud'c hoan toan cd ly khi dich thuat ngfl "Cosmology"
b l n g thuat ngfl ^ W t^ - Vu tru luan.
Khai niem "ban the luan - ontology"
(tieng Hy Lap onta, nghia la "cac sfl vat tdn tai thflc", "thflc tai chan thflc", va logos, nghia la "nghien cflu", "ly do ed ban"...) cd the hieu la: ® Nghien cflu cae dae trflng ban chat cua hflu the (being) tfl than phan biet vdi viec nghien cflu cac sfl vat tdn tai rieng le. Hinh thflc ly thuyet eua viee nghien cflu tdn tai tfl than la cau hdi: "Tdn tai tfl than la gi?", "Ban chat eua hflu the tfl than la gi?"; (D Mdt nhanh cua triet hgc nghien cflu trat tfl va e l u true cua thflc tai vdi nghia rdng nha't cd the. 3) Mdt nhanh eua triet hgc cd' ging: (a) mieu ta ban chat cua hflu the td'i thfldng (cai Duy nhat, cai Tuyet dd'i,...); (b) chi ra r i n g mgi sfl vat phu thudc vao nd vi nhflng hien hflu khac; (c) chi ra tai sao nhflng sfl phu thude nay dfldc chflng minh trong thflc tai;
va (d) quan he gifla hanh ddng va tfl duy cua con ngfldi vdi thflc tai nay tren ndn tang lich sii va ca nhan;...(4)
Khai niem "ban the" cd ngudn gd'c tfl triet hgc cd trung dai Trung Qud'c. TrUdc hit, ve mat y nghia, cac triet gia Trung Qud'c sii dung nhidu t h u a t ngfl khac nhau de chi pham trfl nay. Trang Txi ggi la
"ban can : ^ « " , hoac "ban ^"i Hoai Nam Tfl ggi la "nha't —"; Ddng Trgng Thfl ggi la "nguyen M"... Den thdi Td'ng mdi xua't hien danh tfl "the ft", tflc "ban the 4- It"
trong tac pham Chinh Mdng cua Trfldng Hoanh Cfl(5). Tha hai, mac du khai niem
"ban the" xua't hien trong triet hge Trung Qud'c kha sdm, nhflng nd khdng hoan toan ddng nha't ve mat ngi ham vdi khai niem "ban the" trong tridt hgc phfldng Tay. NhUng dfl sad nd van g i n gui vdi khai niem "ban the" cua triet hgc phfldng Tay hdn la khai niem "vu tru" d gdc do nd phan anh sfl suy tfl cua cae triet gia Trung Qude ve ngudn gd'c cua "vu tru".
Nhflng yeu td' ban the eua vu tru van vat la "ly", "khf, "tam"... da dfldc eac tridt gia Trung Qud'c nhidu ddi ban bae, tranh luan khien chung het sflc phong phu ve ndi ham lan be day lieh sii.
Nhfl vay, ed the tha'y: ® Nhflng pham trfl "ly", "khf, "dao"... ma tae gia bai viet dfla ra thudc linh vflc bdn the luan chfl khdng phai vu tru ludn, va didu dd khien ndi dung bai viet khdng phu hdp vdi tieu dd; ® Nhflng pham trfl, khai niem, nhfl
"khi nha't nguyen", "khi hdn nguyen",
"ly", "dao", "khf... la nhflng pham tru can ban eiia triet hgc Trung Qud'c. He thd'ng khai niem, pham tru triet hgc dd
(4) Peter A. Angeles. Ibid., p . l 9 8 .
(5) Xem: Gian Chi va Nguyen Hien Le. Dgi ciidng triet hpc Trung Qud'c t . l . Nxb Thanh pho'Ho Chi Minh, 1992, t r . l 3 3 .
da dfldc cac tac gia Viet Nam (va chi cac bac dai tri thflc) tiep nhan, hge tap va xfl ly nd theo quan diem eua minh ma thdi.
