Cac yeu to anh hu'dng den
Sl/ sin sang htfp tac giu'a cac
tru'dng dai hoc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cong nghe
TRAN KHAC HCfNG*
Tdm tat
Thdng qua khdo sdt 110 ngUdi dang Idm viec vi iTnh vUc chuyen giao cdng nghe trong mot sd trudng dqi hgc vd doanh nghiep tren dia bdn Hd Ndi, nghien cdu ddnh gid cdc ye'u td dnh hudng de'n syt sdn sdng hgp tdc giUa cdc trUdng dqi hgc vd doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe. Ke't qud cho thdy, cd mdi quan he true tie'p giUa dgng lytc cda ben chuyen giao (trudng dqi hgc) vd doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe. Ben cqnh dd, ket qud cdng cho thdy, cd mdi quan he givta ddng lytc cda ben nhdn (doanh nghiep) vd syt sdn sdng tham gia cda cdc trudng dqi hgc vd doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe.
Tuf khda: chuyen giao cdng nghe, trudng dqi hgc, doanh nghiep Summary
Through a survey of 110 people working on technology transfer in a number of universities and enterprises in Hanoi, the study evaluates the factors affecting the willingness to cooperate between universities and enterprises in technology transfer. The results show that there is a direct relationship between the motivation ofthe transferor (university) and the enterprise in technology transfer. In addition, there is a relationship between the motivation ofthe recipient (enterprise) and the willingness ofthe universities and enterprises to participate in technology transfer.
Keywords: technology transfer, university, enterprise - ^ -
GlOfI THIEU
Md'i quan be giffa cac doanh nghiep vdi cac trffdng dai hgc va vien nghien cffu thffdng It dffdc chu trgng.
Dieu nay cung dffdc phan anh bdi kha nang canh tranh tha'p cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam va day cung la nguyen nhan d§n de^n sif that bai cua cac boat ddng khoa hgc va cdng nghe vd'n la nen tang de rut ngan cdng nghiep hda va phat trien ben vffng, cung nhff hdi nhap thanh cdng vdi kinh te toan cau (Pham, 2012).
Ben canh do, viec cham ddi mdi cdng nghe la mdt trong nhffng nguyen nhan anh hffdng den cac boat ddng nghien cffu khoa hgc va chuyen giao cdng nghe.
Xua't phat tff nhffng ly do dd, miic dich cua nghien cffu nay la tim hieu cac nhan to' anh hffdng den sff san sang hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe.
CO s d LY THUYET VA PHU'DNG PHAP NGHIEN CLfU
Casd ly thuyet vd mo hinh nghien cvtu Theo Dieu 2, Luat Chuyen giao cdng nghe (nam 2017), chuyen giao cdng ngh6 la chuyen nbffdng quyen sd hffu cdng nghe hoac chuyen giao quyen suf dung cdng nghe tff ben cd quyen chuyen giao cdng nghe sang ben nhan cdng nghe.
Trong mot cuoc khao sat tai hdn 115 trffdng dai hgc d Hoa Ky vdi khoang
1.000 giao sff, L e e (1996) da ket luan, mffe do san sang cua cac nha khoa hgc tham gia hdp tac chuyen giao cdng nghe giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va cac doanh nghiep dffdc danh gia bdi cac giai thffdng
*ThS., Ban Kinh te Trung ifdng (bo phan dia phUOng tai TP. Ho Chi Minh) 1 Email: [email protected] Ngdy nhdn bdi: 02/12/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 20/12/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 27/12/2018
154
Kinh te va Dit baonham khuye'n kbieh va thuc day cac boat dgng nay.
Siegel va cgng sif (2003) cung cho rang, cae quy nghien cffu bd trd chuyen
giao cdng nghe cho bg phan nghien cffu se khuyen khieb cac giao sff tham gia chuyen giao cdng nghe. Hg chi ra rang, cac nha khoa hgc va chu sd hiJu cdng nghe cd the thffdng mai hda nghien cffu cua hg thdng qua cac boat ddng chuyen giao cdng nghe trong qua trinh hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep de cd ldi nhuan. Cac ffu dai tai chinh cho giao vien tham gia vao cac boat ddng chuyen giao cdng nghe trong cac trffdng dai hgc se lam thay ddi ddng gdp cua hg cho cac boat ddng nghien cii^. Va, van de tai chinh cung trd thanh ddng life cho cac giang vien va sinh vien tham gia vao qua trinh nghien ctJu va chuyen giao cong nghe.
