TAP CHi KHOA HQC BAI HQC VAN LAKG Nguyen Xuan Te va Igk
Ky nifm 37 nam ngay Nha giao Viet Nam (20-11-1982 - 20-11-2019) Loi Tda soan: Ngdnh gido due nu&c taphdn khai ky niem 57 ndm thdnh lap Tieu ban Gido due cua Trung uang Cue mien Nam (gpi tdt Id Tieu ban Gido due R) (thdng 10 ndm 1962-thdng 10 ndm 2019) vd viec thdnh lap Tru&ng Gido due thdng Tdm - nhiing suki^n l&n cua gido due mien Nam thai ky chong My cicu nu&c. Nhdn dip ndy, Toa sogn xin trdn trp"g gi&i thi^u bdi viit "Gido due cdch mgng Nam bp (1954-1975) -y nghia lich six vd bdi hpc kinh nghiam " cua cdc tdc gid Nguyen Xudn Te vd Do Thi Cu&ng.
GIAO DVC CACH MANG NAM BQ (1954 - 1975) - Y N G H I A LICH SIJ' VA BAI HQC KINH NGHIEM
SOUTHERN REVOLUTIONARY EDUCATION (1954 - 1975) - HISTORICAL MEANING AND EXPERIENTIAL LESSONS
NGUY6N XUAN TE<'J vd D6 THf CU'dNG(">
T6M TAT: Gido due Nam bp th&i ky khdng chiin chong My cuu nuac (1954-1975) hinh thdnh vd hogt dpng trong hodn cdnh lich su het sue dgc biit: Di quoc My dm muu dp dgt nen gido d^c no dich a mien Nam Viet Nam trong liic nhdn ddn cd nuac dang tiin hdnh cupc chien tranh gidi phong ddn tpc dong th&i v&i v^ec xdy dung nen gido due cdch mgng ngay trong long dich vd chudn bi cdc diiu kiin cho nin gido due thong nhdt. Trong bdi viet ndy, chung toi phdc hpa bice tranh todn cdnh nhiing thdnh tuu cua gido due cdch mgng mien Nam thai ky chong My cuu nu&c (1954-1975) - mpt moc son choi Ipi cua cdch mgng mien Nam vd cung Id thdnh tuu ddng tu hdo cua nen gido due ddn tpc.
Tvrkhoa: gido due Nam bp; khdng chien chong My cuu nu&c; gido due cdch mgng mien Nam.
ABSTRACT: Southern education during the resistance war against the United States to save the country (1954-1975) was formed and operated in a very special historical situation; the American Empire conspired to impose enslavement education in the South of
Vietnam, while all people in our country was waging a war of national liberation, at the same time, building revolutionary education in the field of the enemy and preparing conditions for an unified education. In this article, we sketch the overall picture of the achievements of the Southern revolutionary education in the period of fighting against American invasion (1954-1975) - a brilliant milestone ofthe Southern revolution and also the achievements to be proud of our national education.
Key words: Southern education; resistance against the United States to save the country;
southern revolutionary education.
•> PGS. TS. T6ng Bien t?p Tap chi Khoa hoc. [email protected]
••' Bien t^p vien T?p chi Khoa hpc Dai hpc Van Lang, [email protected]. Ma s6: TCKHl8-21-2019
TAP CHl KHOA HQC D.Al HQC VAN LANG So 18. ThingJJj l . D A T V A N D E
Hoat dpng giao due Nam bp thoi k\
khang chien chong M\ ciiu niroc (1954- 1975) trong hoan canh chien ttanh vo cung ac H$t la mpt hoat dpng sang tao, linh hoat ciia nhan dan ta ma true tiep la nhOng chien si tren mat tran giao due duoi sir lanh dao ciia Dang Ngay tir khi tien hanh cupc khang ehien giai phong mien Nam. Dang ta ma true tiep la Tmng ucmg Cue mien Nam da de ra chii truong phat trien giao dye, xac djnh muc ticu. phuang cham giao due va to ehiic ianh dao qua trinh hinh thanh. phat trien he thong giao dye, mang luoi trucmg hpc tir Trung uong den dja phucmg, tap trung vao ba ITnh vuc giao dye pho thong, binh dan hpe vu va he thong cac trucmg su pham voi hinh thiic va phucmg thiic giao dye phong phii, sinh dpng. Chinh nen giao d\ic each mang nay da dap ling nhu cau hpc tap, giao due long yeu nuoc, tinh than each mang cho hpc sinh, can bp ehien sT va nhan dan; gop phan nang cao dan tri, dao tao nguon nhan lyc, xay dyng lye lupng nong cot ciia nganh giao due phyc vy eho sy nghiep each mang. Giao dye ciia giai doan lich sii nay da dong hanh vcri each mang dan tpc, gop phan ximg dang vao eong cupc giai phong mien Nam, thong nhat dat nuoc.
Trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien, giao dye thcri ky nay da gat hai dupe nhimg thanh qua to Ion, co y nghia gop phan ximg dang vao cong cupc each mang chung cua dan tpc.
Nhimg thanh qua do cho den ngay nay van con nguyen gia tri va bai hpc kinh ngjiiem quy bau.
2. NOI D I N G
2.1. Nhirng thanh tyu chii yeu cua giao due each mang Nam bo giai doan (1954 - 1975)
Tir sau phong trao Dong Khai nam 1960 phong trao dau tranh ma rpng khap mien
Nam Vao thang 10-1962, Ti^u ban Giao due ciia Trung uong Cyc (gpi dt !a Tifu ban Giao due R) dupe thanh lap va sau do Tieu ban Giao dye a khu, tinh, huyen, xa. mien lan lupt ra dai nhhm chi dao phong trao giao due tren khip ea mien Nam [7. tr.3].
Nam 1965, truoc nguy co Chien tranh dae biet bi pha san va sy tSn cong nhu vu bao cua lye luong quan dan mien Nam, de qu6e My thyc hien Chiin tranh cue bp 6 mian Nam, phong trao giao dye tir day trai qua muon van kho khan, gian khd. Truac hoan eanh d6. Dang da chi ro muc tieu cua each mang trong thai gian nay vai npi dung duac th6 hi?n r3t ro qua Thong tir 44/TT ngay 13-02-1963 [4, tr.l06].
Thu nhdt, dao tao the he tre toan dien, bi8t cam thii giac sau sac, yeu nuoc nong nan, co kiSn thirc, dao due va sue khoe de ti^p tyc ti^n hanh sy nghiep chong My cuu nude va kien thiet xa hpi sau nay.
Thic hai, kien quyet da pha chinh sach ngu dan va cac hinh thiic giao dye no dich, phan dpng, ngoai lai, doi truy cua My - ngyy.
Giao dye each mang mien Nam ra dcri va phat trien ducri sy lanh dao cua Dang, ma tryc tiep la Trung uong Cyc mien Nam voi mgt he thong to churc tren pham vi toan mien tir Tieu ban Giao due Trung uong Cyc den Tieu ban Giao due cac dia phuang. Sir linh hoat va sang tao trong lanh dao, to ehiic hoat dgng giao due the hien trong viec phoi hgp hoat dpng nhip nhang giira Ti^u ban Giao dye cua Trung uong Cue, Mat tran dan tgc Giai phong mien Nam Viet Nam voi Bg Giao dye ciia Chinh phu Cach mang lam thai cpng hoa mien Nam Viet Nam da dem lai nhirng thanh qua to Ion cho giao due.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC \'AN LANG Nguyen Xuan Te va tgk Ngay sau moi thanh lap, Tieu ban
Giao dye R da chuan bi cho cong tac ma Truong Giao dye thang Tam. Cac khoa hpc lan lupt ra ddi, ngay 06-9-1963, Khoa I khai giang vdi 107 hpc vien tii nhieu dia phuong mien Nam ve hpc. Ngay 19-8-
1964, Khoa II khai giang vdi 125 hpe vien, thanh phan hpc vien da dang han, co ea nhung sinh vien, hpe sinh, giao vien d viing tam chien, phan ldn la d Sai Gdn ve theo hpc [1, tr.ll]. Trudng Giao dye thang Tam ra ddi nham dao tao va boi durdng dpi ngii can bp quan ly va giao vien cot can de kjp thdi phuc vu cho yeu cau each mang tren mat tran van hoa giao dye. Do dieu ki?n chien tranh ac li?t, nha trudng chi hoat dpng dupe trong thdi gian ngan 2 nam (tir thang 9 nam 1963 den thang 3 nam 1965) song nha trudng da thu dupe nhihig ket qua tot d?p, cd nhihig dong gop to ldn cho sy phat trien nen giao due each mang mien Nam ma true tiep la chien trudng Nam bg cung vdi nhung bai hpc kinh nghiem mang tinh lieh sir eho toan nganh. So can bg dupe dao tao, boi dudng cua Trudng da trd thanh lye lupng nong cot trong vi?e xay dyng, hinh thanh he thong bp may lanh dao giao dye khep kin tu Trung uong Cyc den cac viing, mien, cac tinh, huyen d Nam bp rpng ldn. Dd la nhan to quyet dinh thang lai cho cong cupc dau tranh vdi dich tren mat tran van hoa giao dye.