Didu dd khdng the dfldc xem la triet ly truyin thd'ng d Viet Nam ve vu tru dfldc.
H a i la, n h a n d i n h sai ve v a n h i e n Viet N a m .
Tac gia khang dinh: "Trfldc khi ddn
"thdi hien dai", tridt ly vd vu tru la thfl
"khoa hge" duy n h a t (ngoai ra khdng cdn thfl khoa hgc nao khac?) de eon ngfldi Viet Nam tidp can tfl nhien, xa hdi, hoc Id y thflc, nhan thflc cd tinh triet hge vd vu tru theo "he quy chieu" boat ddng thflc tien va van hoa dan tdc"(6). Theo nhflng ldi van dd, chang le dan tdc Viet Nam
"khdn cflng" vd tfl duy ly luan den nhfldng nay fl? Day la mdt menh dd vd nghia, neu ed mgt chut ggi la cd y nghia thi dd la nhan dinh sai llm, ha thap tri tue ciia dan tdc Viet Nam. Cd the dan ra rat nhieu cd'ng hien eiia eac nha khoa hgc vdi cae khoa hgc thflc sfl trong lieh sfl, nhfl toan hge cd Lfldng The Vinh, Vu Hflu; y hgc ed Tue Tinh, Hai Thfldng Lan Ong; van hgc cd Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Du; luat hgc cd Le Thanh Tdng, Nguyin v a n Thanh, Vu Trinh, T r i n Hflu; sfl hgc cd Ngd SI Lien, Phan Hiiy Chu... Dd chang phai la nhflng khoa hgc the hien nang Iflc nhan thflc eua dng- cha ta trong viec tiep can tfl nhien, xa hgi hay sao?
Ba la, s a i ve p h i f d n g p h a p l u a n t r i e t h o c .
Vdi dung y "mfldn" cae pham tru triet hgc Trung Qud'c de tai hien he thd'ng triet ly vd vu tru cua cha dng ta, nhflng chinh tac gia da khdng "tieu hoa" ndi eac pham tru dd b l n g cac bac tidn bo'i, d i n den de
Id ra tac gia eua nhflng dean luan trong bai vidt. Cu the, d day chinh la Le Quy Ddn(7) - "tflc cha dng ta", va GS. Cao Xuan Huy trong Ldi gidi thieu(8). Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh tai hien, tae gia da vi pham nguyen t i e logic va lich sif, the hien trong viec idng ghep va ddng n h l t Han Nho vdi Td'ng Nho; trong viec idng ghep Phat giao vdi Nho giao; trong viec
"hien dai hoa" "triet ly truydn thd'ng";
trong viec ddng nhat mdt ca nhan (Le Quy Ddn) vdi mdt cdng ddng (dng cha ta).
Dgc tiep doan van sau, chung ta se tha'y rd them dieu dd: "Dd'i vdi ngfldi Viet "tidn hien dai"... Sfl tdn tai nay eua vu tru phu thudc vao bdn chdt, quy lugt vd'n cd cua nd". Nhflng luan diem nay la cua ngfldi Viet "tidn hien dai"? Khdng re tae gia lay each phan ky lieh sfl nay d dau? Chung ta thfldng bidt den each phan ky lich sfl dai the la: cd dai, trung dai, can dai, hien dai.
Khdng rd vdi khai niem "tien hien dai", tac gia se cho giai doan lich sfl Viet Nam nay b i t d l u tfl dau va ket thuc d dau?
Ca he thd'ng triet hgc cd dien Dflc vdi cac tridt gia Iflng lay, nhfl Kant, Hegel...
dai the cung chi viet den the dfldc thdi.
Cung c l n phan biet gifla viec sfl dung nhflng khai niem tridt hgc hien dai de cat
(6) Vu Minh Tam. TYiei ly truyin thd'ng d Viet Nam ve vu tru. Tap chi Triet hpc, so 1 (212), thang 1 - 2009, tr.48.
