Gop y Du- thao sd-a doi Hien phap nam 1992 Tpp chf C 6 n g sAn
SITA DOI HIEN PHAP NAM 1992 VA CO CHE KIEM SOAT QUYEN LUC 0 VIET NAM
DAO TRI UC*
Tinh thing nhit cua quyin Igv nhd nu&c dugc xdc dfnh rit rd thdng qua vipc xdc djnh vi bdn chit xd hpi vd djnh hu&ng, mgc tiiu hogt dpng cua quyin l^ nhd nu&c&nir&c to. Du&igdc d^ cua cff chi kiim sodt quyin Iuc thi 0im chung nhai Id vipc thgv hipn sg- kiim sodt quyin l^c nhd ntr&c tir phia nhdn dan.
Tinh thSng nhSt cua quyen \\fc - ca sdr phip l;y d§ kilm soit quyen !\rc
Ngay tu Hien ph^p nam 1946 - Hifin phap dau tifin cua nudc ta, tinh thing nhdt vi bdn chat xd hpi eiia quyfin l\rc nha nudc da dugc khSng dinh: "Tat ck quyfin binh trong nudc la ciia tOEin thfi nhan dan \^pt Nam, khdng phan bi$t gidng ndi, gai trai, giau ngheo, giai cap, tdn gido"(Difiu 1). 'TSt ca quyen lye nha nudc d^u thude vfi nh3n dSn" da tifip tuc dugc khang dinh t^i cac ban Hifin phdp sau dd: Difiu 4 Hien p h ^ nam 1959, Bifiu 6 Hifin phdp nam 1980, Difiu 2 Hifin p h ^ nSm 1992.
Tinh thfing nh4t cda quyfin luc nha nirdc d nudc ta thfi hifin vk bat ngufin tir su thing nhdt vi dfnh hu&ng vd muc tiiu phdt triin dat nu&c, U sy Ihl hipn y chi va lgi ich cua nhSn dSn ^^fit Nam, dan tdc Vi$t Nam. Dinh hudng va muc tifiu chung dd dugc ghi nhan chinh thdc vk rdt rd rSng trong cac b ^ Hien phap. T^i Lai ndi ddu, H i ^ phap nSm 1946 xac dinh: '''Nhipm vu cua ddn tdc ta (ngudi trich nhin m^nh) trong giai doan nay la bdo todn I3nh thd, gidnh dde laip hodn todn vfi kifin thifit qudc gia trfin nfin tang dan chu". T^i Ldi ndi diu, Hiln phdp mm 1959 xdc dinh: "'Nhdn ddn ta (ngudi trich nhdn m^nh) nhdt dinh xdy dyn^ thanh cdng mdt
nudc Vifit Nam hda binh, thfing nhdt, dpc lap, ddn chu vd gidu manh". Hifin phdp nam 1980 tai Difiu 2 quy dinh: "Sd mfinh lich sd ciia Nhd nudc Id thuc hifin quyfin ldm chii tap thfi ciia nhdn ddn lao dfing, dpng vien va tfi chiic nhdn ddn tifin hdnh dfing thdi ba cudc each mang (...); xda bd chfi dd ngudi bdc lot ngudi; ddp tan mgi su chdng ddi cua bpn phdn cdch mang trong nudc, mgi hdnh ddng xdm lugc va pha hoat cua ke thu bfin ngodi; xay d\mg thdng lgi chii nghia xa hdi, tien tdi chd nghTa cOng san;
gdp phdn Cling cd hda binh vd ddy manh su nghi$p cdch mang ciia nhan ddn thfi gidi". Dfin Hifin phdp nam 1992, tai Difiu 3, myc tieu, dinh hudng chung ciia vipc thi^c hi$n quyfin Ivrc nhd nudc dd dugc xdc dinh: "Nhd nudc bdo ddm vd khdng ngdng phdt huy quyfin ldm chu vfi mpi m|it ciia nhan ddn, thvrc hipn muc tifiu ddn giau, nudc m ^ , xa hpi edng bdng, ddn chli, van minh, mpi ngudi cd cudc sdng i m no, tu do, h^nh phiic, cd dilu ki$n phdt triln todn dipn."
