SI/TRd L

SI/TRd L«d CUA KHUYNH HU^NG ISLAM BAO THU TAI INDONESIA TLf 1998 DEN NAY

HO THI THANH*

Tom tdt: Ki tU khi Indonesia bU&c vdo thdi ky cdi cdch ddn chd (giUa ndm 1998), khuynh hii&ng Isam bdo thu cd dieu kien phdt triin trd lgi trong dai sdng chinh tri xa hpi. Khuynh hUdng ndy thi hiin qua sU xudt hien vd gia tdng quan diim dng hp viec dp dung lugt Sharia d nhieu td chUc, phong trdo vd cdc trudng ndi tni Islam trin cdc dia phuang vd cdc thdnh phd l&n d Indonesia. Bin cgnh do, mpt sd cupc bieu tinh cda cdc tin do Islam dien ra trong nhUng ndm vUa qua cdng cho thdy tU tiidng bdt khoan dung tdn gido dang cd chieu hiidng phdt triin trong xd hpi. NhUng bieu hien cu thi cua khuynh hU&ng ndy Id mpt vdn di trgng tdm md bdi viet de cap den. Ngodi ra, bdi viit cdn cd gdng phdn tich cdc nguyen nhdn khiin khuynh hu&ng Islam bdo thu phdt triin trd lgi, dong th&i xem xet phdn Ung cda phdn dong cong chung vd chinh quyen Indonesia trudc khuynh hu&ng ndy, tU dd dUa ra ddnh gid vi tdc dpng cua nd ddi v&i sUphdt triin kinh ti xd hpi vd qud trinh ddn chu hoa dang diin ra tgi Indonesia.

Tit khoa: Khuynh hudng Islam bdo thd, Cdi cdch Ddn chd, Indonesia.

S

o vdi Islam d Trung Ddng, Islam Indonesia ed dac tinh cdi md va dn hoa hdn. Trong nhieu the ky Islam lan tda b cac cpng dong cU dan ban dia trdn quan dao Indonesia, tdn giao nay da giam bdt eac giao ly k h a t khe va d mdt so noi edn hoa hgp vdi ca cac tin ngUdng ban dia. Cho de'n khi Indonesia tuyen bo dpc lap nam 1945, quoc gia nay cung khdng chpn Islam lam quoe giao md xay dUng va ap dung radt he t u tudng t h e tuc gpi la tU tfldng Paneasda. Tfl dd d i n nay, trai qua nhilu

che dp chinh tri khac nhau, he tU tfldng nay vdn dupe cac chinh quyin Indonesia iing hp. Trong sudt eae thdi ky tfl Dan chu Tu do (1950-1959), Dan ehu Chi Dao (1959-1965) eho den h i t thdi ky Trat tU Mdi (1966-1998), khuynh hUdng Islam bao thu t i ^ g xua't hien d nhieu noi, nhuiig diu hi ehinh quyin trung flong t r a n ap' manh me va eudi eiing edn rdt it khong gian phat trien. NhUng ngay sau khi c h i dp Trat tU Mdi sup do, khuynh hUdng Islam bao thu nhanh ehdng phat t r i l n manh me trd lai

" TS. Ho Thi Thanh, Khoa Dong phUOng hoc, Dai hpc KHXH & NV

20 Nghien cUu Dong Nam A, sddP^jZ- cung vdi qua trinh cai each dan chii dang

d i l n ra.

1. Thu'e t r a n g k h u y n h hu'dng Islam b a o t h u ta k h i I n d o n e s i a tife'n h a n h cai e a c h d a n c h u (nam 1998) d e n n a y D^ hieu thfle trang khuynh hudng Islam bao thu tai Indonesia, trUde h i t can xem xet tdi khai niem Islam bao thu. Theo Van Bruinessen, do la "nhflng trfldng phai tU tudng Islam tU chol dien giai cac giao ly Islam theo hudng tU do va tig'n bd, cd xu hudng duy tri each giai thich vd he thdng xa hpi theo each thd scf"'^l Theo do, nhflng tin do va to chfle iing hp Islam bao thu tai Indonesia thfldng theo duoi y tudng ap dung luat sharia tren quan dao Indonesia, bao ve va duy tri cac giao ly va nguyen tdc Islam theo each nguyen thuy. Tu tUdng nay di ngUgc lai dUdng loi xay dung va phat trien ddt nude ciia Indonesia. Hie'n phap Indonesia da xac dinh Indonesia la mdt quo'c gia thg' tuc eho du phan ddng dan s i ddt nUdc la tin do Islam. He tU tUdng quo'c gia Pancasila (nam trong phdn md ddu cua Hien phap Indonesia n a m 1945) ham y cdng n h a n cac tdn giao cung ton tai va d l cao nguyen tac cong bang, dan chu, van minh va tho'ng nha't eho Indonesia.

Pancasila trong thdi ky Cai each dan chu (tu nam 1998 den nay) tiep tue la he tU tfldng dinh hudng cho dUdng Hi phat t r i l n dat nude.

Ngay khi Indonesia tie'n hanh cai each dan ehu, phan flng vdi viee ap dung he tU tudng Pancasila ngay cang bieu hien rd.

Mdt so dang ehinh tri the hien quan dilm ling hp cac tU tUdng Islam lam tU tUdng ddn dudng eho Indonesia hon la he tU tudng Pancasila, d i l n hinh nhfl Dang Thd'ng nhat Phat t r i l n (Partai Persatuan

Pembangunan), Dang Cong ly Thinh vflgng (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera)'2' -^^^

d l cao tu tudng Islam thay cho tU tudng Pancasila la mpt khia canh t h i hien khuynh hUdng ung hd cho Islam bao thu phat triln.

