Sir hinh thanh va phat trien mot so l(y thuat guitar co 0ien

Sir hinh thanh va phat trien mot so l(y thuat guitar co 0ien

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NGUYEN VAN PHUC

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uitar cd dign la cay dan sdu day nylon vdi dang cong deu hinh sd 8.

Am nhgc mang phong each guitar cd diln la nhting tac pham dugc sdng tac.

chuyen sogn dya iren tinh ndng dgc trung cua cay dan.

Bdt ngudn tir hai ky thual ca ban nhdt tren dan la cac ngdn gay ban tay phdi va ngdn bam ban tay trai, cac nhgc sT,

nghe sT guitar da phat trien sang tao thanh nhieu logi ky thuat da dang. Cd mdt sd ky thuat CO ban lgo ngn each chai dan guitar cd dign ngay nay, do la: tu ngdn gay ban tay phai tao ngn cdc ky thugt chgy ngdn, choi hgp am; cac ngdn bam ban lay trai tgo nen ky thuat barre, luyen. Trong each trinh lau. ky thugt gay ban tay phai mang

linh bao iriim co ban nhdt, tao nen am thanh chii yeu ciia loan bd tde phdm.

Vao TK XVI, ky thugt nay dnh hudng tu nhgc cy hp hang tien thdn la dan lute vdi ngdn ul thudng tua tren mat dan tao ra tinh can bdng va su dn dinh cao. Khoang each gifta cac ngdn tay phdi la cd djnh, khi tim dugc vj Iri ddt ngdn lit thudn lpi nhdt se giiip tay phai dn djnh, cd khd ndng thyc hien cac ky thugt dl dang, thuan Igi, tu dd ngudi choi cd thi ddnh sy tap trung, sue lyc hon cho tay trai vd dg the hipn am nhgc.

IVdi qua nhilu the ky binh thanh vd phdt triin, tjlr chuc ndng su- d^ng chu ylu d l d€m cho gipng hdt h o | c d^m cho nhac cy khac dpc tSu, cdc nh^c Si, DghS si guitar chau Au da dua cdy ddn phdt triln w g t b^c trd thdnh mpt trong nhirng nh^c cy pfaS biln nhdt the gidi. Trong dd, sy tiln bQ va sang tao ve ky thu^t choi da ddng vai trd quan trgng cho qud trinh hodn thif n phuffng phdp diln tau, xdy dung Itbuon m l u chuan myc md sau nay dirg^c gpi Id phong cdch guitar ch diln.

Tac phdm chuygn soan cho guitar thdi ky nay chii ygu su dyng ngdn cai (p), ngdn trd (i), ngon giua (m). Dac diem nay xuat phat tu hinh thirc cung nhu dp khd cua am nhac thdi ky nay chua phuc tap va phu hgp vdi viec sir dung ba ngdn.

Day la each lua chpn hgp ly vi ba ngdn nay khoe nhat tren ban tay, cd sy ddc lgp rieng re cao ngn dl dieu khien, thai gian luyen tap phdt uiln cac ky nang dugc riit ngdn.

Va, khi bieu diln, cac nghg sT sit dyng ky thu^t gay mde day la chinh, chua chu trpng vg am sdc.

Trong qua trinh gay cdc ndt lign tuc, Ian lupt theo chieu ngang vdi tde do nhanh da tgo ngn kj thugt chay ngdn. Th6i ky nay thudng sft dyng sy phdi hgp hai ngdn de thuc hien nhtrng cau chgy lien bdc, it nhay quang nhu ttong tac phdm The Frog Galliartl cua nhd soan nhac, ca sT, nghe sT dan lute ngudi Anh John Dowland. Cho dgn nay, cac tac phdm cua John Dowland vln thudng dugc cac nghp si guitar cd dign ndi tiing the gidi trinh diln. Vdi nhieu lgi thg vg tde dp, dm sdc, chay hai ngon da dugc ua diing tir TK XVI cho din nay va trd thanh mgt ky thudt mlu myc.