Trudng Giao dye thang Tam ciing da dao tao dupe hang tram giao vien chii yeu la giao vien khoa hge xa hpi lam nong c6t trong viec lanh dao va giang day chuyen mon d cac tnrdng trung hge d vung giai phong, mdi giai phdng va tiSp quan cac
trudng d do thi sau nay. Qua Trudng Giao due thang Tam, vdi sy nghiep giang day, truyen ba ciia dpi ngu giang vien uu di duac ehi vien tii mien Bac, vdi sy hge tap, trien khai lan toa cua dpi ngii hpc vien, durdng Idi each mang ciia Dang, npi dung phuang cham, phuang phap eua nen giao dye Xa hgi Chu nghla noi chung va cugc dau tranh tren mat tran van hda giao dye thdi ky khang chien chong My euu nude d mien Nam dupe nhanh chong pho bien tham nhuan va trd thanh siic manh gop phan to ldn vao thang lai vT dai cua each mang giai phong mien Nam, thong nhat dat nude. Nhiing ehien sT giao dye nay khdng chi phyc vu trong nganh giao dye ma nhi§u ngudi da trd thanh can bg lanh dao ciia Dang, chinh quyen, doan the, quan dpi, van hoa, van nghe cac cap tir Trung uong den dia phuang. Sau khi mien Nam giai phong, hg da trd thanh nhihig can bp lanh dao kinh nghiem d cac nganh, eac cap, tiep tyc dong gop to ldn vao cong cupc doi mdi, xay dung kinh te xa hpi, xay dung nen giao dye each mang thong nhat.
Hpe vien Trudng Giao due thang Tam la nhiing hat giong do kien cudng, anh diing chien dau tren eac neo dudng each mang. Trong do mgt dong chi da trd thanh Uy vien Bp ehinh tri, Pho Thu Tudng Chinh phu - dong chi Trucmg Vinh Trpng la hgc vien khda I cua Trudng; mgt dong chi Trung uang uy vien, Bi thu tinh iiy Long An - dong ehi Le Thanh Tam la hpc vien khda U cua Trudng, 18 tinh uy vien, 08 trudng, phd tieu ban giao dye cac viing miln, 21 can bp cap vy, vien, chanh pho giam doc cac sd giao dye dao tao va cac nganh khac d eac tinh... Va dac biet tran
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAl HQC \ AN LANG
. , 0 1 9
trpng tam guang tren 60 thay eo giao - hpc vien nha uudng da anh diing hy sinh. Hp la nhung hat giong da ucrm mam tuoi dep cho giao due each mang Viet Nam [6, tr.l27].
Trudng Giao due thang Tam da sang tao, xay dyng thanh cdng dupe npi dung, phuong phap dao tao boi dudng dpi ngii can bg quan ly, dgi ngu thay co giao "\'ira hong vira ehuyen" dap img kip thdi va hieu qua cho eong cupc dau tranh tren mat tran van hoa giao due trong thai k\ khang chien chong My cim nude d mien Nam va cdng cugc xay dyng nen giao dye each mang thong nhat trong ca nude sau nay.