Sff hdp tac vdi cac trffdng dai hgc se giup cac td chffc tiep can va cap nhat cac cong nghe mdi. Tren thffc te, muc dich quan trgng nha't cua mgi doanh nghiep ddi vdi cac boat ddng chuyen giao cdng nghe la dat dffdc hieu qua kinh te^ va Idi nhuan (Seigel va cdng sff, 2003).
Drew Gertner va cdng sff (2011) cung cho rang, chuyen giao cdng nghe nen tap trung vao viec mang lai ldi ich cho ca hai doanh nghiep va cac trffdng dai hgc. Didu dd cd nghia ldi Ich kinh te la mot trong nhffng ddng life chinh cho cac cong ty tham gia vao qua trinh chuyen giao cdng nghe vdi cac trffdng dai hgc.
Dieu nay de hieu bdi vi muc dich chinh cua mgi cdng ty la tao ra ldi nhuan cho cac cd ddng cua bg, sau do la phat trien kinh td va tao viec lam.
Motohashi (2005) cung tuyen bd, ngoai viec tim kiem san pham mdi, cdng nghe mdi hoac nang cao nang life nghien cffu va phat trien (R&D) cho cdng ty, viec dao tao va tim kiem tai nang thdng qua hdp tac cung la van dd quan trgng.
Tom lai, san sang sff diing cdng nghe dffdc cung cap bdi cac trffdng dai bgc thdng qua cac boat ddng chuyen giao cong nghe se mang lai cho cdng ty ngudn nhan vien chat Iffdng cao, cai thien danh tieng cua cdng ty.
Difa vao cac ly thuyd^t ndi tren, tac gia dd xua't md hinh ngbien cffu de thao luan vd md'i quan be giffa dgng life cua ben chuyen giao (cac trffdng dai hgc) va dgng life cua ben dffdc chuyen giao (doanh nghiep) va sif san sang tham gia
HINH: MO HINH NGHIEN CQa DE X U A T
D^ng lire cua ben chuyin giao cdng nghf (cAc t r v i m ^ d^i h^c)
- L<7i Ich tur chuyen giao cong n g h | - Kiia nSng chuydn giao c6ng nghS
D^ng l^c cua b@n du^c chuyin giao c6ng n g h | (cdc doanh nghiep) - Kha n5ng tidp n h ^ cong ngh?
- Lgri ich tit vi^c nh§n chuyin giao cong ngh?
S ^ s S n sAng tham gia h9p tdc
Nguon: Dg xuat ctia tac gia
hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe nhff Hinh.
Cac gia thuyet dffdc dffa ra nhff sau:
HI: Dgng life cua ben chuyen giao (trffdng dai hgc) cd tac ddng dang ke dd^n sff sfn sang tham gia hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe.
HI a: Ldi Ich tff chuyen giao cdng nghe cd tac ddng dang ke den sif san sang tham gia hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe.
Hlb: Kha nang chuyen giao cdng nghe cd tac ddng dang ke den sff san sang tham gia hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe.
H2: Ddng life cua ben dffdc chuyen giao cdng nghe (cac doanh nghiep) cd tac ddng dang ke dd^n sff san sang tham gia hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe.
H2a: Kha nang tiep nhan cdng nghe cd tac dgng dang ke den sff san sang tham gia hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe.
H2b: Ldi ich tff viec nhan chuyen giao cdng nghe cd tac ddng dang ke den sif san sang tham gia hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe.
PhUOngphdp nghien cdu
Qua trinh thifc hien ngbien cffu tff thang 02-06/2018 da cd 250 bang cau hdi khao sat dffdc phat ra vdi dd'i tffdng dang lam viec ve ITnh vffc chuyen giao cdng nghe tai mdt so'trffdng dai hgc (Dai hgc Bach Khoa, Dai hgc Kinh te Qud'c dan, Dai hgc Thffdng mai, Dai hgc Ddng Dd va Dai hgc Thang Long) va mdt so doanh nghiep cd tham gia vao cac dif an chuyen giao cdng nghe tren dia ban Ha Ndi. Kd^t thuc eugc khao sat, nhdm tac gia thu dffdc 157 phan hdi tff cac dap vien, trong dd cd 110 bang tra ldi hdp le. Cac dff lieu dffdc phan tich bang phan mem SPSS de kiem dinh cac gia thuye't (Bdi viet sd dung cdch viet sdthdp phdn theo chudn qudc te).