Khi gay kit hgp cac ndt ciing luc theo chilu dpc da tao nen ky thudt choi hgp dm. Hgp am trong cdc tac phdm thdi ky ndy chii ylu tu 2 din

UJ 36362

Thang 8-2014

A M N H A C

4 be, cdng ndng di rat binh dn, thudng diing am sdm hodc am mudn, dugc chai theo hai each la rai Ian lugt, hoac choi tat ca ndi trong hgp am ciing mdi liic.

Ky thudt bam ban tay trai chigm tu 90% trd Ign trong cac tac pham guitar, ndi each khac, dg chai dugc cac lac phdm thi nhdt djnh phai sir dung ky thugt ndy. Chinh vi sy bao triim va thdng dung nhu vdy, nen ky thugt nay Ihudng bj quen trong vd thirc hoac bi xem nhe. Ciing vdi ky thuat gay cua tay phdi, ky thuat bdm d lay trai cd vai trd quygt djnh chat lupng am thanh, thi hien tam cao vd tri thfte am nhgc ciia ngudi choi.

Do anh hudng tft can dan vihuela va lute cd chin phim thudng diing va ba phim tren mat dan nen ban dau, cdc ban nhac chuyen sogn cho guitar trong TK XVI, phgm vi cac ndt nhgc dugc su dung tren can dan chii ylu la din phim 8 (tinh tii ddu cdn), su dyng bdn ngdn dl bdm la ngdn trd, ngdn gifta, ngdn nhan, ngdn ul. Ngdn cai ds sau can dan, ddi trpng vdi bdn ngdn cdn lai. Am nhac giai doan ndy chu yeu mang chuc nang dem cho gipng hat hay dem cho nhac cu khac, nen Ihudng xuyen choi hgp am, ddi khi hgp dm nhigu hon bdn ndt ma cac ngdn tay trai cd thg bam.

Chinh nhan td quan trgng nay da gdp phan tao nen ky thudt barre (chdn ngdn Ird tren day dan lam don gidn hon dgng tac bdm hgp am. ddng thdi tdng sd lugng ndt dugc bam). Kg tir dd din nay, ky thuat nay hdu nhu mang tinh co ban, nd xuat hien trong mpi tac pham viet cho guitar.

Sang TK XVII, ky thuat chai guita dugc md rdng va phat trien. Viec sft dyng nhigu cac hinh thuc suite, sonal vdi mgt dp hda am day, cd su phan chia cudng dp ro net giua be dem - be giai dieu, sy phirc tap vl ndi dung nghe thugt... nhat la sy phd bien ciia cac tac pham phuc dieu da Ihuc day ky thuat mde day phdt trien manh me, Khj the hien chuyen ddng cua cac be, dap ling sy phdn chia cudng dp theo ndi dung tac pham trgn cung mdt ban tay gay, ngodi tu duy hda dm, ngudi chai phdi luyen tgp, phat trien sy kiem soat

lyc cua tung ngdn mdt each ddc lap. chinh xac dl thi hien rd y dd cua tac gia. Khi choi cang nhilu lac phdm, vdi ngi dung nghe thuat va yeu cdu ddi hdi vl be va hda am da dgng, thi ky thuat gay cang dgt din trinh do cao han. Ciing cd nhtmg trudng hgp phd bien trong ban nhac, ciing mdt ngdn nhung cd luc dam nhan chai giai dieu, liic lai chuyen qua choi be dem. Dieu nay ddi hdi nghe sT phai nang cao kha nang kigm soat dat dgn sy tinh te cho mdi ngdn gay ban tay phai.

Ngoai kgt hgp cdc ngdn ban tay phai, cdn cd each choi hgp am bang mdt ngdn. Ky thuat nay kha phd bign d cac tac pham am nhac duang thdi nhu irong Sarabande cua Robert de Visee ngudi Phap (nghe sT dan lute, guitar, theorbo va dan viol phye vy cho cac vi vua Luis XIV va Luis XV), hay trong Folie cua nhac sT ngudi Y Francesco Corbetta (nghe sT guitar, giang vign am nhgc). Day la nhan Id quan trpng cho sy xuat hien each choi ky thual rasguedo, hoac tremolo mdi ngdn sau nay.