Song song vdi vipe md ldp d vung giai phong va viing can eii. Dang da chi dao iicp tyc duy tri \ a phat uien cac ldp xoa mii chO va bo tiic van hoa eho can bp, chien sT va nhan dan - day la nhi?m vy dupe Dang uu ticn quan trpng hang dau. Nhin chung, giao dye Nam bp noi rieng eung nhu toan mien Nam ra ddi va hoat dpng trong dieu ki?n chiC'n tranh ac li?t vdi muon van gian kho nhung da thu dupe nhimg thanh tyu to ldn tren tat ca eac mat. Vdi tinh than giai phong den dau trudng hoc ra ddi den do, giao dye each mang da thanh lap nhieu trudng pho thong d cac dia phuong trang bi kien thiic eho hpe sinh. can bg ehien si va nhan dan.
chong lai nhirng tu tudng giao due phan each mang; giao dye tinh than yeu nude hy sinh cho su nghiep each mang giai phong dan tgc. Vdi nhiing no lye va thanh tieh dat dupe, nam 1965, Uy ban Trung uong Mat tran Dan tpc giai phong tang thudng Huan chuang Thanh dong hang Ba eho nganh giao dye mien Nam [ 1, tr.7].
Sau cupc Tong tan cong Mau Than nam 1968, Dang chii truang "giao due
tham gia ch6ng pha binh dinh"* CUA dieh.
Ti^u ban Giao dye mik trvc ticp phu irach bien tap npi dung hai bu6i phat thanh hang mdn tren dai phat thanh giai phong.
Ben canh nhimg thanh qua dat dupe thi trong hoan canh ac liet ciia chian tranh nen giao dye each mang mien Nam khong tranh khoi nhimg h^n ch^. M.ic dii giao due da co mpt he thSng tir e5p I dh c4p HI, nhung cung con nho Ie, chua d^u khip va hoan thien. Dpi ngu giao vien dugc dao tao van ehi la giao vien cip 1 va II. chinh quyen each mang ehua th6 td chiic giao dye dai hgc trong viing giai phong, do do giao vien cip 111 vdn chii yau la do ehi vipn tir mien Bkc vao. Trinh dg giao vicn va can bp quan ly giao due dupe dao tao dap img yeu cau c^p bach eua ndn giao due each mang trong hoan canh chien tranh ac liet nen ehua dupe bai ban, ddng deu va con thieu kinh nghiem giang day. Do chien tranh va dieu kien con thieu thon ve co sd vat chat nen sach giao khoa va eac tai lieu day hpc chua dap irng dupe yeu cau hpc tap eua hpc sinh va nhan dan. Tuy vay, nhirng thanh tyu va bai hpc e6 tinh ch4t lich sir van cd gia tri Iy luan va thyc tien ddng gdp vao kho tang giao dye each mang Viet Nam ndi chung va eong cupc dao tao boi dudng can bg quan ly giao dye ndi rieng.
2.2. Y nghta va bai hpc kinh nghiem ciia giao due each mang Nam bp thoi ky chong My ciru nude (1954-1975) 2.2.1. f nghta cda gido due cdch mgng Nam bp th&i ky chdng My cuu nu&c (1954-1975)
Thu nhdt, giao due each mang Nam bg ludn dupe su lanh dao chat che ciia Dang, luon bam sat va phuc vy nhiem vu chinh tn
TAP CHI KHQA HQC PAl HQC VAN LANG Nguyin Xuan Te va tgk do Dang de ra trong timg giai doan giao
dye ciia cupc khang chi6n.
Trong suot cupc khang chien eua dan tpc, Dang luon xem giao dye la mdt bp phan khdng the thieu cua cudc khang chien toan dan, toan dien. Vi thd, trong thdi ky chdng My cuu nude, Dang da thanh lap Tieu ban Giao due d cac cap tu Trung uang Cue den huyen, xa de chi dao cdng tae giao due.
Cdng tac giao due each mang Nam bd ndi rieng giai doan (1954-1975) dupe sy chi dao chat ehe, true tiep ciia cac cap uy Dang, mat tran va chinh quyen dia phuong.
Sy chi dao eiia Dang trong cong tae giao dye khdng chi thdng qua dudng loi, chii trucmg ma con the hien qua su chi dao sau sat, td chirc thye hien cu the, phu hpp vdi dieu kien hoan canh ciia timg dia phuong.