Nhu vay, tinh thong nhit cua quyfin l\rc nhd nudc dugc xdc dinh rdt rd thdng qua vipc xde
* GS, TSKH, Chi tjch H0i d^ng ngMi lu|t hgc, D^i hgc Qu6o gia HJk N^i
So 844 (thang 2 ndm 2013) 61
Gop y Dy thdo sua ddi Hien ph^p nSm 1992 T 9 P <hf C 6 n g sdn
djnh sv thong nhit vfi bdn chat xd h^i vd s\t thong nhit v l djnh hudng va m\ic tifiu ho^t dpng cua quyin l\rc nhd nudc d nudc ta.
Khi ndi vi hai ca s& quan trgng ndy cua tinh thong nhat ciia quyen lgc nhd nu&c lie gdc dp cua ca che kiem sodt quyen Igv thi diem chung nhat cua chung id & nhitng khd ndng to l&n trong vipc thgc hipn sg- kiem sodt quyin lgc nhd nuac tie phia nhdn ddn. Kha ndng dd dugc xdc djnh td nh&ng ylu to thudc ve nguyfin ly ciia sv thong nhit quyin Ive, dd Id:
+ Quyen lyc nhd nudc thong nhat, bdi chi cd mpt chu the duy nhit cua nd Id nhan dan.
+ Nhdn dan iiy quyfin cho Nhd nudc de th\rc hi^n mgt gidi h^n quyen \\tc do Hien phdp chl djnh vd gii} cho minh quyfin trvrc tiep thvc hipn quyen Ivc nha nudc.
+ Tir dd, nhdn dan ludn ludn Id chii thfi cd quyfin kifim sodt vi^c thgc thi quyfin luc ciia cac thifit chfi nhd nvdc trong cac ITnh vyc hogt dpng l^p phdp, hdnh phdp, tu phdp.
+ Vific kifim soat quyfin \\fc tu phia nhdn ddn dugc thve hipn trudc hit va trfin hit bdng vi?c tudn thu 'y chi va lpi ich ciia nhdn dan trong dudng ldi, chinh sach vd phdp lu$t cua Dang vd Nha nudc, trong td chuc vd ho^it dpng ciia cdc thiet che nha nudc vd trong hanh vi cua cdng chuc nhd nudc.
Ddy CO thi dugc coi Id kit lugn rdt quan trgng niu xem xet vdn de tie gdc dg kiem sodt quyin lire. Khdi nipm "nhdn ddn kiim tra, gidm sdt, kiim sodt quyin Igv nhd nu&c"
bao gom nhthig yeu to chu thfi kilm sodt dd Id nhdn ddn; khach the kilm sodt - dd la Nhd nudc vd hogt ddng ciia Nhd nudc; cdn cu d l kilm soat - dd Id y chi va lgi ich cua nhan dan.
Trong ba ylu tfi dd, khdeh the Id ylu td cd thl nhhi nh$n cy thl, cd tinh hihi hmh vi do Id nhung thilt chfi cy thl vdi nhthig chiirc ndng, nhiem vu dugc xac dinh, vdi nhQng hogt dgng cd thl quan sdt dugc. Nhung ylu td chu thl lgi cd tinh truu tugng, vi vgy, rit d l tgo cdm gidc rdng, ndi quyen Ivc ciia nhan ddn, quyfin Ivc
thong nhit chung chung nhu vgy thi khdng c6 CO chl d l kilm sodt quyen Ivc.