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
Phdn tich sU tin cqy vd phdn tich nhdn td
Trong nghien cffu nay, phffdng phap thanh phan nguyen tac dffdc s^ dung de phan tich nhan td kham pha. Nam yeu td chinh vdi 46 thanh td dffdc tai vao he thdng. 15 thanh to cua Ddng life chuyen giao (trffdng dai hge) dffdc phan tich, ke't qua chi ra rang, gia tri KMO = 0.910 cd y nghia thdng ke d mffe 0.000. Cac gia tri rieng cua yeu to' ldn hdn hoac bang 1.0 va cac
Economy and Forecast Review
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BANG 1: PHAN TICH NHAN TO Nhan td'/Thanh td' Hgsd'tai Gia tri
rifeng
PhffcTng sai giai thich {%)
Cronbach's Alpha Dong li/c ciia ben chuyen giao cong nghe (cac trUoTng dai hoc)
L(fi ich tii chuyen giao cong nghe Loi ich chuyen giao 1
Lcfi ich chuyen giao 2 Ldi ich chuyen giao 3 Ldi ich chuyen giao 4 Ldi ich chuyen giao 5 Ldi ich chuyen giao 6 Ldi ich chuyen giao 7
Khd ndng chuyen giao cong nghe Kha nang chuyen giao 1
Kha nang chuyen giao 2 Kha nang chuyen giao 3 Kha nang chuyen giao 4 Kha nang chuyen giao 5 Kha nang chuyen giao 6 Kha nang chuyen giao 7 Kha nang chuyen giao 8
.623 .712 .654 .667 .745 .775 .773 .527 .643 .769 .711 .796 .723 .574 .657
7.738
1.184
51.589
7.894
.710
.885
Tong phtfdng sai giai thich - 59.483, K]y[O=.910,p = .000
Ddng life cua ben dtfrfc chuyen giao cong nghe (cac doanh nghiep) Kha ndng tiep nhdn cong nghe
Kha nang tie'p nhan cong nghe 1 Kha nang tiep nhan cong nghe 2 Kha nang tiep nhan cong nghe 3 Kha nang tiep nhan cong nghe 4 Kha nang tiep nhan cong nghe 5 Kha nang tiep nhan cong nghe 6 Kha nang tie'p nhan cong nghe 7 Kha nang tie'p nhan cong nghe 8 Kha nang tiep nhan cong nghe 9 Lai ich tit viec nhdn chuyen^iao Ldi ich tiJf viec nhan chuj'en giao 1 Ldi ich ttr viec nhan chuyen giao 2 Ldi ich ttf viec nhan chuyen giao 3 Ldi ich tijf viec nhan chuyen giao 4 Ldi ich ttf viec nhan chuyen giao 5 Ldi ich tijf viec nhan chuyen giao 6
.674 .673 .511 .626 .530 .778 .640 .756 .693 509 .738 .743 .736 .572 693
7.294
1.008
48.625
6.719
.890
.832
Tong phtfdng sai giai thich = 55.344, KMO = .919,p = .000
Nguon: Phan tich dii lieu tif dieu tra cua tac gia
BANG 2: P H A N TICH TCTdNG QUAN
Ldi ich tu" chuyen giao cong nghe Kha nang chuyen giao cong nghe Kha nang chuyen giao cong nghe Ldi ich tif viec nhan chuyen giao
Ldi ich ttf chuyen giao
cong nghe 1 .720"
.781"
.712"
Kha nang chuyen giao
cong nghe 1 .805"
.799"
Kha nang chuyen giao
cong nghe
1 .794"
Ldi ich tur viec nhan chuyen giao
1
*p<0.01
Ngu6n: Phan tich d€f lieu tOT dieu tra cua tac gia
bien ddng life cd he sd tai ldn hdn 0.5. Phan tich nhan to'mang lai hai yeu to vdi 15 bie^n.
Ket qua phan tich nhan to cho tha'y, 2 bien phu cua dgng life, chiem 59.483% tdng phffdng sai. Cac yeu td dffdc dan nhan la "Ldi ich tff chuyen giao cdng nghe"
(51.589%) va "Kha nang cua ben chuyen giao " (7.894%).
De kiem tra do tin cay va tinh nha't quan ben trong cua tffng yeu to, Cronbach's Alpha cua tffng yeu td da dffdc xac dinh. Ket qua cho tha'y, cac he sd Cronbach's Alpha cua ca hai yeu tdnay ddu ldn hdn 0.7 (Bang 1).