Sau Hiep djnh Geneve nam 1954, nhieu cap iiy Dang va dang vien d mien Nam da cd y thiic bao ve va duy tri nhimg thanh qua giao due da dat dugc trong thdi ky khang chien chdng Phap (Nghi quyet cua Bp Chinh tri Trung uang Dang ngay 07-9-1954). Khi dieu kien cho phep, ngay sau phong trao Ddng Khdi, cac cap iiy Dang da nhanh chdng co nhung chu tnrong dung dan ddi vdi giao dye. Can cu vao Nghj quyet eua Bp Chinh tri thang 02 nam 1962, trong chi thi ve cdng tac giao due (Thdng tu 44/TT thang 2 nam 1963), Trung uang Cyc da xac dinh dudng loi giao due cua mien Nam "Dya vao luc lupng nhan dan, can bd giao due va cae nha giao yeu nude de vira da pha nen giao due phan dpng, ngoai lai cua dich, vira tieh eye xay dung nen giao due dan tpc, dan chu va tidn bd nh^m bdi dudng van hda, chinh tri cho nhan dan, can bd, ehien si, dao tao the he
tre biet cam thii giac sau sac, biet yeu nude ndng nan, eo kien thuc, dao diic va siic khoe de tiep tuc su nghiep chdng My eiru nude va kien thiet xa hpi sau nay".
Tu dudng loi eo ban do, qua eac giai doan cua cupc khang ehien, Dang da cd nhieu chi thi de ra nhiem vu cua giao dye (Chi thi 02 thang 5 nam 1964, Chi thj 22, 23 thang 7 nam 1968, Chi thi 01 thang 01 nam 1975 cua Trung uong Cyc, cac chi thi cua Ban Tuyen huan, Tieu ban Giao dye mien, cac chi thj ve giao due ciia khu uy, tinh uy...) cac cap lanh dao da bam sat eac chi thi cua Dang vach ra nhiem vy cu the va phucmg cham, phuong thuc hoat ddng de thuc hien nhiem vy chinh tri eiia timg thdi ky, timg giai doan. Nam 1968, tat ea cac trudng deu tham gia vao cudc Tdng tien eong va ndi day xuan Mau Than. Dae biet la thdi ky tir 1972-1975, day la giai doan cimg vdi ea nude, giao due each mang Nam bd ddc toan luc phat trien, tang cudng dao tao can bd va giao vien, ehuan bi cho thdi CO mdi. Ngay 27-01-1975, Thudng vu Trung uong Cyc da dh ra Chi thi Ol/CT/75 ve "Phat trien manh me su nghiep giao dye d viing giai phdng". Nhin chung, giao due each mang Nam bg ludn nhan dupe su chi dao chat che eiia Dang, ludn bam sat va phuc vu nhiem vu chinh tn do Dang de ra trong timg giai doan giao dye ciia cudc khang ehien dan toe.
Thii: hai, giao due each mang Nam bg la mpt bg phan eua each mang dan tgc, gdp phin xiing dang vao edng cugc giai phdng mien Nam thong nhat dat nude.
Tidp ndi nen giao due each mang trong nhiing nam thang khang chien chong Phap, ngay tir nhirng ngay dau cua euge khang
T.AP CHi KHOA HQC DAl HQC VAN LANG So 18, Thiagli .2019 ehien chdng My. giao dye Nam bp da theo
sat tiing budc eae phong trao each m^g.
phyc vy nhan dan khdng chi tren mat tran van hoa tu tudng. tiep tyc phat huy tinh than hieu hpc eiia nhan dan, ciing cd niem tin eiia nhan dan vdi each mang ma edn gdp phan dao tao nhan lye eho khang chien, bao ve thanh qua eiia each mang va gdp phan vao cdng cupc xay dung ddt nude trong tuong lai.
Trong hoan canh chien tranh, giao dye ludn ludn g ^ bd vdi cae hoat d^ng each m^ng, hoat dpng chinh tri - xa hpi. Dd ta mpt trong nhiing dac tnmg co ban ciia sy nghi^ dau tranh each mang giai phdng dan tpc d nude ta. Thyc tien da ehung minh rang, trong bat ky giai doan each mang nao, bat ky hoan canh nao, cdng tae giao dye eiing U mpt bp phan hihi eo ciia sy nghi?p cich mang Vi^t Nam ndi chung, sy nghi?p dau tranh giai phdng mien Nam, thong nhat dat nude noi rieng. Cdng tae xay dyng va phat trien gido due each mang Nam bg da tien hanh trong hoan canh, dieu kien het siic khd khan, gian khd va phai qua nhieu thdi ky phirc tap, tir phong trao dau tranh ddi thi hanh Hiep dinh Geneve de thue hien hoa binh thdng nhat dat nude den phong trao Ddng Khdi nam 1960 va sau dd la qua trinh dau tranh gay go, quyet liet chong lai cae loai hinh chien lupc chien tranh:
"Chien tranh dac biet", "Chien tranh cue bd", "Viet Nam hda chien tranh" ciia de qudc My va tay sai. Song du trong bat cii hoan canh nao, giao dye Nam bd van ludn la mdt bd phan hihi ca cua sy nghiep each mang dudi su lanh dao thdng nhat cua Dang. Nhiem vu phat trien giao dye ludn gan lien vdi nhiem vy dau tranh chong de
quoc My \a tay sai. Cdng tae giao dye da gop p h k tieh eye va tryc li^p vao vice thye hien nhiem vu each mang trong timg then ky va trong toan bd su nghiep khang chien chdng My ciiu nude ve vang eiia daii tgc.