Khdi nipm "nhan dan" dung de chi mpt cpng dong cua mpi cd nhdn trong xd h$i tuy cd sv khdc nhau ve thdnh phin xd hpi, nhir ddn tdc, sdc t$c, hogt dpng chinh trj - xd h$i, quan dilm tu tudng, tfin gido, gidi tinh, nghl nghipp,... nhung thong nhat lgi, vugt lin tren sir khdc bipt xd hpi di co vd thi^ hipn mptf chl, mpt dfnh hu&ng, mpt muc tiiu phdt trm cpng ddng, dal nuac. Do vgy, khi ndi "ychiva nguypn vgng cua nhdn ddn" Id ndi dfin cac ^ chi chung. myc tifiu chung, khdng phai y chi vd myc tifiu ciia mgt hodc mpt so thdnh phin xd hpi ndo rieng rfi. Dong thdi, khj ndi: "Ngudi dgi bilu chju trdch nhipm trudc nhan dan" la ndi den trdch nhipm phdi tudn theo vd phyng sv y chi vd myc tieu chung dd. Chinh vl vay, Chli tjch Hd Chi Minh khi phat bieu trong l i ra mit ciia Qudc hpi nudc Vipt Nam Dan chii Cgng hda (dugc bdu ra trong cupc Tdng t u y ^ cu Ijch su ndm 1946) da ndi: '^Cdc dai bieu trong Qudc hpi ndy khdng phai dgi dipn cho mpt ddng phdi nao ma Id dgi dipn cho todn the qudc ddn Vipt Nam. Dd Id sv doan kit to ra ring Ivc lugng ciia toan ddn Vi$t Nam dd "ket Igi thdnh mgt khdi""'.
Nhu vgy, yfiu td chu thfi kifim sodt quyfin Ivc - Nhan dan - sfi trd nfin hiln hipn cv thfi vd ddy dli. Co sd, cdn cu ciia sv kifim soat quyen Ivc; y chi vd lgi ich cda nhdn ddn.
Cv chl phfin cdng \k ph6i hgp quyin lyre trong b$ miy nh& nvdv si khi nSng kilm soit quyin 1 ^ cua ca chld6
Moi quan hp giira cff quan Igp phdp vd hdnh phdp
1- Vdn M gi&i hgn Igp phdp cda Qudc hpi
(1) H6 Chi Minh: Toan 0p, Nxb. Chinh tri qu6c gia, H4N0i, 1995,t4, tr. 189
62 s i 844 (thiing 2 nam 2fH3)
Gop y Dy thao sua doi Hie'n phap nam 1992 T«p chf C 4 n g ><kn
Nhu dd nfiu d trfin, tuy Difiu 84 cua Hiln phdp ndm 1992, khdng nhu tmde day, dd xdc djnh dugc hp th6ng gfim 14 thim quyfin ciia Qudc hgi, nhung trudc dd, tgi Difiu 83, Hiln phdp lgi da phdc hga mOt "chan trdi rpng" khdc cho Qudc hOi: "Qudc hpi quylt djnh nhQng chinh sach co bdn vfi ddi npi va d6i ngogi, nhifim vy kinh t l - xa hpi; qu6c phdng, an ninh Ciia ddt nudc, nhihig nguyfin tic chii ylu vfi tfi chuc vd hogt dpng cua bp mdy nha nudc, vfi quan hp xd hgi vd hogt dpng ciia cdng dan".
Quy djnh ndy cua Hifin phdp rit trdu tugng, thvc chat van cd thl hinh dung mpt Qudc hdi cd todn quyfin. Trong khi dd, nhu dd ndi d trfin, ylu td c6 mdu sdc tgp quyfin ndy khdng thfi phu hgp dugc vdi ddi hdi vfi sv gidi hgn cua quyfin luc nhd nudc, bao gdm tit cd cdc bd phdn hgp thdnh quyfin luc do, trong dd cd quyfin lap phdp, trong mgt Nha nudc phdp quyfin.
Van dfi ddt ra la, trfin thvc tfi sv thieu gidi han dd cung khfing phu hpp vdi kha ndng Igp phap ciia Qudc hdi. Dd la ly do gidi thich vi sao nhifiu dao ludt dugc ban hdnh nhung hifiu luc thi hanh thdp vd khd di vdo cupc sdng, phai sua ddi bd sung nhifiu lan trong mpt thdi gian n ^ . Ngodi nhimg ly do khdeh quan vd chu quan khdc, thi ly do thifiu sv gidi hgn gida lap phdp va cdc hogt ddng khdc ciia quyfin Ivc nhd nudc, md cu thfi d ddy la giua Qudc hdi va Chinh phii. Id ly do co bdn. Cd thfi vi difiu do tua nhu "cay to qua dm khdng xue". Vi thfi, nhieu npi dung difiu chinh cua lugt dd phdi dva vao CO che iiy quyfin lap phap, da chuyen cho Chinh phli va cac bp, cac ngdnh quy djnh frong cac van ban quy p h a n khae, toong khi chiing ta chua thuc sv cd mdt ca chl uy quyfin lap phdp diing nghTa cua nd.