(7) Khong kho de chiing minh rang, tac gia da mUdn tu tuSng cua Le Quy Don ve Ly - Khi viet trong Vdn ddi logi ngd de khai quat ve "Triet ly truyen tho'ng d Viet Nam ve vii tru". Trong pham vi bai viet, chiing toi khong dan ra nhiing doan, cau dien hinh ma chi dUa ra ket luan, nhan dinh ma thoi.
(8) Le Quy Don. Van ddi logi ngd (Tran Van Giap bien dich va khao thich, Cao Xuan Huy viet Ldi gidi thieu). Nxb Van hoa, 1961, t . l , tr.53.
PHAM QUYNH
nghia, giai thieh, chu giai cae khai niem truyen thd'ng hoac sii dung nhflng khai niem triet hge phfldng Tay de dd'i chieu, so sanh iam sang td ndi ham cua cae khai niem triet hgc phfldng Ddng vdi viee dfla vao nhflng khai niem triet hgc cd dai, phfldng Ddng nhflng ndi ham khai niem hien dai, phfldng Tay. Day la cdng viee mang tinh thu phap, nhflng r l t d i dan den sai l l m . C.Mae da tflng ndi: "Giai phau con ngfldi la chia khoa de giai phau cen khi", nhflng neu dem nhflng hieu hieu biet ve giai phau con ngfldi ma gan cho con khi thi vi pham nguyen tae
"ngfldi hoa khi" - tflc nguyen tac IdgIc va lieh sii, mgt yeu e l u td'i thieu dd'i vdi mdt ngfldi iam khoa hgc.
B o n la, h i e u c h i t a d u n g b a n c h a t , d i e n b i e n c a c p h a m t r u t r i e t h o c "ly",
" k h i " , " d a o " c u a t r i e t h o c T r u n g Quoc.
Cd the t h l y , cae pham tru "ly i l " , "khi tl", "dao i t " da dfldc "ehe bien" lai ndi ham theo each hieu ciia tac gia chfl khdng phai nhfl nd vd'n ed, cang khdng phai theo each hieu cua Le Quy Ddn. Tac gia vidt:
"Vd ban the cua vu tru, Thai cflc - Khi hdn nguyen, tflc vat chat, tao nen vu tru".
Trong Vdn ddi logi nga, Le Quy Ddn viet:
r.^m\)ii^M ti^±a^-tii (Thaicflc
la nha't khl(*), la hdn nguyen nhat khi.
Tfl sd' mdt sinh ra hai, hai sinh ra bdn, thanh ra van vat; The la thai cflc vd'n cd mdt")(9).
Tae gia luan vd "Khi" nhfl sau: "Khi ed trfldc van vat, sinh ra van vat va tdn tai trong chung, mdi sfl vat rieng le deu sinh thanh tfl Khi va tdn tai nhd Khi, trong
Khi. Khi tdn tai vinh h i n g nhflng vd thfldng, bien hoa khdn lfldng. Con ngfldi ed the hieu dfldc Khi thdng qua hieu tha'u van vat trong vu tru va cai Ly eua ehung"(10). Khdng rd tac gia can cfl vao dau (van ban nao? tac gia nao?) de cho r i n g , pham trfl Khi thude triet ly truyen thdng eua dng cha ta? Ta ddu biet, tridt hge Trung Qud'c cd anh hfldng khdng nhd den cac tri thflc Viet Nam trong lieh sxi.
Nhflng nha Nho sau nay dac biet chiu anh hfldng eua Td'ng Nho vdi nhflng dai bieu, nhu TrUdng Hoanh Cfl (1017 -
1073), Trinh Hao (1032 - 1085), Trinh Di (1033 - 1108), Chu Hy (1130 - 1200) va cua Vfldng Phu Chi (1619 - 1692) thdi Minh....
