Sll CAN THIET VA GIAI PHAP

I Dim ddn phdt trim _. Nghiin cufu, thiei: lap h i thong tuyin hang hai tai vinh Ganh Rai-Vung Tau:. Sll CAN THIET VA GIAI PHAP I g . L £ VAN THfej Pho giam doe Cing vy Hlng hai VungTJu. KHU VUC VINH GANH RAI-VUNG TAU LA CUA KHAU HANG HAI QUAN TRONG CHO TAU THUYEN HANH THNH. RA vAO, NEO DAU, DON T R A HOA TIEU, THUC HIEN c A c DICH VU H A N G H A I. DE DEN, RCfl CAC C A N G THUOC. DIA PHAN CAC TINH B A R I A - V U N G T A U , TE HO CHI MINH, DONG NAI, BINH DUONG, DONG THAP, MY THO VA QuA CANH CAMPUCHIA.. T. heo thong kg, hang nam binh quan co khoang 35.000 lUdt tau biln hanh trinh qua Vjnh, chdng 70% trong so do II tlu bien CO trgng t l i tren 2,000 DWT va khoang 3% la tlu container (tlu container trgng t l i Idn nhit din 157.000 DWT chilu dai Idn nhat 367m, mdn nude day t i l din 15m). Ngoai so lUdng tau bien ngu trgn, hang nam eon eo khoing 60.000 lUdt t l u cao t6c canh ngim, t l u ea va phuong tien thiiy ngi dja hanh trinh ra vio cle cing va can cd hau cin nghi e l trong khu vUe. Ciing ydi sU da dang eua chimg loai t l u thuygn hoat dgng trong khu vyc (tlu hang thUdng mai, giln khoan cong trinh dau khi, tau dich vu diu khi, tlu quan sd, tau eong vu, tlu khieh, tau song, t l u el, tau dua don hoa tigu, tau thdc hien djeh vu cung Ung nhien lieu, thue pham,..) va. mat dp giao thong hang hli rat Idn tai vinh Ganh Rai la tinh chat phiic tap vg tuyin hli trinh eiia m6i loai tau thuygn, cu thi; ngoai ele tuyin hanh trinh chuan t i c trgn luong hlng hli: Vung Tlu - Thj Vli, Sal Gon - VOng Tau, song Dinh, cdn CO tuyen hanh trinh truyln thdng ciia cac t l u khieh: Cau Quan {Vung Tau)Can Gid/D6ng Hda (TR Ho Chi Mmh), Cau Quan (Vung Tau)-Vlm Ling (Tiln Giang), tau eao toe Vung Tau-Bach Dang (TR Hd Chi Minh) v l cle tuyin tu phat eiia tau ca, lau hoat dgng eung dng, dich vy... Do do, ngu khdng nghien edu, thilt lap quy dinh ve ludng luu thong eho mdi loai tau thuyen dac thii thi khong ehi gay kho khan cho cdng tic quIn ly ma eon tilm an nguy cd mat an toan hang hli trong khu vUc. Mat khle, vdi viec td chdc tilp nhan cac tau container trgng t l i trgn 100.000 DWT (mdn nUde thuc t l eiia. t l u thudng la 13 - 14,5m; van toe toi thieu du eho t l u an III tren 8 knots) v^a cang Cai Mep-Thj Vli trong dilu kien ciia luong Vung Tau-Thj Vai chilu rfing Ifln nhat chi dat 310m, dp sau 13,5 - 14m v l luong CO nhilu diim ehuyin hudng thi trong thdi diem tneu kiet, mgt so \kw container thugc doi tUdng "tlu bi mcln nude khdng che" v l eo hai tlu eiing h M trinh tranh, vUdt gan nhau tnang pham vi luong hep se khd khan trong dieu dgng trinh va v l h i m an nguy ed va eham vcli t l u trgng t l i nho do hign tUdng "hai Uu hilt nhau".,, Hdn nUa, kit qui dieu tra nguygn nhan cae vu tai nan dam va xSy ra tai vjnh Ganh Rai td nam 2009 ih nay cho thiy: vdi luu Iddng eao, ch^ng loai, kich thudc t l u thuyen da dangnhil tren va dy kiln so lUdng tau thuyen ra viiO; khu y\ic tang binh quan khoing 5% hlng nam thi viee duy tri mgt luong hlng hSi. j0. 