Thfim vao dd, ca chfi kifim tra cae vdn bdn quy pham phdp ludt qua nhilu ndm vdn chua hinh thanh rfi nfit va cd hifiu qua. Tit cd nhihig yfiu tfi dd dd hgn chl, thgm chf vd hifiu hda tren thyc t l khd nang kifim sodt quyfin Ivc tren bmh dipn ldp phdp, mac dii Hifin phap dd quy
djnh thim quyen cua Quoc hdi Id gidm sdt tdi cao vipc tudn theo Hiln phdp, lu^t vd nghj quyfit ciia Qufic hpi; bdi bd cdc vdn bdn ciia Chli tich nudc, Uy ban Thudng vy Qudc hpi, Chinh phu, Thu hrdng Chinh phii, Tda dn nhdn dan tdi cao vd Vipn Kiem sdt nhdn ddn toi cao nlu trdi vdi Hiln phdp, lu$t vd nghj quyfit ciia Quic hOi (Difiu 84).
Vi v§y, trong thvc tien hoat dOng ciia minh, Chinh phii dd rdt "rpng tay" trong vipc chli dpng thuc hipn cdc thdm quyfin md Hifin phdp dd quy dinh cho mpt ca quan dugc coi Id CO quan "chip hdnh ciia Qufic hdi", ca quan
"hdnh chinh nha nudc cao nhdt". Dd Id chua kfi cdng vfi sau, su "chu dpng" do ciia thvc tifin hogt dpng cua Chinh phii da dugc thfi chfi hda bdi difim b, khodn 2, Difiu 56, Luat Ban hdnh van bdn quy pham phap luat. Theo dd, dfii vdi nhung ITnh vvc quan ly nha nudc cd quan hp xa hpi mdi phdt sinh chua cd lugt, phap lfinh ho|c nghj quyfit cua Quoc hpi, Uy ban Thudng vy Qudc hpi difiu chinh, hogc chua cd dieu kipn xay dvng thanh luat, phap Ipnh, nghj quyfit cua cdc CO quan ndi trfin thi Chinh phii xin y kien cua Uy ban Thudng vy Qudc hpi ban hanh nghj dinh dfi difiu chinh. Day thudng dugc gpi la "Nghi dinh khdng ddu". Va trfin thvc tfi, trong nhieu nam qua, da ra ddi rit nhifiu "nghi djnh khdng diu" dy trong nhifiu ITnh vuc quan ly nhd nudc va quan ly kinh tfi.
2- Vdn de dia vi phdp ly cua Chinh phu trong mdi quan hp v&i Qudc hpi
Khi ndi den Chinh phu, Hiln phdp hipn hdnh quy dinh "Chinh phu la co quan chip hdnh ciia Qudc hpi" va la "ca quan hdnh chmh nhd nudc cao nhit ciia nudc CHXHCN Vipt Nam" (Dilu 109, Hiln phdp nam 1992).
v l mgt phdp ly, Hiln phdp da d^t Chinh phli vdo vi the mgt co quan thv ddng vdi vai trd chip hdnh va thi hdnh. Khdi nifim "eo quan chip hanh ciia Qudc hpi" khdng thl ldm rd vi tri, thdm quyfin ciia mOt co quan hdnh phdp vi ndi dfin hanh phap Id ndi den mfit pham vi, mpt SA 844 (thang 2 nam 2013) 63
Gdp y Dy thdo sua doi Hien phap nam 1992 • < h l C 6 n g •
nhdnh tjuyln Ivc nhd nudc. Dieu 2 cua Hien phdp, bang vipc xdc l§p nguyfin lie vl sy phdn cdng vd phli hgp quyin lyc. dd d$t ra nin ldng cho sv dpc I4p vd phli hpp quyen Ivc. Dd Id sv phdt triln Ifin mgt mdc cao ciia tinh phdp quyen trong t l chdc quyin Ivc d nudc ta. Chi cd thl cd sy "phdn cdng" vd sv "phoi hgp" khi cdc phgm vi ciia quyen Ivc Id dde l§p. Vi v^y, moi quan h^ nhv hipn nay giO^ Quoc h^i vd Chinh phu, ca quan hdnh chinh nhd nvdc, co quan chip hdnh ciia Quoc hgi, dd din din hp qud cua sv phdn cdng quyin Ivc khdng rd rdng vd cung vi thl, khdng the bdo ddm sy phoi hgp theo diing nghTa ciia nd. Vd lgi vi thl, Chinh phu theo Hiln phdp ciia Vi?t Nam hi$n hdnh chua thvc sv Id mgt co quan hdnh phdp diing nghTa ciia khdi ni^m dd.