Cung gidng nhu ban tay phai, viec sir dyng nhigu hinh thuc am nhgc ldn vdi hda am phuc tap va su phat trign manh me ciia nhac phuc dieu nhieu be, da lam cho ky thuat bam phai trien.

Nhftng ngdn tay trai ddc lap vdi nhau hon, ket hgp tu duy hda am dg cd dugc cac chuyen ddng lay Irai chinh xac, phu hgp vdi yeu cau ciia ban

Hda nhfic guitar co dien. Anh Hang Vang

Thang 8-2014 so 362 H

nhac, Sy bdm (giir not ngan vang) hay tha cac ndl (ngdt am) khdng dupc ty do ma phai luan thil nghiem khde cac ky hieu ndl nhac dugc ghi.

Thdi ky nay bat ddu su dyng phd bien ky thudt luyln cd ngudn gdc tft ky thugt bam. Cdch chai la diing hai ngdn bam cimg luc tren mdt day. Gay ndt bam thu hai bang tay phai rdi diing chinh ngdn bdm tay trai dd keo xudng. hodc ngugc lgi, choi ndt thii nhat rdi diing ngdn lay trai bd mgnh vao ndt phia sau tao am thanh. Ky thuat nay dugc su dung theo nhieu each, gdp phdn md rdng vg phuong thirc the hien nghe thugl trong tac pham. Cd the dung de chai nhftng ndt hoa my trang tri cho giai dieu nhu trong tac pham Suite en La mayor, phan Villanos cua Caspar Sanz, hay lam mgm hda, tang cudng cam xiic cho cau nhac nhu bdn Chacona cua Caspar Sanz (nhgc sT. nghe sT guitar, organ ciia viing Aragon Tay Ban Nha), Cho dgn nay, ky thuat luyen trd thanh mdt phan khdng the thieu trong tac pham viet cho guitar cd dien.

Tu ky thuat luyen. cac nhgc sT, nghe sT dd dgt dupe thanh cdng Idn trong viec tdng idc dp cho cac can chgy, Dd la sy kgt hgp gifta ky thugt ngdn gay ban tay phdi vdi ky thugt luyen ban tay trai tao nen thu phdp chgy cau mdi, tde do nhanh va chat lugng am thanh da dgng hon TK XVI. Digu nay dupc thg hien rd d phan allemande trong tac pham Allemande and Courante cua Giovanni Batlisla Granata (nhac sT. nghe sT guitar ngudi Y). Trong mpt cau chay chi diing tay trai de bam, thi todn bd sue manh tgo nen tde do ciia cau deu ddn Ign ngdn gay. bat ngdn gay phai lam viec hit cdng suat. Cach nay lam ngudi choi ldn nhilu thdi gian trong tap luyen, va khi bigu diln, nlu khdng cd the luc tot cdng vdi tam ly thda mai thi kha nang mac ldi la dieu se xay ra. Cho din ngay nay, each chgy cdu kit hgp vdi ky thugt hai ban tay nay van dugc cac nghe sT guitar ua dung.

Din TK XVIII, da djnh hinh ky thual guitar khudn mau cd dien. Do anh hudng ciia trao luu am nhac cd dien. nen cdc nhac sT, nghe sT guitar cftng dat dugc nhiing ddu dn va chudn myc trong each chai. Ky thudt ban lay phdi chuyin lu 3 sang su dyng 4 ngdn. Liic nay ngdn ut da rdi khdi mat dan. Tu thi tay phai chudn cOa guitar

cd dign la 4 ngdn gdy phai ndm tren I khdng hoSic tua tren day dan. Trong tac pham.

cac nhac sT chii trpng den chdt lupng, mau sac am ihanh bdng vipc dua ra cac dau nhdn, ky hi^u the hien sdc thai, tinh chat cua cau. dogn nhgc.

Phat irien nhtmg each chay dien hinh trong am nhgc cd dign dd la chgy quang tam. rai hgp am 3 hoac 4 ndt lien luc va chgy cromatic rat dupc ua diing lam cau ndi gifta cac dogn vdi nhau. Tac pham Sonata for guitar ciia tac gia ngudi Y Mauro Giuliani da the hien rd dieu nay.