Pham trfl "Khf cd ngi ham vd eung phflc tap, bdi dien bien ciia nd trong lieh sii triet hgc Trung Qud'c hi pha tap, bien
(*) Trong hai ban dich, mot cua Tran Van Giap, mot ciia Ta Quang Phat, deu dich: ":ic S # — H til JS TC — fl t& nghia la: Thai cUc la mot khi, mot khi hon nguyen". NhUng theo toi, phai dich la:
"Thai cUc la nha't kiu, la hon nguyen nha't khi" mdi noi diing tinh t h a n triet hpc ciia cau nay, vi nhat khi ( - M.) la mot khai niem triet hpc da dUdc s^
dung trong trao lUu Ly hpc Tong Minh. Triet gia thdi Minh la Nguy Hieu (1483 - 1543) da viet:
"Nhdt khi h6n luan, sung tai lUu hanh, the canh v6 nhi", hoac; "Nhdt khi dai phan chi tac vi am dUdng, tieu phan chi tac vi ngii hanh"... (TrUdng Lap Van (chii bien): Trii't hpc phUOng Ddng - Khi, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, 1998, tr.424. Ta Phii Chinh, Nguyen Van Diic dich). Ghi chep ve Ly - Khi ciia Le Quy Don trong Vdn Ddi logi ngd c6 mot so diem tUdng dong vdi Nguy Hieu.
(9) Le Quy Don. Vdn ddi logi ngd. Nxb Van hoa, 1961, tap 1, tr.53. Tran Van Giap bien dich va khao thich. Tham khao ban dich ciia Ta Quang Phat, Sai Gon, 1972.
(10) Vu Minh Tam. Sdd., Tgp chi Triet hpc, so 1 (212), thang 1 - 2009, tr.49.
thien nen khdng the nhin nhan mdt each phien dien, ddn nhat. Nhflng tren thflc td, pham trfl Khi ed ndi ham va dien bidn trong lieh sfl tridt hge Trung Qud'c khac vdi each hieu ciia tae gia. Vi mat ngi hdm, Khi cd may ndi dung sau: ® Khi la ngudn gd'c hoac ban the ciia van vat trong the gidi tfl nhien. Khi la thfl vat chat tinh vi, chuyen ddng khdng ngflng, la ed sd thd'ng n h l t cua thien dia van vat, la ngudn gd'c sinh thanh cua van vat; ® Khi la nguyen td' hoac chat lieu eua tdn tai khach quan; ® Khi la thflc the khach quan ed ddng thai cdng nang; ® Khi la vat chat mdi gidi hoac mdi the day ap trong vu tru; ® Khi la sinh mang eua con ngfldi; © Khi la pham cap dao dflc(ll). Vi mat dien bien: ® Tfl thdi nha An den thdi Xuan Thu, Khi la van khi. Am - Dfldng khi va xung khi; ® Thdi Chien Qud'c, Khi la khi hao nhien, la tinh khi; ® Thdi ky T i n Han, Khi la nguyen khi, tii nhien khi; ® Thdi ky Nam Ble tridu, Khi la kbi hflu vd; ® Thdi Tuy Dfldng, Khi la khi cua Phat mdn (tflc khi), kbi eua Dao mdn (thin khi); © Thdi ky Lfldng Td'ng, Khi la khi cua Ly; ® Thdi ky Nguyen Minh, Khi la lfldng tri. ® Thdi ky Minh Thanh, Khi la khi ban the; ® Thdi can dai eiia Trung Qud'c sau chien t r a n h Nha phidn, Khi la quang, la dien, la c h i t diem(12).
Khdng rd pham tru Khi ma tae gia Vu Minh Tam dd cap den thudc giai doan nao, mang ndi ham nao? Mgt l l n nfla, chung ta thay tac gia da khdng tuan thu nguyen t i c IdgIc va lich sii trong viec xem xet sfl van ddng eua eac pham tru triet hgc. Dieu nay keo dai trdng sud't bai viet, nhflng d i n chflng dfldi day se tidp tuc
chflng minh didu dd.