1 4 fe^'G:ll\lvn-•,T^A\l. Ik., u.. _ Dim dan phat trim " ^ J ^ Chung cho tat e l cac loai t l u thuyen nhu hien nay la khong eon phii hdp v l khong bio dim an toln. Vi vay, can thilt phli nghien edu, thilt lap he thong tuyin hang hli nhim nang eao bien phIp bio dam an toan hlng hli va tao dieu kien thuan ldi eho eong tac quIn ly, dilu dgng t l u thuyen hoat dgng trong khu vyc, Xuat phat td nhu eau thyc t l va trgn cd sd nghien edu mo hinh mgt s6 he thong tuyen hlng hai die trdng trgn t h i gidi, tinh nang dilu dgng tau thuyin, dieu kien thye t l khu vuc va cae nguy co gay mat an toan hang hli phat smh tU hoat dgng eiia tau thuyen tai vmh Ganh Rli, trong pham vi bai viet nay toi xin manh dan trao doi, kiln nghj mgt s6 giai phIp thiet lap he thong tuyin hang hli tai vmh GInh Rli-Vung Tau. Nhu ehiing ta da bilt, he thong tuyin hlng h l i d i u tien tren the gidi dUdc Phap, Anh eiing To chdc Hang hai quoc te (IMG) nghien cdu ap dung cho Dover Straits (eo biln Dover) td nam 1961 va chinh thdc holn thien vio nam 1967, den nam 1971 he thong phan ludng nay da dUdc IMG phg duyet va yeu cau bat bugc t l u thuyen phli tuan thii. De tieu ehuan hda he thong tuyin hang hli, IMO da nghign edu, ban hanh cac quy dinh ed lien quan nhU: Quy djnh v l tuyen hinh hli eiia t l u tai ChUdng 5, Cong ddc qudc t l v l an toan sinh mang eon ngudi tren bien, 1974 va cac siia doi (SOLAS 74/78); Dieu 10 - "Hanh trinh trgn cac hg thong phan luong" eua Quy tie quoe t l phong ngda dim va tau thuyin tren bien, 1972 (Cofreg 72); Nghj quyit A.284 {VIII) thong qua ngly 20/11/1973, Nghj quyit 572(14) thong qua ngay 20/11/1985 va cle sifa doi... Cau trile ed bin ciia hg thong tuyin hlng hli (Routeing System) I I mgt hole nhilu tuyin hinh h l i hole eac bien phap phan tuyin hanh h l i hudng din mye dich gilm nguy ed gay nguy hilm cho hoat dgng ciia tau thuyin, no bao gom: Phan luong giao thdng {Traffic Separation Scheme), tuyen hinh hai hai ehilu (Two-way Route), tuyin kiln nghj (Recommended Tracks), viing nUde phia bd eho ele tau nhd, t l u e l hanh trinh, dinh bat (Inshore Traffic Zone), vdng xoay (Roundabouts), khu vdc can tranh (Areas to be Avoided), khu vdc einh bao (Precautionary Areas), tuyen nude sau (Deep Water Routes), Iu6ng luu thdng (Traffic Lane), dli/dudng phan cleh (Separation Zone/Line), hudng luu thong dUde thiet lap (Established direction of traffic flow), hudng luu thong kien nghj (Recommened direction of traffic flow). Trgn cd sd nhdng quy dmh. Sd do minh hoa hg th6ng tuyin hang hai tiiu chuin ciia iMO v l cae hudng din, khuyen nghj ciia Hiep hgi Hli dang va Bao hieu hang hli quoc t l (lALA), hien nay r i t nhieu khu vyc vinh, eo bien, luong tlu.., tren the gidi da dUdc thiet lap v l eong bo he thdng tuyen hang hli (tham khao them tai an pham "Ship' Routeing" cua IMO). Theo quy dinh ciia IMO, mue dich nghien cUu, thiet lap ciia bat ky tuyin hanh h l i nao cung deu phu thuge vao tdng holn eInh nguy hiem hlng hai cy the m l can phli gilm bdt. Vay hoat dong hang hli tai vmh Ganh Rai t i n tai nguy ed gay mat an toan gi va Ida chon giai phap thiit lap hg thong tuygn hang hai nhu the nao cho phii hdp: 1. Nguy cd ti^ tau hanh trinh doi hddng hoac gan nhd doi hddng tren luong Trong vmh GInh Rli {doan td phao "0" din phao "9"), van toe dong chay Idn nhat II tai khu vuc ha luu phao "8", phao "9" va khu vUc phao "2", phao "3", niu dao dgng bien do