Vfi m^t hifin djnh, ein phdi thay ddi de Chinh phu Id co quan thvc hipn quyin hanh phdp, ldnh dgo hp thdng hdnh chinh nhd nvdc, cd quyin chu d$ng trong vi^c hogch djnh chinh sdch tren co sd phdp lugt vd chju trdch nhipm trudc nhdn ddn, trudc Hiln phdp vd phdp lu^t chd khfing chi chju trach nhipm tnrdc Quoc hpi vd cdng khdng thfi trudc Uy ban Thudng vu Qudc hpi.
Trong ITnh vuc !$p phdp, sv phdi hgp giQa Qudc hpi vdi Chfnh phii d nudc ta thudng dugc ly gidi bdi con s6 cdc dv dn lugt do Chinh phu trinh Qudc hpi. Hipn nay, trfin 90% sfi cdc dv an lu|it, phdp Ipnh la do Chinh phii trinh Qudc hdi, Uy ban Thudng vv Qu6c hdi. Dilu do da trd thauih thudc do trong hogt dpng xay dvng phap lugt. Sv phoi hgp trong hogt dpng ldp phdp Id dilu kipn quan trgng d l Chinh phu ed thl chli ddng de xuit chinh sdch, dua chinh sanh Ifin thdnh lu$t Ddy ciing Id con dudng quan trgng d l Quic hpi cd thl dung tr^n Igp trudng cua co quan dgi dipn eho nhfin ddn kilm tra hogt dgng cua Chinh phu, kilm tra djnh hudng hdnh dpng va sv thl hipn trdch nhi$m vd ndng Ivc ciia ca quan hdnh phip tnrdc nhan dan.
Tuy nhifin, d l ldm dugc vipe dd, Hiln phdp chua tgo ra dugc mpt ca c h l ddnh gid hirdc vd sau dv thdo dv dn ludt. Vi vgy, chit Ivgng dv ^n lugt, thdi hgn ciia k l hogch xay dung phdp lu^t, yfiu ciu ve bao ddm tinh ddng b$, tfnh h$ thong, tinh hgp hlfin cua cdc vdn bdn phdp lugt id nhChig vin d l ndi cgm hipn nay trong hogt dpng xdy dvng phdp lugt d nudc ta. Nhilu dgo lugt dd tgo nhQng khodng trdng dilu chinh dan din sv tiiy tipn gidt thich va tiiy ti^n bd sung khdng diing tham quyen trong qud tnnh dp dyng phap lugt tir phfa ck ca quan hdnh phdp.
Dk khdc phyc tinh trgng trfin ddy, ngodi vi^c tgo ra mpt c a chfi kifim sodt vdn bdn hihi hipu, Hifin phdp can xdc djnh mpt gi&i hgn ve phgm vi Igp phdp cua Qudc hpi vd quyen diiu hdnh cua Chinh phu. Kinh nghipm ciia nhieu quoc gia tren the gidi cho thiy rdng, ITnh vyc thdm quyfin Igp phdp cua qudc hpi gdn lien vdi nhihig gia trj cdn ban nhdt vd dn djnh nhat cua ddi sdng xd hpi, cua qudc gia, cua ca nhan con ngudi ma nhd nudc khdng the Aoai thic trach nhipm bdi bit ky mpt ty do nao.
Neu xfit tu gdc dp kifim sodt quyin Ivc thi vipc xdc djnh dugc gidi hgn hogt dpng Igp phap ciia Qudc h^i va quyen difiu hdnh cua Chinh phli sfi tgo c a sd cho su xac djnh c&c m$t sau day trong m6i quan he quyen lyc.