Vdi cac yeu td Ddng life cua ben nhan (doanh nghiep), ket qua cbi ra rang, 55.344% phffdng sai cua bai yeu td dffdc giai thicb vdi gia tri rieng Idn bdn I.O va gia tri KMO la 0.919 cd y nghTa thdng ke d mffe 0.000. Khdng cd thanh td nao cua be sd tai nhd hdn 0.5. Ket qua cua ma tran xoay ngu y rang, yeu to dau tien lien quan den "Kha nang cua ngffdi dffdc chuyen giao" (8 muc, Cronbach's Alpha = 0.890); yeu td thff hai lien quan den "Ldi Ich cua viec nhan chuyen giao" (7 muc, Cronbach's Alpha = 0.832) (Bang 1).
Ket qua d Bang 2 cho thay, cac he so' tffdng quan cua 6 bien deu nam trong pham vi 0.5 den 0.8. Dieu nay chffng to rang, mffe do da cdng tuyen tdn tai trong cac bien la chap nhan dffdc va se khdng anh hffdng den phan tich bdi quy.
Ket qud hoi quy
Dgng lUc cda ben chuyen giao (cdc trudng dqi hgc)
Dd'i vdi ddng life cua cac trffdng dai hgc dd'i vdi chuyen giao cdng nghe cho cac doanh nghiep, nghien cffu nay kiem tra md'i quan he giffa Dgng life cua ben chuyen giao va bien phu cua nd (Ldi Ich chuyen giao va Kha nang cua ngffdi chuyen giao) va Sff san sang tham gia hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai bgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe.
Trong Bang 3, hai bien phii ldi ich va kha nang chuyen giao cd tac dgng dang ke den Sff san sang tham gia hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai bgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe (p < 0.05). Do do, ket qua nay cho tha'y, cac giang vien lam viec trong trffdng dai hgc se sfn sang tham gia hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe neu hg nhan dffdc nhieu ldi Ich va nang life hdn tff trffdng dai hgc. Thifc td, hau bet cac giao sff Viet Nam da danh thdi gian cho viec giang day. Mot sdgiao sff khac phai tim cac cdng viec ngoai gid tff cac doanh nghiep. Dieu nay la do mffe Iffdng va sff hd trd tff giang day va nghien cffu d trffdng dai hgc khdng du cho giao vien, khien hg khdng the tap trung vao nghien cffu khoa hgc. Vi vay, cac trffdng dai hgc can ban hanh chinh sach de khuyen khich giang vien tap trung hdn vao nghien cffu cua hg. Didu nay se cai thien ddng life de thifc hien nghien cffu.
Ndi each khac, dieu nay se tang cffdng cac boat ddng ngbien cffu trong trffdng dai bgc va so' Iffdng nghien cffu dffdc chuyen sang nganh cdng nghiep.
156
Kinh fS Ou baoDdng luc cua ben nhdn chuyen giao (cdc doanh nghiep)
Nghien cffu nay cung xem xet md'i quan he giffa Ddng life cua ben nhan chuyen giao va bien phu 2 (Kha nang cua ben dffdc chuyen giao va Ldi Ich tff nhan chuyen giao cdng nghe) va sff san sang tham gia hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe. Bang 4 cho tha'y, hai Kha nang bien ddi phii cua Bien so' cda ngffdi dffdc chuyen nbffdng va Lfu dai cho vide thiet lap sff khac biet la dang ke (p<0.05). Dieu do cd nghia la, Kha nang tiep nhan chuyen giao cdng nghe va Ldi ich tff viec nhan chuyen giao cdng nghe CO mdt tac ddng quan trgng den Sif san sang tham gia hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cdng nghe. Ket qua nay giai thich rang, ngffdi nhan chuyen giao (doanh nghiep) san sang chap nhan cdng nghe tif ben chuyen giao (trffdng dai hgc), ne'u cong nghe cua hg phu hdp vdi doanh nghiep. Ben nhan se giup cac trffdng dai hgc hieu dffdc nganh cdng nghiep can gi, tu" dd tang cffdng kha nang cgng tac vdi ben chuyen giao (trffdng dai hgc).