Bgn canh cae dang chinh tri, nhdn td' bao thii cung xua't hien d cac to ehUe Islam ldn d Indonesia nhu Muhammadiyah, Nahdatul Ulama (NU) va Hdi dong cac Giao si Islam Indonesia (Majelis Ulama Indonesia-MUI).

Trong nhieu t h a p nign, Muhammadiyah la mot t l chfle Islam mang khuynh hfldng hign dai, dn boa, nhung budc vao thdi ky cai each dan chu sau nam 1998, mpt nhdm thanh vien mang tU tUdng Islam bao thii bat dau m a n h len trong to chfle nay. Nhdm nay Ign t i i n g edng kich nhdm mang tU tudng Islam tie'n bp von tU lau ehi phoi dUdng ldi boat ddng ciia Muhammadiyah. Dac biet de'n nam 2005, tai Dai hgi ldn thfl 45 ciia Muhammadiyah, 7 trong sd' 13 Ung cd vien dugc bau cho chfle vu lanh dao to chfle xudt phat tu nhdm mang quan diem bao thii*^'.

Tai day, mdt sd giao si noi tieng cd tU tudng tu do, cai each nhu Amin AbduUah hi loai khdi danh sach cac nha lanh dao.

Phu nfl cung khdng dugc dua vao danh saeh cac nha lanh dao chii ehd't ciia Muhammadiyah. Trong khi dd, chii tieh radi cua Muhammadiyah duoc bdu ldn la Din Syamsuddin, nhan vat noi tieng vdi tU tudng Islam eiing ran, ed thai dp ehong phuong Tay cung nhU chdng lai quyen cua nhCfng cpng dong ton giao thieu sd tai Indonesia. P h a i den dai hdi ciia Muhammadiyah nam 2010, nhom cac nha lanh dao Islam mang tu tUdng tig'n bp va

Ho Thi Thdnh - Su trd lgi cua khuynh hudng Islam bdo thu tgi Indonesia... 21 dn hda mdi gianh lai anh hudng chi phd'i

eua minh nhfl trfldc. Trong b i i canh Muhammadiyah la t l chfle Islam mang tfl tfldng dn hda trong nhilu thap nidn, sfl ldn at cua khuynh hfldng Islam bao thu trong giai doan 2005-2010 trong ban lanh dao cho thdy kha nang h i i sinh va lan tda k h a nhanh chdng cua tfl tfldng Islam bao thii tai Indonesia.

Cling trong thdi gian nay, b ea hai to chUc Islam ldn nhdt Indonesia la NU va Muhammadiyah deu phat hien thay cd nhuiig CO sd ciia hp nhu n h a thd, trUdng hge b mpt so dia phuong dang bi cac t l chfle Islam nhfl Tarbiyah, Hizb ut-Tahrir lgi dung de truyin ba cac tU tudng eflc doan, bao thu. Khdng it t h a n h vien cua Muhammadiyah cung d i n g thdi dang ky la thanh vien eiia Dang Cdng ly Thinh vUdng).

Cung vdi dd, nam 2005 cung ghi da'u sU kien MUI- mot t l chfle Islam vdn do chinh phii lap nen (tfl nam 1975) dfla r a tuyen b l rdng da nguydn va chu nghia tU do tdn giao la khdng tUong thich vdi Islam. Ben eanh dd, MUI eung khdng ung hd viee k i t hdn cua ngUdi Islam vdi ngfldi theo tdn giao khac, cho du do la mot ngudi dan dng theo Islam lay ngudi phu nfl khdng theo Islam'*'. Ngoai ra, MUI cdn len an eac to chfle Ahmadiyah la di giao. Ahmadiyah la mpt ddng Islam An Do dugc truyen ba de'n Indonesia tfl thap nien 1920, sau dd phat t r i l n r a nhieu ehi n h a n h va to chUc d Indonesia. Cac to chfle Islam m a n g khuynh hfldng bao thu thudng phe phan Ahmadiyah la khdng thUe hien dung theo cac giao ly ciia Islam. Nam 2005, mdt so to chfle Islam bao thu khdng chi Ign tieng ddi giai tan cac t l ehflc Ahmadiyah raa cdn tan cdng vao mdt co sd ciia Ahmadiyah tai

Parung (Tay Jawa). Trong boi eanh dd, viee Hdi d i n g cae Giao si Islam Indonesia (MUI) - to chfle Islam do nha nfldc lap nen va trong nhieu thap nien vd'n ludn iing hd eho t u tudng the tue quoc gia, dUa ra tuydn b l ta't ea eae to ehflc Ahmadiyah la di giao nhfl mpt sU di ngUge lai truyin thd'ng dn hda bay lau eiia minh. Tuyen bd nay the hien su ung hp eiia MUI dd^i vdi quan d i l m Islam bao thii, tham chi con an ehfla nguy c<S kich ddng t h e m mau thudn tdn giao trong nude. Day cung la thdi dilra nhilu t h a n h vien thupc phai Islam bao thii dang n a m gifl nhflng vi tri chu chot trong ban lanh dao cua MUI nhfl Chahl Ridwan, Adian Husaini... Su gia tang xu hUdng bao thii nay b MUI se cd kha nang thuc day mau thudn ton giao tren quan dao.