tnlu la 3m thi toe do dong ehly Idn nhat dat khoang 3 knots. Khi tnlu xuong, hudng dong gin trung vdi hudng luong nen dieu dgng tau xuoi ddng se kho khan hdn ngUde dong; nhung khi trigu len, hUdng ddng chay tao vdi hudng luong goc khoing 30 - 40°, tie dgng manh len than t l u khien t l u bi dat v l phia tim luong (tlu vao b! dat trai manh tren doan tU phao "I" den phao "5", tau ra lai bi dat trai manh tren doan td phao "9" den phao "7") khien viee giCf hudng, digu dong tau bam bign luong gap kho khan. VI vay, khi t l u hinh trinh trong luong hien hdu (ehieu rgng 310m) va bj tae dgng manh eua ddng ehly/gio, viec dieu ddng tranh va giCfa cac t l u container trgng t l i Idn, tau bj kh6ng ehi bdi mdn nude hole t l u chd hlng hoa sieu trudng.. sieu trgng vdi tau thuyen khae ddi hoi phli than trgng va kmh nghiem, ky nIng cua thuyen trudng ciing nhu hoa tieu din tau, De gilm nguy ed "doi dau" v l tren cd sd dg sau ciia ludng hien hflu, do sau ciia vimg nude co be rong 150m nam dgc hai ben bien luong Vung Tlu-Thi Vli (td phao "0" din phao "13", phao "14"), co t h i to chUc phan luong giao thong nhu sau: Hinh thlnh he thong phan ludng gdm tuyin ndde slu (Deep Water Routes DW) d giQa cho tau hinh trinh hai chilu va hai luong luu thong (Traffic Lane) nam hai ben "DW" eho t l u hinh trinh mSt chilu, cu the: - d giUa, thilt lap tuyen nude sau c6 bg rong 310m II luong Vung Tau-Thj Vli hien hOu cho tau mdn nUdc Idn hanh h l i hai chieu.. - Hai ben tuygn ndde sau, thilt ilp hai luong luu thong cd b l rong 150m nim dgc "DW" cho t l u hinh trinh mgt chieu (tau din, hinh trinh luong luu thong phia phli; t l u rdi, hanh trJnh luong luu thong phia trai), Ket qui khio sat do sau cho thiy: do sau cua vimg nude eo b l rgng 150m nim doe hai ben bien Iu6ng Vung Tlu-Th| Vli (td phao "0" den phao "13", phao "14") dat toi thieu 7,5m (so vdi muc so "0" h l i dd) nen tren cd sd tieu chuan thilt ke, tinh nang dilu dgng eiia tau thuyen va dilu kien tU nhign khu vuc CO t h i xle dinh: hai ludng luu thong neu trgn dip dng yeu cau eho t l u c6 LO,A khong qui 135m, mdn nude nhd hdn 7,0m hanh trinh mgt chieu; trudng hdp CO kinh phi d l tien hanh nao vet dai can (do slu 7,5m; kich thudc 6,03km x 2km) nim phia ha luu phao so "5" din ^ do slu 10m thi ca hai luong luu thong ^ f l. HANG HAI VIET NAM • So6/2014. ^. "'^ Ji Dim dan plidt trim _ dat do sau toi thieu 10m v l co kha nang hip nhan cac tau 12 000 DWT diy tai hanh trinh an toan, Ngan each/dUdng bien gida DW va luong luu thong mot chilu la dudng phan cleh (Separation Line) bdi cac han ehi v l dieu kien tu nhien khu vUc khong cho phep thilt lap dai phan each (Separation Zone), - Thyc t l cho thiy, tau hanh trinh nhap bd tU phia bien tilp can khu vyc phao "0" hoac viing don tra hoa tieu ngoai phao "0" rit tuy tien, vi vay can nghien cdu keo dai phan luSng giao thong ra phia bien de ble dam an toln. 2. Nguy cd phIt smh td tuyen hanh trinh truyln thong, tU phat cua cae tau khich chay tuyen: Cau Quan (Vung Tau) - Can Gid/D6ng Hoa (TR Ho Chi Minh), Cau Quan (Vung Tau)-Vam Ling (Tien Giang), tau cao toe Vung Tau-Bach Ding (TR Ho Chi Minh); tlu ca, tau hoat dgng eung dng, djch vu...: Tien hanh dilu tra, tham vin true tiep