Mgt Id. dd sfi Id gidi hgn dfi ( ^ d c h$i - co quan l^p phdp, thfi hipn trdch nhipm ciia minh trong vipc dira y chi cua nhdn ddn, chti truong, dudng ldi cua Dang len thdnh lu^t. Cd thl D6i ring, vipc dilu chinh phdp lu§t khdng kjp fljoi cdc quan hp x3 hpi hi^n hihi Id bieu hipn cua sv quan lifiu trfin binh d i ^ 1 ^ phap tnrdc nhu ciu buc xuc vfi mpt tr^t tv p h ^ lu^t, m^t mdi trudng phdp ly - c a sd d i u tifin cho sv an todn phdp \y ciia nhdn ddn v i sv phdt triln b ^ vihig cua d i t nudc. Dd cung la bieu hi^n trdch nhi^m cita Nhd nudc trong vipc phin dnh va b i o v$ lgi fch chdn chinh cda c i c nhdm, cac giai ting xd hpi.
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Gop y Du thao su'a doi Hien phap nam 1992 Tqp chf C 0 n g s d n
Hai Id, ttr phia ca quan hdnh phdp, vi^c xdc dinh mpt ranh gidi Igp phdp r5 rdng la dilu kifin quan trgng dfi hogt dpng hdnh phdp khdng
"ldn sdn" hogt dpng ldp phdp. Bdi vi, nhu dd noi d trfin, phdn co ban cua phgm vi thim quyin Igp phap Id lifin quan din cdc quyin con ngudi, quyfin cfing dan, cdc Igi ich ca bdn nhit ciia quoc gia, do dd, sv "lin sdn" frong hogt dpng lap phdp tir phia ca quan hdnh phap khdng don thuin chi Id sv vi phgm thim quyen ma cdn la nguy ca cda sv vi phgm cdc quyfin con ngudi, quyfin cdng ddn, cdc Igi fch qudc gia, ddn tpc.
Ba Id. gidi hgn ro rang cua quyfin l|p phdp sfi la difiu ki^n dfi ddnh gid tfnh chu dpng vd hifiu qud cua hogt dpng hanh phap ciing nhu tfnh hpp phdp ciia cdc quylt dinh vd hdnh vi trong ITnh vvc hanh phdp.
Nhihig phdn tich tren ddy cho thdy ring, Hien phdp hifin hdnh cua Vifit Nam chua tao ra dugc mdt co chfi phdn cdng va phdi hgp thdt su diing din cho hoat dpng cua hai bd phdn quyfin luc vdn cd quan hp mgt thifit vdi nhau nhung cung dfi cd su "va chgm" bdi ban tinh va chuc nang cua chiing. Dd chinh la mpt sv bat cdp trfin binh difin difiu chmh cua Hifin phdp. Trfin thvc t l , su bit cap phdp ly do da tgo ke hd cho sv tuy tipn, thifiu trdch nhiem va khd xac djnh trdch nhipm trong qud trinh thvc thi quyfin Ivc nhd nudc.
Moi quan hp giua ca quan 1^ phdp vd tu phdp, giira hdnh phdp vd tuphdp
Mpt trong nhQng dilm dac sic khi ndi vfi ca chl tfi chdc vd vdn hanh quyin Ivc nhd nudc d Vipt Nam tir nam 1945 din nay la v i ^ ghi n h ^ trfin binh difin Hiln phap vd phdp ludt (lAc Id v l mat phdp ly) sv dde Igp ciia tda dn, cua cdc CO quan tv phap.
Hifin phdp ndm 1946 da dua ra mdt su xdc dinh ey Ihfi v l khdi nifim cdc co quan tu phdp.