Ngoai nhuiig t l chUe Islam ldn, tU tUdng bao thu Islam eung xudt hien va gia tang d eac t l chfle Islam nhd vdi viee iing hd mue tieu dp dung luat shariah d Indonesia.

Theo mdt khao sat eua Vien Nghidn cCfu Islam va Xa hpi edng bo vao thang 12/2016, c6 tdi 77% to chUe Islam b Indonesia iing hd mue tieu nay*^

(J edp dia phflong, khuynh hudng Islam bao thu gia tang dac biet manh me. O Aceh, (Bac Sumatra), Phong trao Aeeh D6e lap (GAM) bung phat trd lai. Phong trao nay da hinh t h a n h tU thdi ky Trat tU Mdi n h d m tach Aeeh r a khoi Cgng hda Indonesia. Tuy nhidn, trUde sU ap ehe manh me cua quan dpi chinh quyen trung UOng, phong trao da bi suy yg'u. Nhiftig sau khi che dp Trat tU Mdi sup dl, phong trao lap tUe h i i sinh. Ben eanh vdn de lich sd, kinh te, sU hoi phue eua GAM edn la bieu hien cua sU phat t r i l n xu hUdng Islam bao thii tai Indonesia, bdi muc tieu dau tranh

22 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, so^ 6/20JZ doi ddc lap gdn liln vdi muc tigu thie't lap

mdt nha nUdc Islam tai Aeeh, tach ra khdi n h a nUde Indonesia the tuc. Xung dot gifla Phong trao Aeeh Ddc lap va quan dpi chinh phii keo dai dai dang trong nhilu nara k l tU khi GAM boat dpng trd lai, nhilu cudc hoa dam that bai. Cho den tan nam 2005, thuong lupng culi cung mdi di de'n ke't qua. Aceh chap nhan trd t h a n h tinh t u tri thudc nUdc Cpng hda Indonesia va dugc thi hanh mot phdn luat Sharia.

Theo luat nay, cac tin do Islam b Aceh bi cam udng rugu, choi cd bac, quan he tinh due ngoai hon nhan, quan he dong tinh.

Nlu vi pham, day se la nhCfng trpng tpi va hi ap dung hinh phat bdng roi ha khdc.

Ngoai ra, Aeeh eon ed nhflng quy dinh khat khe ddi vdi phu nU, c6 nhieu bien phap ngan can viee xay mdi eo sd thd tfl ciia cac ton giao phi Islam tai Aeeh.. Mac du nhilu t l ehflc phi ehinh phu len t i i n g phan ddi cac dieu luat va ehinh sach noi trgn, nhiftig khuynh hfldng bao thu vdn t i l p tuc dugc eung co va gia tang tai khu vUe nay.

O nhieu khu vUe khac, khuynh hUdng Islam bao thu cung xua't hien va phat t r i l n ybi su t h i l t lap va hoat ddng eiia rdt nhilu to ehflc Islam mang tU tUdng cflng rdn. O Trung Javi^a cd cac t l ehUc Mat t r a n Thanh nidn Islam Surakata (Front Pemuda Islam Surakata- FPIS), phong trao Tafsir Al- Qur'an (Majelis Tafsir Al-Qur'an - (MTA) hay J a m a a h Gumuk tai tinh Surakata. O Tay Jawa, diln hinh la tai Tasikmalaya, Cianjur, chu nghia bao thii va bat khoan dung tdn giao cung tai hien, trong dd co t h i k l den sU xudt hidn eua Lien minh Nhan dan va Cac n h a hoat ddng Islam d Tasikmalaya (Aliansi Masyarakat dan Aktivis Muslim Tasikmalaya, Al-Mumtaz).

Lien minh nay t h a n h lap nam 2014 tren CO sd lign k i t nhilu to ehflc Islam nho hon n h u Mat t r a n Bao ve Islam (Front Pembela Islam - F P I ) , Jamaah Ansharu Shariah, Brigade Thaliban va mpt sd to ehflc khac. Cung tai Tasikmalaya, to chfle Phong trao Cai each Islam (Gerakan Reformasi Islam - GARIS) ra d&i vao n a m 1998. To chfle nay tUng iing ho viec ap dung luat Sharia tai Tay Jawa, sau dd con dan chuyin sang dang to chfle bao kg, k i l m soat mpt so boat ddng kinh te va lien kg't vdi cac chinh tri gia d Cianjur*^'. Con b Nam Sulawesi, mpt to ehflc dia phUOng dien hinh mang khu3Tih hUdng Islam bao thu la Uy ban Chuan bi va Thue thi luat Islam Sharia (Komite Persiapan dan Penegakan Syariat Islam - KPPSI) dugc t h a n h lap. KPPSI len tieng dau tranh b ca nghi vidn dia phUdng va trung UOng nham sfla dii quy dinh Hien phap ve viec cong n h a n quyin thuc thi luat Sharia d Nam Sulawesi gidng nhu d Aceh.