Cach chai hgp am khdng chi dirng lai d vi^c sft dung mpi hoge nhieu ngdn nhu d TK XVII, ma cdn kit hgp vdi cac ky thual khac nhu luyen, chay ngdn tao nen su phong phii da dgng ve mau sdc vd tinh hieu qua. Thdi ky nay, nhieu nhgc si, nghe sT da tham gia ddng gdp nhiing tac pham vigl rieng cho cdy dan tgo ngn sy phat trien mgnh me. dpc lap va cd khuynh hudng tach ra tu hai nhgc cu lien than cua guitar Id vihuela va lute. Ky thugt bam dd md rpng pham vi su dung ndl nhgc tu phim I dgn Xll tinh tu dau can dan.

Ky thugt luyen dugc cac nghe sT rat yeu thich va su dung rpng rdi. xudt hien trong 98% so lugng lac pham hinh thiic Idn nhu sonal, biln tau viet cho guitar thdi nay. Xudt phat digm tu each choi dan thuan, ky thugt luygn dd dugc nang tam choi tu do ngiu hung nhu cadenza Irong ban rondo thu 3 (Tuyen lap 3 bdn rondo cua Donisio Aguado). Dung nhu thu phap bien lau chii de trong var.5 tac pham Biin tau tren ehii de Cay sdo thdn ciia Mozart cua tde gid Fernando Sor, Ca hai tac gia nay dgu Id nhgc sT, nghe sT guitar ngudi Tay Ban Nha. Mgt biln Ihl ciia ky thuat luygn cung dugc xudt hien nhieu hem trong tac pham thdi ky nay, dd Id glissando (vudt) vdi each choi gay mdi ndt nhac rdi diing tay trai keo len hoac trugt xudng ndt tilp theo dl lao dm thanh.

Gdp phan ldn trong viec md rgng kha nang dien tau va phat trien ky thuat tay trai d TK XVIIl, khdng thi bd qua ky thudt staccato. Cach choi nay dya tren sy thay ddi dot ngpt chuyin ddng ciia dgng lac bdm. Quy trinh thft ty dl chai bao gdm cac chuyen dgng: bam vao - gdy - ngit am ngay khi vira gdy xong. Ky thugt nay ddi hoi cam giac tinh tg d ddu ngdn tay vd kha ndng phdi

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hgp chinh xdc gifta hai lay. Dgc biet d ddng tac ngat am, neu tay trai rdi han khdi day dan se tao thanh nhftng am thanh thfta. Do vgy. tay trai van tigp xuc vdi day dan khi thyc hien ddng tac ngdt am. Day la chuyen dpng cdn tap luyen rat cdng phu, nhung Iam chii nd. cd nghTa la ban tay trai sg kiem soat tdt cac vj tri tren can dan.

TK XIX, cd the coi ky thual guitar da dat idi muc dp hoan chinh. Da cd cay dan chuan ve kich thudc. hinh dang, sd day, gan lien vdi thuat ngu classical. Ngoai each gay moc day la su du nhgp each gay ep day tft nhac flamenco ciia Tay Ban Nha, Ngay khi xuat hien. ky thugt nay da chimg td la mdt phan khdng thg thieu trong each choi ciia moi nghe sT, Vdi vai trd quan trgng nhu vay.

Andrew Segovia (nghp sT guitar Tay Ban Nha).

ngudi dua am nhac guitar cd dien ndi tigng tren khap thg gidi viet Cudn sdch guitar cda tdi, da dat ky thuat ep day Ign vj tri hang dau.