Doan sau day tac g i l luan ve Ly i l :
"Ly la cai thflc hflu d trong khi, thugc tinh eua khi. Ndi theo thuat ngfl hien dai, Ly la cai thude quy luat, nguyen ly, quy tae, trat tfl ed tinh chung nhat, phd bidn n h l t ciia mgi sfl vat, ciia vu tru ndi chung; nd tdn tai vfla hdng thudng (do thfldng, b i t bien), vfla vd thudng (chuyen hoa, bidn ddi)". TrUdc hit, ndi ve nghia cua may tfl: vd thudng, hdng thUdng. Vd thfldng: lue ed luc khdng, bien cd bat thinh linh ddn; dd'i lap vdi vd thfldng la thfldng b l n g (chfl khdng phai b l n g thfldng): bat bien, luc nad cung nhfl luc nao, ben lau. Quy luat, nguyen ly, quy tac la cai bat bien, dn dinh ma tac gia luan thanh vfla b l n g thfldng, vfla vd thfldng?
The cd edn la quy luat nfla khdng?
Tiep den, ndi ham eiia pham trfl Ly, trong tridt hge Trung Qud'c khdng ddn t h u I n nhfl vay. Cung gid'ng nhfl pham tru Khi, pham tru "Ly #" cd ngi ham r l t rdng va ed lich sii dien bidn da dang. Ndi van tat, vi mat ngi hdm, Ly cd mly ndi dung sau: ® Ly la ban the hoac can cfl tdn tai cua van vat tfl nhien trong trdi dlt; ® Ly la quy luat cua sfl vat; ® Ly la y thflc ehu the; ® Ly la quan niem, nguyen tac quy pham luan ly, dao dflc(13). Theo Nguyen Hidn Le va Gian Chi, chfl Ly ed hai nghia: mdt la hinh thdc va hai la quy lugt. Vdi nghia quy luat, lai ed the chia thanh ba: ® Quy luat
(11) TrUdng Lap Van (chu bien). Triet hpc phuang Ddng - Khi. Ta Phii Chinh, Nguyin Van Diic dich.
Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, 1998, tr.19-22.
(12) TrUdng Lap Van (chu bien). Sdd., tr.22-38.
(13) TrUdng Lap Van (chu bien). Sdd., tr.14-15.
PHAM QUYNH
rieng cho mdi vat - ggi la thudng tdc; ® Quy luat chung cho t i t ea mgi vat - ggi la trgt tu, dieu ly; @ Quy luat de mdi vat can cfl vao dd ma sinh t h a n h - ggi la cai
"sddl nhien"(lA).
Vi mat diin bien: ® Thdi Xuan Thu, Ly la ly van, ly tri; ® Thdi Chien Qud'c, ly la nghia ly, thien ly; ® Thdi T i n Han, Ly la ly danh; ® Thdi Nguy Tan, Nam Bac tridu, Ly la ly huyen; © Thdi Tuy Dfldng, Ly la sii "vien dung, tUdng ham"; © Thdi Ludng Td'ng, Ly la thien ly, va ly thiic; ® Thdi Nguyen Minh, Ly tflc Tam, Tam tflc Ly; ® Gifla thdi Minh - Thanh, Ly la ly cua Khi; ® Thdi can dai eua Trung Qud'c sau chien t r a n h nha phien, Ly la cdng ly(i5).