Mdt van d l dang luu y khac la sU phat t r i l n tu tudng Islam bao thu tai nhieu trudng hpe b Indonesia. Trong mdt cudc t h a m do eua cO quan khao sat Alvara cd tru sd tai J a k a r t a ddi vdi 4200 sinh vign va hpe sinh d cac trUdng dai hgc va trung hpc hang ddu Java, ed tdi 20% sinh vidn hpc sinh iing hp cho su thie't lap Nha nUdc Islam va luat Sharia tai Indonesia''^'. Dac biet, d cae trUdng npi tru Islam (pesantren), tU tudng bao thii trong hoc sinh, sinh vign cang cd dieu kien phat trien. Tai mpt so trUdng npi tru nhU Ngruki tai Solo, Miftahul Huda tai Tasikmalaya.., sinh vien hi anh hirdng tu tudng bao thii tfl chinh cac n h a sang lan hoac lanh dao trUdng*^'. Them vao do, rat nhilu to chUe Islam eUe doan tren the gi^j

H6 Thi Thdnh - Su trd lgi cua khuynh hudng Islam bao thu tgi Indonesia... 23

va tai Indonesia lufin tim d i n cae trUdng ndi tru nay d l truyin ba thdm tU tudng Islam bao thu, cUc doan. Theo Vien P h a n tieh Chinh sach Xung ddt d Jakarta, ed khoang 40 trudng npi tru Isam t a i Indonesia eo mS'i hdn hd vdi mang lUdi khung bo trong nUdc va quoc te''-^'. Do hi anh hucfng bdi eac tu tudng Islam bao thii khi cdn hpe tai trUdng, khdng it sinh vien tu cae trUdng nay sau khi tot nghigp trd thanh nhiftig thanh vign tich eflc trong cac phong trao Islam eflc doan.

Khi tu tudng Islam bao thu ngay cang manh, cac t l ehflc va ea n h a n mang tfl tfldng nay hen ke't vdi nhau chdng lai he tU tudng the tuc, kieh dpng tinh thdn dan tdc va tdn giao, t h a m chi chdng lai sU l a n h dao dat nUdc cua eac chinh tri gia phi Islam...

Su kien hang loat eae cudc bilu tinh quy md ldn eua cac tin d l Islam ehd'ng lai Basuki Ahok Tjahaja P u m a m a cuoi n a m 2016, ddu n a m 2017 cho thdy rd hon xu hfldng ndy.

Tfl tu tudng Islam bao thu, cUe doan co da phat trien tai Indonesia. Islam bao thii va cUc doan diu hfldng de'n viec ap dung luat sharia va xay dutig n h a nUdc Islam, nhung Islam cUc doan tap trung vao cae bidn phap khung bo, bao lUe, phi luat phap d l dat dxidc muc tidu do. Nhieu to ehflc va phong trao Islam cue doan cung da xuat hidn va phat t r i l n tai Indonesia va co nhiJng mdi quan hg n h a t dinh vdi phong trao Islam bao thii. Chang b a n to chUc Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia, mdt n h a n h eiia to ehflc Islam qud'e t l Hizb ut-Tahrir cdng khai bac bd chu nghia da nguyen chinh t h i n g cua Indonesia va he tfl tfldng da ton giao eua Pancasila, d i n g thdi ung hp thie't lap n h a nUde Islam tai Indonesia cung nhfl

cac h a n h dpng bao Ifle d l dat dflgc muc tieu nay n l u can thiet. Tuong tu, to chUe Mat t r a n Bao ve Islam (Front Pembela Islam) ngoai viec edng khai quan diera ehi ngUdi Islam mdi dflgc phep lanh dao Indonesia, con lien he ngdm vdi cac to ehflc khung b l qud'e t l . Dac biet, nhilu to chUc eUc doan khae nhU Jeraaah Islainiyah, Mujahidin Indonesia Timor, Dign dan Hdnh dgng Saria b Indonesia, Tawhid wal Jdiad...

trong khoang hai thap nidn qua k l tfl khi Indonesia tig'n h a n h cai each dan chu da t l ehUc hoae cd lign ddi tdi nhieu vu tan cdng khiing bd tai Indonesia. Cac cupc tan cong thu&ng nham vao du khach qud'e t l (dac biet du khach phuong Tay), khach san, tru sd eanh sat, cac cO sd thd tU khgng phai Islam..., trong so' do dam mau nhdt la cae vu khiing b l do Jemaah Islamiyah to chUe tai Bah (nam 2002, 2005), Jakarta (nam 2003, 2005). Nhflng nam gan day, cac vu tdn edng khung b l van ehfla dilng lai, du da it hon va cd quy mo nho hon. Tuy nhien, dilu dang lo ngai la cac to chfle Islam cue doan nhU Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (mdi t h a n h lap nam 2015) con quy tu va kich dgng cae thanh vien la phu nU va tre em d.e tien h a n h cae cude danh bom liiu c h i t (nhu hai vu danh bom vao nha thd Co die giao va tru sd canh sat cf Surabaya thang 5/2018). So lugng nhflng n ^ d i Indonesia ung hp cac to chfle khung b l qud'e t l cung kha ldn. Theo fldc tinh ciia USAID vao thang 1/2016, khoang 1.000 d i n 2.000 ngudi Indonesia cam k i t trung t h a n h vdi to ehflc Nha nfldc Hoi giao tU xUng IS^^^K Mpt so tin do b ddy eon la t h a n h vien eua eae t l ehflc khung b l va tiftig dUng r a to chfle hoac tham gia thUc hien cae cupc tan eong khiing bo. Chang ban, Bahrun Naira - ke ehu mUu cupe t a n

24 Nghien cdu Dong NomAj^ 6/2011 cdng khung bd ngay 14/1/2016 vao khu

thuong mai Thamrin ciia Jakarta chinh la t h a n h vien t h a m gia va dilu phd'i cac boat ddng eua ISIS d Indonesia.