Theo dd, ca quan tu phdp cua nudc \^fit Nam Dan chu Cpng hda gdm cd: Tda an tdi cao, cdc toa phiic thim, cdc tda dn d? nhi cip vd sa cip
(Difiu 63). Dfin Hifin phdp ndm 1959 vd tilp theo dd Id cdc bdn Hiln phdp ndm 1980, ndm 1992 tlii dd khdng cdn khdi nipm ca quan tu phdp vd xuit hipn hai logi co quan Id toa dn nhan dan vd vi^n kifim sdt nhan dan, trong do cdc tda dn dugc xdc dinh Id nhQng ca quan xfit xu. Chinh sy thay ddi ndy cua Hifin phdp dd lam phdt sinh sv tranh lugn chua den hoi kfit v l khdi ni?m ca quan tu phdp. Vin de trd nen bdc Xlic khdng chi trfin binh dipn Iy lu^n hdn lam ma trudc hit Id vfi m^t thvc tiln tfi chdc vd hogt dpng ciia cdc co quan cd lifin quan, nhu tda dn, vifin kifim sdt, cac co quan difiu tra hlnh sv, cdc CO quan thi hanh an. Thyc tifin td chdc va hoat dpng cua cdc co quan ndy da mac nhifin dua tit cd cdc CO quan dd vdo dudi mpt cdi ten chung la cac CO quan tu phdp. Bing chung la Nghj quylt sd 49/NQ/TW, ngdy 2-6-2005, ciia Bp Chinh trj vfi Chifin lugc cdi cdch tu phdp den nam 2020 da dfi ra nhihig djnh hudng vd giai phap cdi each cdc co quan tu phap vd ndi dung nhifim vy cua mpt loat cdc ca quan kfi tren dd dugc dua vao hp thdng cdc co quan tu phdp.
Trong khi dd cd thfi thdy mpt m^t khdc cua van dfi la ngoai sv gan kfit vdi nhau bdi ITnh vuc hoat dpng va myc tifiu hoat dpng, cdc ca quan, nhu tda an, vifin kifim sat, thi hdnh an cd phuang thiic td cfaiic, hogt ddng va co chl van hanh rat khdc nhau. Tda dn Id cdc co quan xet xu; hoat dpng cua toa dn dugc chl djnh bdi mgt he thdng thu tuc nghifim ngdt va cd su mpnh la cho dva dang tin cay cua nhan dan trong sv tim kilm vd bdo v$ cdng ly. Tda an cd vj tri dpc l$p trong mdi quan he vdi ca quan lap phdp vd ca quan hdnh phdp. Trong khi dd, cdc ca quan khdc deu it nhilu cd mdi lifin hp chat che vdi co quan hdnh phdp, nfiu khdng ndi rang chinh chiing Id cac co quan hdnh pluq), nfiu xet theo bdn chat vd chuc nang, nhifim vy trong hp thfing b0 may nhd nudc. Vi vgy, td nhifiu gdc dp, trong dd cd yfiu cau vfi su ldnh dgo cua Ddng ddi vdi cdc ca quan tda an, vifn kifim sdt, dieu h^, thi hdnh dn, cung nhu tu gdc S6844(tbdrtg2aslra20]3) 65
Gop y Dy thao sua ddi Hien phap ngm 1992 T ^ p chf C 6 n g sdi
I
dp vfi sv gidm sdt, kiem tra, ddnh gia hi^u qud hogt dpng cua cac ca quan dd. deu cd nhieu dicm khdc nhau.
Tgi lin sua doi ndm 2001 ciia Hien phdp ndm 1992. Vi?n Kiem sdt nhan ddn dvgc xdc djnh Id CO quan "thyc hdnh quyen cdng t^ vd kiem sdt cdc hogt ddng lu phdp" (Dilu 137).
Nfiu vdi tinh cdch Id mdt ca quan tu phdp.
chuc ndng cua Vi?n Kiem sat trong vifc gidm sdt hogt dpng ciia cdc co quan tu phdp khdc md trvdc hit Id tfia dn Id thieu cdn cd. Sv khdng rd rdng trong cdc quy djnh ndy cd thfi dan din nhimg sv thilu nhit qudn vd thilu ch$t chfi cua qud trinh su dyng quyen lyc nhd nudc. Ke tir Hicn phdp ndm 1946 dfin nay, tda dn nhan dan d nudc ta da trai qua nhChig cdch thuc hinh thdnh khdc nhau. Theo Hifin phdp 1946, tit cd cdc tham phdn deu do Chinh phii bfi nhifm.