Nhfl vay, pham tru Ly, trong trfldng phai Ly ban luan, thi nd la ban the, nhflng trong trfldng phai Khi ban luan, thi nd la quy luat... Rd rang, tac gia da theo quan diem Khi ban luan - quan diem cua Le Quy Ddn cung vay. NhUng Le Quy Ddn da khdng lien he gifla Ly va Dao nhfl tae gia. Tac gia vidt: "Nhd nhan thflc dfldc Ly, con ngfldi mdi tim ra, tao nen cai Phai, cai Dung, cai Dep de cd dfldc Dao. Tren danh nghia, Dao la cai vd'n ed cua vu tru, nhflng thflc chat, nd la nhan thflc chu quan ciia y thflc xa hgi,
"phan anh tdn tai xa hgi, do tdn tai xa hdi quyet dinh", la san pham cua nhflng quan niem chinh tri, he tfl tfldng phap quyen, dao dflc, tham my, tdn giao trong mdt dieu kien kinh te - xa hgi, van hoa nha't dinh....". Dgc den day va mdt sd'eau tiep sau, ta thay: mgt la, ldi lap luan luan quan; hai la, dfldng nhfl tac gia dang ddng n h l t pham trfl Dao vdi pham tru
"thfldng t i n g kidn true" eiia triet hgc Mac. Khdng rd tae gia can cfl vao dau de diin dat r i n g , "nhin chung, Dao dfldc phan biet t h a n h dao trdi dat (tflc dao trdi) va dao ngfldi (tflc dao iam ngfldi). Dao trdi la hinh thai cao nha't, chung n h l t , phd bien nha't ciia Dao; trong dd, bao gdm nhflng yeu to', chuan mfle, gia tri xa hdi ddi hdi mdi ea n h a n va toan cdng ddng xa hdi phai t u a n theo trong mgi quan he xa hdi va quan he cua con ngfldi vdi tfl nhien, dac biet la trong md'i quan he eua mgi ngfldi vdi van menh cua dan tdc, qud'c gia.i.". Tac gia ket luan: "Nhfl vay, Dao la san pham eua xa hdi (ed bao gdm dao Trdi khdng? Neu cd, dao Trdi la gi? Dao Trdi la s i n pham eiia xa hdi? - tflc con ngfldi sinh ra dad Trdi - theo logic trinh bay ciia tae gia Vu Minh Tam, dng cha ta da rdi vao chu nghia duy tam ehii quan!!!) bieu hien nhu c i u , ldi ich va muc dich, ly tfldng xa hdi nham dieu hda, dieu chinh, dn dinh thflc trang cdng ddng dan tdc va cac quan he xa hgi hien thfle"(16).
Trong tridt hge Trung Qud'c, pham tru
"Dao i l " ed ndi ham r l t rdng va ed lich sii dien bidn da dang. O day, chi xin neu mdt each tdm tat de k h a n g dinh r i n g , tac gia da hieu khdng d l y du ve pham tru Dao.
Ve mat ngi hdm, pham trfl Dao cd nhflng ham nghia sau: ® Dao la ban the hay ban nguyen the cua van vat trong trdi da't, ehi ve cai sieu nghiem ma eac giac quan khdng the dat tdi dfldc, la hien
(14) Gian Chi va Nguyen Hien Le. Dgi cUOng triet hpc Trung Qud'c. Nxb T h a n h pho Ho Chi Minh, Ql,
1992, tr.203-204.
(15) TrUdng Lap Van (chu bien). Sdd., tr.16-27.
(16) Vu Minh Tam. Sdd., Tgp chi Triet hpc, so 1 (212), thang 1 - 2009, tr.50.