Cae su kien nay eho thay nguy eo bdt on an ninh ehinh tri do eae t l chfle Islam cUe doan gay ra rat ldn tai Indonesia. Mac du Islam cUc doan khae vdi Islam bao thu, song Islam euc doan thudng ed gd'c r l tU tudng tu Islara bao thu. Do do, khuynh hfldng Islam bao thu co kha nang tae dpng tdi sU gia tang xu hUdng eUc doan tai Indonesia.

2. N g u y e n n h a n xua't h i $ n v a p h a t t r i e n k h u y n h hifoTng I s l a m b a o t h u t a i I n d o n e s i a

Sfl xuat hien va phat trien trd lai ciia khuynh hudng Islam bao thu b Indonesia trong thdi ky cai each dan chii tfl n a m 1998 den nay dat r a cau hdi dau la nguygn n h a n cua hien trang nay? Tren eo sd lien k i t eac sfl kien, cac van de lich sii, van hda, chinh tri eiia Indonesia, nghign eUu nay n h a n dien dflgc rapt s i nguyen nhan sau:

Thd nhdt, khuynh hUdng Islam bao thu trong thdi ky dan ehu hda hien nay la sU t i l p noi khuynh hUdng Islara bao thii tiftig ton tai trong lich sfl Indonesia. Trong cac t h i ky trUdc, Islam da cd anh hudng k h a sau rpng tren quan dao. Mae du phan ldn Islam b day k h a cdi mcf, dn hda, nhflng eung cd radt s i tilu qud'e nhfl Aceh, Tallo tflng ap dung giao luat Islam mdt cdch kha nghigm ngat,.. Khi thUc dan Ha Lan xam luge Indonesia, Islam da trd t h a n h ngudn ddng Iflc va sflc m a n h cho cac phong trao ddu t r a n h ehd'ng thfle ddn eua n h a n dan trgn quan dao, trong do tieu bieu la phong trao dau t r a n h eua nhan dan va trieu dinh

Aceh d Tay Sumatra, hay phong trao D Islam tai cac vung Garut, Ta-sikm^^^^^' Ciarais, Cianjur d Tay Jawa. Ngoai muc tieu xoa bd c h i dp eai tri ciia thfle dan, phong trao nay edn nhdm thiet .P vuong trilu Islam hay nha nUde Islam t r e n qudn dao.

Sau khi Indonesia tuyen b l ddc lap (1945), eac phong trao dau tranh J i h a m thie't lap n h a nUde Islam xudt hidn tai Aceh, Tasikmalaya, Brebes, Tegal, Kebumen, Pekalongan va mdt so vung khac d Nam Sulawesi, Nam Kalimantan...

Trong thdi gian nay, mpt s i dang chinh tri ung hd viee thig't lap n h a nUde Islam nhU dang Masjumi boat ddng tich cflc va gianh dugc sfl iing hd eua nhieu cfl tri trong cuoc bdu cfl quoc hdi 1955 va bau cfl dia phucfng tai Tasikmalaya 1957. Tuy nhidn, chinh phii va quan dpi Indonesia kien quyet trdn ap cac phong trao ly khai de bao ve sfl thong nha't ve lanh t h i va tU tudng the tuc ciia Cdng hda Indonesia. Dang Masjumi bi cam hoat dpng do ed lien quan tdi cac phong trao ly khai, noi loan. Sang thdi ky Trat tfl Mdi (1966-1998), Phong trao Aeeh Tfl do (GAM) xudt hien vdi muc tieu tach Aceh khdi nUdc Cdng hoa Indonesia va t h a n h lap radt n h a nUdc Islam tai Aceh.

Ngoai ra, mpt so nhdm Islam cue doan do nhCftig cUu chiln binh Darul Islam lanh dao r a ddi va hoat dong. Quan ddi chinh phii da t l chUc nhieu boat dpng quan sfl manh me khien phong trao suy yg'u.

Cd the thay, khuynh hudng Islam bao thu da CO mat tren qudn dao Indonesia tfl trUde khi Indonesia tuygn bd ddc lap va tai hien trong nhilu thap nien sau ddc lap. No chi hi kiem che bdi eac ehinh sach tran ap eiia ehinh phu. Do dd, khuynh hudng nay

HS Thi Thdnh - SU trd lgi cua khuynh hudng Islam bdo thu tgi Indonesia... 25

ludn cd xu hudng hoi phuc khi cd dieu kien, nhat la tai nhfltig khu vUc tiftig la dia ban cua cae phong trao ddi t h i l t lap Nha nUde Islam trudc day nhU Aeeh, Tay Jawa, Trung Jawa, Nam Sulawesi.. Y thfle sau sdc ve vai trd cua Islam trong truyen thd'ng lich sfl, van hda va cac cu6c ddu tranh bao vg ban sac Islam trfldc day, nhieu tin do Islam dl dang ung hg viec tai lap cac to ciifle va phong trao mang muc dich t h i l t lap Nha nflde Islam va thUc thi luat Sharia trong th&i ky eai each dan chu. Day la mpt trong nhfltig nguygn nhan giai thich tai sao khuynh hfldng Islam bao thu nhanh chdng phat t r i l n tai Indonesia nhu hien nay.