KET LUAN VA MOT SO HAM Y
Kdt qua nghien ciili cho tha'y, cd md'i quan he trifc tiep giffa Dgng life cua ben chuyen giao (trffdng dai hgc) va Sif san sang tham gia hdp tac giffa cac trffdng dai hgc va doanh nghiep trong chuyen giao cong nghe. Dd la mdt phan cua xu hffdng hdp tac giffa cac td chffc trong chuyen giao cong nghe d Viet Nam. Trong bdi canh nay, Ldi Ich va Kha nang cua ben chuyen giao (cac trffdng dai hgc) la rat dang ke. Vi cac trffdng dai hgc cd ly do rieng de quan tam den quan he dd'i tac mdi vdi nganh
BANG 3: KET QUA HOI QUY DA BIEN DOI VCJl BIEN DONG LCfC BEN CHUYEN GIAO
Ldi ich ttf chuyen giao Khd nang chuyen giao
Dong lu'c chuyen giao cong nghe
Std.coefficient .473 .438 .471
R-Square .191 .192 .222
Sig .000 .000 .000 BANG 4: KET QuA HOI QUY DA BIEN DOI VCJI BIEN DQNG LU'C
BEN NHAN CHUYEN GIAO
Kha nang tiep nhan cong nghe Ldi ich tif tie'p nhan cong nghe.
Dong life cua ben tie'p nhan
Std.coefficient .453 .481 .488
R-Square .205 .231 .238
Sig .000 .000 .000 Mguon: Phan tich dif lieu tCf dieu tra cua tac gie
cdng nghiep, hg phai dd'i mat vdi ngan sach nghien cffu va phat trien bi thu hep do ngudn vd'n tff cac ngudn bi cat giam. Bang each thiet lap hoac md rgng md'i quan he vdi nganh cdng nghiep, cac trffdng dai hgc da nhin tha'y cd bdi tang ngudn life cho nghien cffu va tang cffdng danh tieng cua hg.
Ben canh do, ke^t qua nghien cffu cung cho tha'y, cd md'i quan he ve kha nang tiep nhan va ldi ich tff viec nhan chuyen giao cdng nghe. Cd ve nhff cac cdng ty dang cd xu hffdng thue ngoai cac boat dgng nghien cffu khoa hgc tff cac trffdng dai hgc.
Tff gdc do cac trffdng dai hgc, nhffng ket qua nay cho tha'y, cd mot so miic tieu chien Iffdc khac biet thuc day cac cdng ty thid^t lap mdi quan he doanh nghiep dai hgc. Bang each tap trung dap ffng nhu cau cua cac doanh nghiep, cac trffdng dai hgc cd the thiet lap nhieu hdn nffa cac mdi quan he dd'i tac vdi doanh nghiep.
Didu nay khien cho cac trffdng cd the giam ap life tai chinh, cung nhff tang cffdng chat Iffdng nghien cffu khoa hgc tff chinh cac boat ddng chuyen giao cdng nghe nay.
Dd'i vdi cac nha quan ly doanh nghiep, nhffng phat hien nay cd y nghia trong viec tang nang life canh tranh tff nhffng cdng nghe mdi, cap nhat dffdc chuyen giao tff trffdng dai hgc. Tff do, tiep can cac cdng nghe tien tien va cac xu hffdng mdi ndi tren thi trffdng. Ngoai ra, cac cdng ty cd ddng cd chien Iffdc khac nhau de phd'i hdp vdi cac trffdng dai hgc, nhff: chien Iffdc ve R&D, nhan Slf, quan tri tri thffc..•
J A I i l E U THAM KHAO
1. Qud'c hdi (2017). Ludt Chuyen giao cdng nghe, sd 07/2017/QH14, ngay 19/06/2017
2. Drew Gertner and Roberts, Joanne and Charles, David (2011). University-industry collaboration: a CoPs approach to KTPs, Journal of Knowledge Management, 15 (4), 625-647
3. Lee, Y. S., (1996). Technology transfer and Research University: a search for the boundaries of university industry collaboration. Research Policy, 25(6), 843-863
4. Motohashi, K. (2005). University-industry collaboration in Japan: the role of new technology- based firms in transforming the National Innovation System, Research Policy, 34, 583-594
5. Pham, B. D. (2012). Factors affect to motivation of research staff, Joumal of Scientific Activity, 96,14-16 6. Seigel, D. S. et al. (2003). Assessing the impact of organizational practices on the relative productivity of university technology transfer offices:man exploratory study. Journal of Economic Literature, 32, 27-48
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