tfldng tfl nhien, la cai "sd dl nhien" d i n g sau cae hien tfldng tfl nhien; ® Dao la mdi lien he ndi tai, eau thanh cae yeu to' cd ban eiia sfl vat; ® Dao la quy luat eua sfl vat, chi md'i lien he ban chit, t i t nhien va dn dinh vd'n cd cua sfl vat; ® Dao la qua trinh v^n ddng bidn hoa; ® Dao la nguyen t i c chinh tri, la quy pham dao dflc, luan ly, tri qud'c va xii the*'(17). Vi mat dien bien: ® Tfl thdi An tdi thdi Xuan Thu, Dao la con dfldng, la phfldng phap, la quy luat; ® Thdi Chien Qud'c, Dao la thien dao (quy luat tU nhien. Am - DUdng, Cudng - Nhu) va nhan dao (quy luat xa hdi); @ Thdi ky Tan Han, Dao la Thai nhat; ® Thdi ky Nguy Tan, Nam Bac tridu, Dao la dao hu vd (hu vd chi dao); ® Thdi Tuy Dudng, Dao la dao Phat; © Thdi LUdng Td'ng, Dao la dao eua Ly; ® Thdi ky Nguyen Minh, Dae la dao ciia Tam; ® Gifla thdi Minh va Thanh, Dao la dao cua Khi; @ Thdi can dai ciia Trung Qud'c sau chien t r a n h nha phien, Dao la ehu nghia nhan dao(18).
Cd the thay, tae gia vfla hieu sai, vfla hieu khdng d l y du ve pham tru Dao. Vay ma lai quy eho dng cha ta tridt ly nhfl the? Hdn nfla, md'i lien he gifla Ly va Dao trong lich sii triet hge Trung Qud'c dau cd nhfl tae gia viet. Neu cd sfl quan he thi chi la sfl giao nhau vd mat ndi ham (cflng la khai niem chi ban the, cflng la khai niem chi quy luat...) chfl khdng phai la sfl quan he theo nghia la tien dd - he qua cua nhau.
Tfl gdc do logic hgc ma xem xet, tat ea nhflng luan cfl va luan chflng tac gia dfla ra ddu khdng chinh xac, didu dd cho thly, nhflng quan niem vd vu tru da dfldc tac
gia vay mUdn va gdn nd cho dng cha ta khdng the ed "tinh thflc tien va gia tri thflc tien" de "ddng vai trd la mdt trong nhflng nhan td', yeu to' eua sfl phat trien ddi sd'ng tinh t h i n eiia dan tdc Viet Nam tfl xfla cho den nay"(19).
5. Ket l u a n
Tdm lai, kdt elu, ngi dung eua bai vidt la mdt sfl "hon nguyen", nhflng khdng phai la "hdn ddn, nguyen thuy", ma la
"hdn tap va da nguyen". Hdn tap la bdi sfl pha trdn cua r a t nhidu thfl quan niem, da nguyen la bdi nd cd qua nhidu ngudn gd'c.
Vdi tham vgng tai hien lai quan niem truyen thd'ng eua dng cha ta vd vu tru de tfl dd, khang dinh nd la "nhan to' quan trgng gdp vao sfl phat trien ddi sd'ng tinh t h i n ciia dan toe Viet Nam, la mdt mach tinh huyet iam nen t h i n khi van hda phfldng Ddng"(20), tae gia da bat chap ngudn gd'c eiia nhflng chat lieu, bat chap kdt cau, gan cho dng cha ta nhflng dieu khdng ed. Chung ta cd vu tru luan hay khdng? Cd ban the luan hay khdng? Ngi ham cua khai niem "tridt ly truydn thd'ng" la gi? Cau hdi nay danh lai cho PGS,TS.Vu Minh Tam.
Vdi tinh than: "Nhflng gi eiia Chua tra lai cho Chua, nhflng gi cua Ceasar tra lai Ceasar" va cau ndi bat hu eua Aristotle:
"Tdi yeu thly, nhflng tdi edn yeu chan ly hdn", tdi manh dan vidt vai ddng sd Ifldc de trad doi, gdp y vdi tae gia.Q
(17) TrUdng Lap Van (chu bien). Sdd., tr.12-13.
(18) TrUdng Lap Van (chu bien). Sdd., tr. 14-25.
(19) Vii Minh Tam. Sdd., Tgp chi Triet hpc, so 1 (212), thang 1 - 2009, tr.51.
(20) Vu Minh Tam. Sdd., Tgp chi Triet hpc, so 1 (212), thang 1 - 2009, tr.50.