ThU hai, khujTih hUdng Islam bao thu hoi sinh do tan dung dUdc eac dieu kien mdi eua thdi ky Cai each dan chu. Dfldi e h i dp Trat tfl Mdi (1966 -1998), cac boat dong cua Islam hi gidi h a n trong linh vflc van hda - xa hpi. Chinh quyen cung thi h d n h cae bien phap kiem soat va dan ap de dap tdt eae boat ddng Islam mang tinh ehinh tri, dong thdi no lUc xay dUng mdt hinh anh Islam Indonesia t h a n thien, dn hda trong mat egng d i n g qudc te'. Sau khi chg' dd Mdi sup do n a m 1998, nhiltig sU ap ehe doi vdi Islam dUge gd bd. Cae quy dinh luM phap mdi ban h a n h v l quyen t u do ngdn luan va tu do lap hpi da tao cd hdi cho cac t l chfle, tin d l mang khu3aih hfldng Islam bao thu dflge bay to quan d i l m cflng nhfl dflgc thig't lap eac to chfle eua minh. Cac to chUc Islam bao thii d l dang thu hiit them t h a n h vidn va md rdng luc lugng ma khdng lo ngai bi ehinh quyen dan ap nhU trfldc.

Islam eung trcf t h a n h mdt lUc lugng tham gia vao ddi sd'ng chinh tri, trong sd do mdt sd' dang Islam dUge t h a n h lap da co vu cho khuynh hudng Islam bao thu tU do phat trien trong xa hpi. Them vao dd, chinh

sach phan cap va t u tri khu vUc eiia thdi ky Cai each Dan ehu lai tao dilu kien cho khuynh hUdng bao thii Islam gia tang b cap dia phuong. Thdng qua cac cupc bau cfl dia phuong, mdt s i nhan vat mang tU tudng Islam bao thu ed eo hpi tham gia vao ehtnh quyen khu vUc, tfl day hp ed vi t h i thuan lgi d l thue day va ciing c l khu3'iih hudng nay trong xa hpi. Them vao do, sU t h i l t l^p mpt Aceh tU tri dUdc quyin thi h a n h mdt s i luat Sharia da khuyin khich eac giao si va tin do Islam bao thu nd lUe tira each t h i l t lap eae vung tU tri khac theo md hinh Aceh tren khap Indonesia.

ThU ba la sU tac ddng manh me tfl Islam Trung Ddng. Trong boi canh tU do tdn giao, tU do ngon luan va lap hpi, tU tudng Islam Trung Ddng cang d l cd dieu kien tham nhap. Cung vdi dd, sfl phat t r i l n kinh te', truyen thdng va he thd'ng giao thdng quoc te da giup eho nhieu cdng dan Indonesia ed cd hpi tie'p xue, giao lifti vdi the gidi ben ngoai, dac biet la Trung Ddng. Ngay cang ed nhilu ngfldi ngU&i Indonesia di sang cac nUdc d khu vifc nay de h a n h hUOng, hpc tap, lam vide hoac du lich, va sau khi trd v l da truyen ba Islam mang phong each bao thu Trung Ddng vdo Indonesia. Hg dieh kinh saeh Islam, xuat ban cac sach va tap chi theo quan d i l m Islam Trung Ddng roi rao giang cho cac ea nhan, to chUc Islam, cae nha thd, cae trudng npi tru Islam va truyin ba trgn eae phuong tien thdng tin dai ehung. Vdi sU phat trien ciia dien thoai thdng minh va internet trong hai thap nign vUa qua, vigc truyin ba tU tU&ng Islam bao thii cang trd nen thuan tien hdn bao gid h i t . Dd la chUa ke de'n viec eae t l chUe Islam eUc doan d Ddng Nam A va Trung Ddng nhU Jemaah Islamiah (JI), Abu Sayyaf (ASG), Mat tran

26 Nghien cdu Dong Nam Aj^ 3'6/20!l Giai phong Hoi giao More (MILF), Nhdm

Ly khai Misuari (MRG/MBG), phong trao Rajah Sulaiman (RSM), Al-Qaeda, Nha nude Islam (Islamic State - IS).,, ra sflc truyin ba, du d l va kdu ggi tin do Islam d Indonesia iing hp va dau tranh cho viee t h i l t lap nha nUdc Islara tai Indonesia vd Ddng Nam A. Nhflng to ehflc nay da thu hut dupe mpt s i bp phan tin do Islam d Indonesia di theo, nhat la gidi tre va nhutig ngUdi dang t h a t vpng ve cudc song hien tai.

Cudi cung, rapt s i nhan t l nfla cung k h i l n khuynh hUdng bao thii ed eo hdi gia tang la do su da dang va mau thudn tdn giao - dan tgc va sU bat binh dang xa hdi ndi chung va gifla cac nhdra sdc tde-ton giao. N i i bat trong so nay la mdu thudn gifla cpng dong ngfldi Hoa va cae dan tpc ban dia, gifla cdng dong tin do theo dao Islam vdi cdng dong tin do theo Co doe giao. Ngfldi Hoa theo eae t6n giao phi Islam thudng ed mflc s i n g cao hon so vdi phan ddng ngu&i ban dia theo Islam va ndm gifl mdt ty le ldn nguon cua cai trong xa hpi.

Ngoai ra, sfl cau k i t giUa cac nhdm lgi ieh va tinh trang tham nhung tran lan cang lam gia tang tinh trang bat binh dang, ty- le phan hda giau ngheo, tU do gay bat man cho cac nhdm tin do Islam ngheo kho, ThUc te dd k h i l n mot bp phan tin d l Islam tin rang viec thiet lap mdt nha nUdc Islam va ap dung luat Sharia tai Indonesia la each td't nhat de dam bao mdt xa hdi dao dfle, trong sach va gia tang lgi ich cua hp trU&c eac dan toe, tdn giao du nhap vao sau.