Dieu dd gdn nhu dugc Igp Igi trong thdi ky Hifin phap nam 1992 den nay vdi sy bd sung tham quyen bfi nhifm tit cd thdm phdn cua Chli tjch nudc, rdi sau dd Id thdm quyin ciia Chli tich nudc chi bd nhipm thim phan Tda dn nhdn ddn tdi cao, cdn thdm quyin cua Bp trudng Tu phap la bd nhipm cac tham phdn khdc md hipn nay thdm quyin dd thupc v l Chanh dn Tda dn nhan ddn tdi cao. Hifin phap ndm 1959 vd Hiln phdp nam 1980 dd quy djnh chfi dp thdm phdn biu.
Cd thl thiy rdng, "hdnh trinh" ciia chl djnh hmh thdnh quyfin tu phdp thl hifn mgt sy tim tdi nhthig tifiu chi cho sv rd rang v l bdn chit ciia hogt dpng tu phdp vdi tinh cdch td mpt bp phdn, mpt "nhdnh" quyin Ivc nhd nudc, tim tdi ve nhQng tieu chi cin vd du cho sv dpc Igp cua tda dn vd sv phdi hpp vd kilm sodt trong qud Mnh ttivc hipn quyin Ivc nhd nudc nhung vln td ra bit cgp vd nlu xfit theo Id-gic nhihig difiu dd, thgm chi chua thl vugt qua dugc gii trj cua Hiln phip ndm 1946. Vi lfi:
Thie nhdt, theo ban Hiln phdp nay, ca quan tu phdp dugc khdng djnh duy nhdt la cdc tda an. Ndi khdc di, theo dd, tu phdp Id xfit xir.
Thic hai. Hien phdp ndm 1946 quy djnh rd rdng ring, trong khi xfit xu, cdc vifin thdm phdn chi tuan theo phdp lugt, cdc ca quan khdc khdng dugc can thifp (Difiu 69).
Thie ba, Hifin phdp ndm 1946 dd chfi djnh riS ring thim phin do Chinh phu bo nhifm (Dilu 64). Q day cin nhd lgi ring, thdnh phin Chinh phli bao g i m Chu tjch nudc, Phd Chu tjch nudc vd npi cdc (Thu tudng vd cdc bp tnrdng),^- • Nhu v^y, cd the thiy rit rfi mpt vfi ciia cacWj
"kifim sodt vd can bdng" trong mdi quan h?
gii^a hinh phip vd tu phip...
Chl dd tgp quyin xd hdi chii nghTa cua thdi' ky phdt Irifin sau dd ciia Hifin phdp nudc ta dd in dau i n rd net trong mdi quan hp giQa ca quan Igp phdp vd ca quan tuphdp. Neu Hi&i phdp ndm 1946 khdng djnh mpt cdch mgnhmfi nhu dd nfiu trfin \e vj tri cua c a quan tu p h ^ thi Hill) phdp \ e sau nay dd dua ra mgt quy djnh hodn toin theo hudng tgo sy giim sat ddi vdi tda i n tir phia ca quan dgi difn: 'Tda an nhdn dan tdi cao chju trich nhifm v i bio cao cdng tic trudc Quoc hpi, trong thdi gian Quoc hgi khdng hpp thi chju trich nhipm vd bio cdo cdng tic trudc Uy ban Thudng vy Qu6c hpi.
Cdc tda dn nhdn din dja phuang chju tridi nhifm vd b i o cio cdng tic trudc hpi ddng nhin ddn dja phuang" (Dilu 104 Hiln phfq>
ndm 1959, Dilu 136 Hiln phdp ndm 1980, Dilu 135 Hiln phdp ndm 1992).
Chinh vi theo Id-gic cua quan difim tap quyfin - tinh trgi ctia t$p phdp, cita eg quan dgi difn ma kfi c i trong Hiln phe^) nam 1946 vd tir dd cho dfin nay, d Vift Nam, trong suit may chyc ndm qua, chua cd khii nipm vfi sy xem xet tgi lugt ctia Qudc hpi bdi ^ a dn; dli vdi cdc vdn bin ctia cdc c a quan hdnh phdp thi chi cd vifc xfit xu vd phan quylt ciia ^ a hink chinh ddi vdi cdc vdn bdn hdnh chinh ca bift m i khdng phii l i cic van bin quy phgm vkf: <
ciing chi mdi bit d i u khong lau td cudi thl k^
tnrdc vdi tit c i nhihig sv khd khdn vd hgn che ciia nd.Q
66 Sf) 844 (thans 2 nam 2013)