Thu ba. giao dye each mang mien Nam ndi chung va giao dye each mang Nam bp noi rieng la sy nghiep cua quan ehiing.
Giao dye each mang mi^n Nam ndi chung va giao dye Nam bp ndi rieng da van dyng sang tao quan diem quan chung eua Dang, biel tim v^ dya vao quan chung de xay dyng sy nghipp giao dye. Trong chien tranh ac li?t, nhieu vi?c cip thiet ddn dgp nen vi$c hpc tap dl bi lang quen. Nganh giio dye da bi^t phat huy truyen thong hieu hpc va tinh th4n Iac quan ciia nhan dan ta, da vugt qua mudn van khd khan de xay dyng va duy tri trudng Idp trong nhieu hoan canh khac nhau. Quan diem quan chiing cdn.bieu hi$n d niem tin vac kha nang, tinh each mang va sang tao cua quan chung. Nhan dan da gdp cdng, gdp cua xay dyng trudng ldp, nhieu noi da phai nam lan, bay lupt xay dung trudng trong khi giac lien tue ddt pha. Nhan dan da nudi giau va bao ve can bd, giao vien khi ed giac can quet. Nhan dan cung da sang tao nhieu hinh thuc hge tap thich hop vdi hoan eanh timg liic, timg viing, timg nai. Nai nao giao dye biet dya vao quan ehung thi dii khd khan van duy tri va phat trien dupe.
Quan diem quan chiing phai kdt hap chat che vdi quan diem giai cap thd hien d chd xic dinh giao dye phyc vy ai. Ddi tupng dao tao ehu yeu liic bay gid la con em nhan dan lao ddng (bao gdm ca con em can bd khang chien, edng ndng va bd ddi).
Chinh nhd sy ket hpp dupe quan di6m quAn
r CHl r v n u A HQC U.'\i riQC VAN LANG Nguyen Xuan Te vi tgk chiing \ a quan diem giai cap ma giao dye
each mang midn Nam ndi chung va giao due Nam bg da ed them siic sdng vupt qua mudn van khd khan d§ duy tri va phat trien.
77»i- tu. giao dye each mang Nam bp da xay dyng dupe eac nganh hpe, bae hpc gdp phan nang cao dan tri, dao tao ngudn nhan lyc phyc vy cho cac nhiem vu ehien lupc thdi ky chdng My ciiu nudc.
Nganh hpc phd thdng va binh dan hgc vy ludn song song tdn t^i trong cupc khang chien cua dan tpc. Vi?c phat trien ctia hai nganh hgc xuat phat tir quan diem diing dan cua Dang "'Gido due vica Id mpt hoat dpng CO tinh phuc loi cua nhdn ddn, boi duang sice ddn. vica phdi chd trpng ddo tgo cdn bp, chiin si cho cong cupc khdng chien vd kien quoc sau ndy. Ndm vimg quan diim du&ng loi diing dan md suot chieu ddi cua cupc khdng chiin, trdi qua nhiiu giai dogn
"thdng trdm " nhung & giai dogn ndo he co ddn (co ca quan, dan vi) Id co nhirng lap hpc phd thong cho tre em vd nhiing l&p binh ddn hpc vu (xoa mii vd bo tuc vdn hoa) cho ngu&il&n" [3, tr. 10-11],
Cac trudng phd thdng deu nham myc tieu dao tao the h? tre mpt each toan dien, cd tinh than yeu nude ndng nan, y chi cam thii giac sau sac, cd kien thiic dao due va siic khde, san sang tham gia vao cude khang chien chdng My va kien thiet xa hdi tuong lai. Dd la spi ehi xuyen sudt qua trinh xay dung va phat trien giao dye trong thdi ky khang chien. Tir chuong trinh, sach giao khoa, den viec giang day giao due hpc sinh da dat len hang dau viec giao dye tu tudng chinh tri vdi nhiing chii dd tap trung:
giao due truyen thdng chdng ngoai xam ciia dan tdc. tinh than ehien dau va hy sinh eao
ea ciia quan va dan ta, vach tran am muu thii doan va tdi ac da man cua de qudc, giao dye long cam thu giac sau sac, giao due tinh than tu quan, tu lyc, ty cudng trong hpc tap, sinh hoat, trong ren luyen ban than,...