Nhu vay, khuynh hudng Islara bao thu trong thdi ky Cai each Dan ehii hien nay da CO CO sd ton tai tU cae thdi ky lieh sif trudc va dupe thuc day them bdi tinh hinh

kinh t l , ehinh tri, xa h6i mdi trong va ngoai nude.

3. T h a i dO c u a c o n g e h i i n g ^^jf^

q u y ^ n I n d o n e s i a trtfdfc sii p b ^ * ^ " ^ trdf l a i cfia k h u y n h hifcfng I s l a m b a o t h u

Mac du huynh hUdng Islam bao thu da phat trien tdi mflc dd dang lo ngai va thu hut mdt luc lugng khdng nhd cac tin d6 ung hd, nhflng khdng phai ngU&i Islam Indonesia nao cung d i n g tinh vdi khuynh hudng nay. Hai to chUc Islam ldn nhdt Indonesia la Mahammadiya va Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) vdn ung hd cho tU tUdng Islam dn hoa va tie'n bp.

Trfldc sU gia t a n g cua tU tUdng Islam bao thu, NU - t l chfle Islam ldn nhat nUdc ling hp ddng Islam truyen t h i n g cua Indonesia va kidn tri d l cao tfl tfldng Islam bao dung, dn hda. Vdi NU, Islam Indonesia khdng cdn thie't phai "A Rap hda", ma cdn tuong thich va ung hd cho n a m nguyen tac Pancasila: Dflc tin, Nhan loai, Doan k i t , Dan ehu va Cong bang xa hgi. Cdn vdi Muhammadiyah, to ehflc Islam ldn thfl hai eung khdng ung hd tfl tfldng Islam bao thii trong viee ap dung luat Sharia va t h i l t lap N h a nudc Islam tai Indonesia. Nhin ehung, sfl ung hd cua hai t l chfle Islam ldn nha't nay cho khuynh hudng Islam dn hda CO y nghia vd cung quan trpng de gifl Indonesia khdng di Idch vao quy dao Islam bao thu - ed k h a nang gay chia re, xung ddt va bao lUc.

Ngoai ra, nhieu to chUc Islam nhd va cac to chUc phi chinh phu khac ciing nhU eac tri thfle Islam da ldn tieng phan doi quan diem Islam bao thu. Nhieu tri thfle Islam k h d n g dinh cac tin do Islam Indonesia da thUc hien phdn ldn giao luat

Ho Thi Thdnh - Su trd lgi cua khuynh hudng Islam bao thu tgi Indonesia...

Sharia nhu cau nguyen, an chay, nop thue va hanh hUOng. Con nhfltig tdi danh khae n h u a n cap, ngoai tinh,,, Indonesia cung da cd nhiftig an tu thay thg' theo he thd'ng luat phap quo^c gia md khdng nhdt thig't phai ap dung luat Sharia ha khae kieu thdi trung el*^i'.

Bgn canh dd, phdn ddng ngfldi ddn vdn ung hd Islam theo dfldng ldi dn hda.

Khuynh hUdng Islam bao thu dang phat trien trcf lai, nhutig khdng ed nghia la se thang t h i va chi phoi Indonesia. Cu the, tai eac cude bau cd dia phuong khdng phai cf dau, eac cCf tri cung bd phie'u eho cac iftig cif vidn mang tU tfldng Islam bao thu, nhU nam 2007, dai bp phan erf tri d Nam Sulawesi da tfl chd'i bo philu cho Aziz Kahar Muzakar- t h a n h vign tich cflc cua Uy ban Chuan hi va Thue thi luat Islam Sharia (KPPSI)- trong cudc bau cfl t r a n h chfle Thd'ng die tinh. Viec Aziz Kahar Muzakar that bai trong cudc t r a n h cuf chUe thd'ng doc tinh cho thay tU tfldng Islam bao thu ehfla du sflc lan at tfl tudng Islam dn hoa tai Indonesia.

Ddi vdi chinh quyin, viec bao ve cac nguyen tac Pancasila ehinh la cau tra ldi v l thai dp eua chinh phu trudc sU gia tang cua khuynh hudng Islam bao thii.

Pancasila hien vdn dugc dat trang trpng trong Hie'n phap Indonesia n a m 1945 sfla dii, dugc eoi la linh hon cho sU doan k i t , thd'ng nhdt cac dan tpc, ton giao ciia Indonesia. Dae biet, trong nhiem ky eua T i n g thong Widodo (2014-2019), chinh quyin Indonesia da nd lUe lidn ke't chat che hon vdi cac to chfle Islam ldn va dn hda nhu NU va Muhammadiyah de khang dinh cac nguyen tdc Pancasila, ngan ehan eac Ifle lUgng Islam bao thu va cue doan.

Ban than T i n g thdng Widodo cung da thUc hidn cac cudc ndi ehuyen tai rapt sd trfldng ndi trii Islam tren ea nfldc d l nhan manh dac dilm da dang dan tdc, ton giao cua Indonesia va sfl can thiet phai doan ke't qud'e gia. Ong ludn keu ggi thue day va truyen ba hon nUa tam quan trpng cua hd tu tudng the tuc cua dat nude.