td cac thuyen trUdng va phoi hdp vdi thuyin trudng, chii tau khIo sat thyc dja tdng tuyin truyen thong de nghien cdu, quy dinh phan luong giao thong cho tdng doi tUdng cu the hoac tdng nhom d6i tugng. Gidi han cua moi tuyin dUdc xle dmh bdi dii phan each la gidi han hanh lang an toan cua Den Oval hay cle dii can hoac dUdng phan cleh la dudng tilp tuyin vdi cle vj tri neo dau. 3. Nguy cd td hanh trinh t l u chay cat ngang tuyin giao thong: Thyc tg td hoat ddng cDa t^u don tri hoa tieu, t l u cung. dngdjch vu hang hli, tau khich eao toe .. trong khu vUc thudng xuyen b§t bugc phai ehay cit ngang lulng. Mat khle, tap quIn rat nguy hiem ciia t l u e l II chay cat hudng tlu Idn dang hanh trinh trgn ludng de "lay hen", vi vay can can cd quy dinh tai Dilu 10 Colreg 72 v l tinh chit dac thii khu vUc de nghien cdu quy djnh goc, vi tri tau thuyin dUde phep chay eit ngang he thong phan ludng. 4. Nguy cd khi tlu thuyen td nhieu hudng hgi tu tai khu vyc giao nhau giUa ba eda luong: Vung Tlu - Thj Vli, song Dinh va Vung Tau - Sai Gon: Thilt lap vong xoay (Roundabouts) tai khu vuc giao nhau gida ba tuyin luong de hUdng din giao thdng di theo chilu ngUde kim dong ho xoay quanh vung phan cleh hinh tron, dongthdi thilt lap khu vdc eInh bio (Precautionary Areas) tai day 5. Nguy ed tau thuygn mic can tai bli can Ranza hoae khu vyc co dp sau han ehi khlc: Xac djnh gidi han khu vUc v l thiet lap khu vyc can tranh (Areas to be Avoided) de canh bao, phong ngUa tau thuyin bi mic can, 6. Nguy cd phat sinh td hinh trinh cua tau ca tU cae ben: Td Bin Da - ViJng Tlu, Bai TrUdc - Vung Tau, Cda Lap Song Dmh (Vung Tlu) ra khdi v l ngUde lai hoae cle phUOng tign thiiy nho khac: khu vyc nly nim gida phan luong giao thong v l dudng bd biln phia Vung Tau hay phia Cin Gid can thilt lap viing nude phia bd (Inshore Traffic Zone) cho cle tau nhd, tau c l hanh trinh. PhUdng tien. " ^ 1 6 H ANCHAIWETNAM. • So 6/2014. giao thong trong khu vyc giao thfing g^n bd dugc phan each vdi phUdng tien giao thong trong phan luong giao thong lan can bing cae d i i phan cleh hole dudrg phan each, 7. Nguy cd tau bien hip can he thong phin luong td nhieu hudng 6 phia bi^n, cin thiet lap hudng Idu thong kiln ngtij (Recommened direction of traffic flow) eho ele t l u tiep can he thong phan luong tu phia bien (tlu ehay tuyin Bic - Nam; tlu din td khu vde Bie A hole Dong Nam A..,) nhim bao dim trat tU, an toan giao thong. 8. Nguy cd td thue hien che 66 th6ng tin lign lac khong kip thdi, dung quy dinh: Tren he thing phan lulng, nghien cOu thiet lap cle diem ygu cau bat bugc tau thuygn phli bio cao, lien lac vdi Tram VTS Vung Tau. Mac dii lulng qua khu vdc vjnh Ganh Rli khdng dai nhUng co mat do cao, chimg loai t l u thuyen da dang va cfi nhilu tuyin, hUdng boat dgng eiia tau thuyin khac nhau nen viec thilt lap h^ thong tuyin hang hli la can thiet. Tuj nhien de bao dim tinh khi thi, can phSi to chUc nghien cdu chuyen sau, dau tu khao sit hdp ly nham thilt lap he thon^ tuyen hlng hli phii hdp, dip dng nhu c^i hinh hai an toln eho tau thuyin \£ (Tai lieu tham khao-. Solas 74/78, Colreg 72; Nghi quyet A.284 (VIII) 572(14); an phim "Ship' Routeing" cii IMO; cac binh do dd sau khu vi/e). ,ii" L:.