Phong trao binh dan hpe vu (gdm xda mil chii va bd die van hda) la mdt mat hoat ddng ciia nganh duoc duy tri trong sudt thdi ky khang chien. Phong trao nay chinh la ke tuc phong trao "Truyen ba qudc ngir" da cd tir trude 1945, phat trien thanh phong trao each mang sdi ndi, sau rpng cua quan ehung.
Cae tang ldp nhan dan da hudng iing Idi keu ggi "chong ngn thdt hpc" eua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh "Nhimg ngu&i da biit chic hay dgy cho nhihig ngu&i chua biet chic, hay gop sice vdo binh ddn hpc VH,... Nhimg ngu&i chua biet chic hay gdng sice md hpc cho biet. Va chua biet thi chong bdo. em chua biit thi anh bdo, cha me khdng biet thi con 6ao..." [3, tr.28-29].
2.2.2. Bdi hpe kinh nghiam cua gido due cdch mgng Nam bp th&i ky chong My ciru nu&c (1954-1975)
Thic nhdt, giao due khdng xa rdi nhiem vy chinh tri ciia Dang, eua dan tgc, giao dye phyc vu eho muc tieu chinh tri, va cdng euge xay dung, bao ve To quoc.
Qua cac giai doan phat trien cua giao dye each mang Nam bd thdi ky chdng My cuu nude (1954-1975), ehiing ta dl dang nhan ra rang cac nhiem vy giao dye trong mdi giai doan ludn gan lien vdi nhiem vy each mang dat dudi sy lanh dao ciia Dang:
Giai dogn J954-1960: Thang 9 nam 1954, Bd Chinh Tri, Ban Chip hanh Trung uong Dang thdng qua Nghi quyet xac dinh muc tieu cua nen giao dye each mang trong giai doan nay va ca thdi ky chdng My la
TAP CHl KHOA HQC DAl HQC V.AN LANG giao dye phai tien ra vung ven, viing tranh chap, viing dd thi, vdi eac ldp hpc bat hpp phap, ban hop phap va hpp phap. Hinh thuc hgc rat phong phii \ a da dang. Chinh nhd su chuyen ddi nhanh chdng ve phuong eham, phucmg thue hoat ddng ma giao dye da ludn ludn dupe duy tri va phat trien trong hai cudc khang chien d mien Nam.
Giao due trong giai doan hien nay de cd the thyc hi?n tdt yeu cau. giai phap ddi mdl can ban, toan di?n dupe neu trong Nghi quyet Hpi nghi Trung uong 8 khda XI: "Tiep tuc doi m&i mgnh me phuang phdp dgy vd hpc theo hic&ng hien dgi; phdt huy tinh tich cue. chu dpng, sdng tao vd van dung kien thicc. ki ndng cua ngu&i hpc;
khdc phuc loi truyen thu dp dgt mpt chieu.
ghi nha mdy moc. Tap trung day cdch hpc.
cdch nghi khuyen khich tu hpc, tgo ca sa de ngic&i hpc tu cgp nhdt vd doi m&i tri thirc. ky ndng. phdt trien ndng luc. Chuyen tu hpc chii yiu tren lap sang to chuc hinh thicc hpc tdp da dgng" can linh hoat, sang tao trong edng tac tu tudng, ddng thdi chii trgng phuong cham, phuong thuc hoat ddng [2, tr.2].