Doi vdi cae t l chUe Islam eUc doan va khiing bo, chinh quyen Indonesia da thuc hien cac bien phap t r a n ap kien quyet.

Ngoai viee ban hanh luat chong khiing bo, chinh quyen da thanh lap lUc lUpng ehd'ng khiing b l dae biet (nhU Bigt dpi Dac biet 88) d i n g thdi hgp tac vdi eac nude trong khu vflc va trgn the' the gidi de ehd'ng chu nghia khiing bl... Nam 2017, Tong thdng Joko 'Widodo ban hanh rapt sde lgnh cho phep ehinh phu giai tan bdt cfl to chfle nao di ngUge vdi he tu tudng chinh thfle cua Nha nfldc ma khdng cdn thong qua t i l n trinh tfl phap. Sac lenh nay nham muc dieh xoa bo eac to chfle Islara cflc doan tai Indonesia, tuy nhien nd eung la sU eanh bao cho eac to ehflc Islara mang khuynh hfldng bao thii khong di qua xa sang ranh gidi ehd'ng lai tfl tudng Pancasila ciia Nhd nude.

K e t l u | i n

Cd t h i ndi, sfl xuat hien trd lai cua khuynh hUdng Islam bao thu tai Indonesia la mdt bieu hien v l quyin tfl do ngdn luan va lap hpi trong xa hdi Indonesia thdi ky cai each dan ehii. Nhflng mat khae, sU gia tang eae t l chUe va phong trao Islara bao thii lai ddn den nguy eo ldm suy yg'u eac gia tri khoan dung, cdi md va dn hda cua Islam Indonesia trong nhieu thap nien trUdc day, do la ehua ndi d i n kha nang de dpa tinh

28 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A,_ i6f20!l

da dang v l tdn giao va van hda neu khuynh hUdng nay thang t h i . Them vao dd, cac tu tudng va phong trao bao thu Isam ddi khi d l bi kieh ddng t h a n h phong trao cue doan, tU dd gia tang nguy eo xung dot sde tde va tdn giao, ed the ddn de'n sU suy giam phat t r i l n kinh te xa hdi cung nhfl nhCfng thanh tUU cai each dan chu cua Indonesia hon hai thap nidn qua.

Hon bao gid h i t , cac tin do va to ehflc Islam on hoa eung nhfl chinh phu Indonesia cdn quye't tam hon nfla de bao ve sU phat trien hai hda cua van hda va ton giao d Indonesia. Bdn canh viec tuyen truyin sau r6ng hon v l lgi ich eua he tU tudng quoc gia Pancasila, chinh phu va nhan dan Indonesia cdn nd lUc da'u t r a n h ehd'ng ba't binh dang, ngheo doi vd cac te nan xa hgi. Mpt Indonesia ngay cang dan chii, thinh vUpng, cd uy tin trong khu vflc va t h i gidi se la lUe hut khien cae tin d l Islam d Indonesia n h a n thay gia tri eua Islam khoan dung, dn hda trong sfl phat t r i l n dat nude va ung hp tich cUc hon cho xu hudng nay b Indonesia./.

CHU THICH VA T A I L I E U THAM KHAO 1. Bruinessen, Martin van. 2013.

"Introduction: contemporary developments In Indonesian Islam and the "conservative tum" of the early twenty-first century"

(pp. 1-20) in Contemporary Bevelopments in Indonesian Islam Explaining the 'Conservative Turn'. ISEAS Publishing, Singapore, p. 16.

2. Edward Aspinall, Burhanuddin Muhtadi, Diego Fossati & Eve Warburton. 2018.

"Corak Ideologi Partai-Parta> ^ Indonesia".firio.irf.httpsy/tirto.id/corak-i e- ologi-partai-partai-di-indonesia-cJi^'^

3. Wahid, Din. 2014. Book Review

"Kembaliknya Konservatismelslam Indonesia".Studi Islamika. Vol.21, No.2, 2014. H.384.

4. Xem chu thich 1 (p.3)

5. Thompson, Neil. 2017. "Islam and Identity Politics in Indonesia". T/ie Diplomat.'November 17, 2017.

https://thediplomat.com/2017/ll/islam- and-identity-politics-in-indonesia 6. Nur Kafid.2018."Political Clientelism as

the Way of Survival of Radical Islamic Group Movement in Cianjur, West Java".

Walisongo:Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan. Vol.26 No.l (2018) pp 67-93.

7. https://www.academia,edu/38308601/Politic al_Clientelism_as_the_Way_of_Survival_of _Radical_Islainic_Group„Movement_in_Ci anjur_West_Java?email_work_card=view- paper

8. Xem chu thich 5

9. Tai trudng npi tru Ngruki, cac nha sang lap trudng nhu Abdullah Sungkar va Abu Dakar Baasyir deu co lien quan den cSc phong trao Darul Islam (DI), Nha nfldc Islam Indonesia (Negara Islam Indonesia - NII) tnrdc day va tflng bi chinh quyin Trat tg Mdi bat giam.

10. Counter Extremism Project.

2019.'Tndonesia Extremism and Counter Extremism", https://www.counterextrem- ism.com/countries/indonesia.

11. (Islam Iraq va Syria (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria - ISIS)Xem'^

12. Mujiburrahman. 2013. "The Politics of Shariah: The Struggle of the KPPSI in South Sulawesi" (pp. 145-189), in Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the 'Conservative Turn' (Martin van Bruinessen edited), ISEAS Publishing. Singapore. Pp. 164-165,