Ky thuat chay ngdn dugc phat trien tu cac the ky trudc tgo nen each choi tremolo. Ve ca ban, day la mpt dang ky thual chay bdn ngdn. nhung ngdn cai ludn ndm d be bass. 3 ngdn cdn lai choi tren cung mot day. Ve ngh? thuat. ky thuat gdp phan md rdng thii phdp thg hien am nhgc tren dan guitar. F. Tarrega su dung ky thuat nay de nhan mgnh sy ngan vang khdng ngung ciia giai dipu, tao ngn nhftng cam xuc mdi cho ngudi nghe ma trudc day chua lung cd. Ky thugt choi hgp am ket hgp vdi cac logi ky thudt khac tgo nhftng mau sdc va each the hipn mdi.

Trong the ky nay, ky thugt luyen dugc cac nhgc sT su dung dg phd diln sftc mgnh, dp deo dai va chinh xac ciia ban tay trai nhu trong variation 10 ban Grand Jala ciia Francisco Tarrega.

Trudc ddy. su phdi hgp ky thugt hai bdn tay dugc hinh thanh, phat trien tu dan gidn den phiic tap, thi trong qua trinh tim tdi each the hien mdi.

cac nghp sT da tao them mpt xu hudng la lach hai tay dpc lap. mpt ban tay dam nhan ca hai nhiem vy gdy va bam.

Da xuat hien nhilu sach nghien cuu phuang phap chai ciia cac tde gid Tay Ban Nha nhu Metodo de Guitarra ciia Antonio Cano (1811 - 1897). A modern method for the guitar (School of Tarrega. 3 volumns) ciia Francisco Tarrega

(1852 - 1909). Cac sach ciia tac gia Dftc:

Instruction for the Spanish guitar ciia Johann Kaspar Mertz (1806 - 1856), Gilarre - Solopiel Studien cua Heinrich Albert (1870 - 1950), hay Schule fur die Guitare cua Johann Kaspar Mertz (1806 - 1856). Viec tdng hgp, ciing co chdc chdn cac ky thuat cd tft the ky trudc. nghien cuu each chai ngdn phd bien thudng gap trong cac ban nhac, dl xay dyng nen he thdng phat trign ky thudt ca ban rieng theo nhieu Idi tu duy khac nhau, da gdp phan hoan thien ky thuat trong phong each am nhac guitar cd dign.

TK XX, guitar dat dupc sy phd bien, lan rdng, nhung tai lieu nghien cuu, sang tae cho guitar dugc in an tren khap the gidi. Bgn canh sach xay dyng phat trien ky thugt theo nhieu each khac nhau, cdn cd nhftng sach de cgp den tinh khoa hgc, nang cao trinh do chuygn nghiep va tinh nghe thugt trong each choi dan guitar.

Chang han. nghien cuu chuyen dgng cua tay c6 trong cudn Science et Methode de la Technique Guitaristique cua Cardoso Jorgo (bac sT. nhgc sT ngudi Argentina), rat cd gia trj ve mat hpc thuat.

Thg manh cua guitar la sy tiep xiic trye tilp giua ngudi chai va nhac cy, tao nen nhftng dac trung am sac rieng biet vdi sy bien hda khdng thg doan trudc khi bieu dien. Trong tac pham Filicidace (chuyen sogn tu nhgc hat blue cua Moraes Jobim) cua tac gia Roland Dyens. giai dieu chinh dugc chai trgn Id dan md phdng sy mem mgi. ngdn nga ciia chat gigng. Nhung sau ndt giai dieu. ngay lap tftc tay phai chuyen xudng gan phia ngya dan dudi de chai md phdng dan nhgc dem vdi tinh chat ciing, nghigm khde, chinh xac cua hda am dem. cdng lam ndi bat Ien sy ngpt ngao cua giai dieu chinh (gipng hat). Tay phai ludn chuygn dpng, thay ddi vj tri gan nhu trong ca lac pham. Mdi lan bieu dien khac nhau, ky thuat gdy tao ngn nhung vdng chuyen ddng khdng gidng nhau, lam cho tac pham khdng bao gid cii. ludn hap dan khan gia.

Sy ket hgp giua cac ndt bam va day budng dugc khai thac triet dg tao nen nhung each chai hgp am ddc dao, nhu choi ddng am trong tac pham Etude Mil ciia Heitor Villa Lobos.

(xem tilp trang 72)

So 3621 Thang 8-20141