Thu tu, ehii trgng dao tao, bdi duong dgi ngii can bp, giao vien, xay dyng lye lupng ndng cdt cua nganh giao dye. Can bp, giao vien giir vai trd quyet dinh trong sy nghiep phat trien giao dye. Trong khang ehien nguyen ly dd Iai eang dupe khang dinh. Trong hoan canh ehien tranh ac liet ma giao dye \an tdn tai va phat trien la nhd viio dpi ngy can bd, giao vien trung thanh vdi each mang, giau long yeu nude, yeu nghe. men tre, kien cudng, dung cam, dam hy sinh eho sy nghiep giao dye. Ngay nay, trong cdng cupc ddi mdi giao due, bai hpc ve xay dyng va phat trien dpi ngy nha giao
\ a can bp quan ly dang dupe v^n dyng mo each triet d6, toan dien tren cac mat. Nhung chu tnrang. chinh sach ciia Dang ^-J ^^^
nude ta v^ quy hoach, dao tao, boi duong, phat tridn he thdng tmdng su pham \ a eac tmdng bdi dudng nghiep vu, nang cao chat lupng, trach nhiem, d?o due va nang lye nghi nghiep.... ehinh la nhSm giup dP' " g "
nha giao va can bp quan ly giao dye thyc hi?n tdt vai trd quylt djnh ddi vdi chat lupng giao due va dao tao. Nhung kinh nghiem. nhihig bai hpe nit ra tir viec xay dyng va phat triln sy nghipp giao dye phyc vy each mang trong cupc khang chien chong My cuu nude vT dai cua dan tpc da va dang dupe rilp tyc phat huy trong cac giai doan phat trien eiia giao due nude ta sau nay.
3. K E T LUAN
Giao dye Nam bp thdi ky khang chien chdng My cuu nude (1954-1975) phan anh sinh dpng giao due mien Nam trong mpt giai doan lieh sir hao hiing va sdi dpng eiia dat nude vdi nhihig thanh tuu to ldn, het siic dang tran trpng. Tuy edn han che do anh hudng ciia ehien tranh, nhung giao dye each mang thdi ky nay da thu ve nhihig ket qua rat to ldn ddng gdp vao thang loi vT dai cua dan toe. Nhung thanh tyu tren cac phucmg dien nhu: ve quan diem, dudng loi giao due, ve myc tieu giao due, ve ndi dung chucmg trinh, sach giao khoa, ve dpi ngy can bd, giao vien, ve cong tac k i l m tra, danh gia chat lupng giao due,... cua giao dye Nam bd thdi ky nay eo nhilu y nghla va bai hgc kinh nghi?m quy bau ddi vdi sy nghiep ddi mdi va hpi nhap quoc te ciia n i n giao dye d nude ta hien nay.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAI HOC VAN LANG Nguyen Xuan Te va Igk
TAI LIfU THAM KHAO
[1] Nguyin Qu6c Bao, Pham Thanh Liem (2012), Giao due giai phong thai ky chong My ciru nuac, Nxb Giao due Viet Nam.
[2] Ban chip hanh Trung uong (2013), Nghi quyet so 29-NQ/TW Hoi nghi Trung uang 8 khoa XI. ngay 04-11-2013 ve doi mai cdn bdn, todn dien gido due vd ddo lao, Ha Npi.
[3] Ho Chi Minh (2011), Todn tap. Tap 4, Thu gui cho hoc sinh Ihdng 9-1945, Nxb Sir That.
[4] Tiin Thanh Nam (Chii bien, 1995), Sa thdo 30 ndm gido due miin Nam (1945-1975), Nxb Giao due.
[5] Qu6c hoi (2009), Lugt sS 44/2009/QH12 ngdy 25-11-2009, Biiu 2, Biiu 12, Ha Noi.
[6] Nguyen Xuan Te (Chu bien) va cac tac gia (2016), Gido due cdch mang Nam bo thai ky chong My cuu nuac (1954-1975), Nxb Dai hgc Su pham Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
[7] Bo Giao due va Dao tao, Tom luat lich suphdt trien gido due vd ddo tao Viet Nam, https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%El%BB%99_Gi%C3%Alo_d%El%BB%A5c_v%C3%A 0_%C4%90%C3%A0o_t%E 1 %B A%A 1 o(Vi%E 1 %BB%87t_Nam.
Ngay nhan bai: 10-10-2019. Ngay bien tap xong: 15-11-2019. Duyet dang: 29-11-2019
