l i B j a l ^ v a Tai nguygn Moi Iruong Thua Thicn H u i Hfii Pia ly Vict Nam
Nghien cu>u, danh gia tilm nang du Ijch tmh Dien Bien phuc vu SLP dung ho'p li tai nguyen va bao ve moi tru-ang
Tran Thi H i n g , Nguyin Khanh Van Abstract
Assessment of tourism potentials for rational uses natural resources and environmental protection its Dien Bien province
Being a province with a high tourimi potential, Dien Dien has diversified natural and human resources which enable different forms of tourism, such as ecotourism. leisure, trekking, sightseeing, entertainment.
Mowever, Dien Bien has noi really benefited from these advantages in its effort of developing the local tourism.
In this paper, ice offer a systematic study of the natural and human tourism potential of the province, as well as an assessment of the present situation of its lourism activities and recommendations Jor a sustainable lourism indiisir}' development with regards to a rational use of national resources and environment protection.
L D A T V A N D E
Dien Bien li mgt tinh mien mii nam xa nhit d phia Tiy Bac ctia To quoc dugc thanh lap ngiy 26Ihang 11 r>am 2003 theo Nghj quyit sd 22/2003/QHI1 ciia Qudc hgi (ve viec chia vi diiu chinh dia gioi hanh chinh mgt sd tinh). Dicn Bien nam Irong viing inh hudng ciia tam giac tang trudng HaNgi - Hai Phong - Quing Ninh va duac ndi vdi lam giic niy qua QL 6, dudng thuy sdng Da, dudng sat qua lio Cai vi dudng hang khdng Hi Noi - Dien Bien.
Dien Bien la mdt linh thd cd nhieu sdng sudi thic ghenh, vuc sau, hang ddng ki thii ciing thio Iiguyen bao la, mpl mau xanh mugl, khi hau quanh nam mit me. Dicn Bien cd nhieu diu tpc anh em mang nhung net dgc dio rieng trong van hoa cong ddng, Iai la vung dat co be diy Iich sir vdi nhicu di tich vi danh thang nhu Khu di tich lich sir Dien Bien Phii, Sd chi huy chien djch Mudng Phang.. Ben Cjinh do lii nguyen sinh vil ciia Dien Bien het sire da dang, d day co cic khu bio ton thien nhien (KBTTN) Mudng Nhe, Mirdng Phang vdi nhieu loii dgng thuc vat quy hiem, cd tinh da dang sinh hpc (DDSH) thudc loai cao d Viet Nam rat thi'ch hgp de phat trien du Iich van hda ket hgp vdi du lich sinh thai.
Ben cgnh nhung Igi the tiem nang do, phit trien du ljch ciia Dien Bien ciing cdn gap rat nhicu kho khan: Tiem nang tu nhicn, tii nguyen du ljch chua dugc danh gia, id chiic, khai ihic ddng bg, cic lo^ii hinh du Ijch, san phim du ljch vin cdn don dicu, chua cd tinh lien ket, qui trinh phit trien cdn mang nhieu sic thii ty phit, vi die biel diu do da bit dau cd nhiJng diu hieu "phit trien ndng", inh hirdng den tii nguyen moi trudng, gay nhirng anh hudng xau ddi vdi xa hdi, De du Iich Dien Bien cd the phat Iriin manh, tuong xung vdi tiem ning vdn cd, vdi lgi the ve tai nguyen vj Ihe ciia lanh Ihd,
•rong khudn khd bii bio chiing tdi long hgp, phan tich dinh gii lgi mdt cich tdng quit, cd he ihdng ve tiem nang du ljch tu nhien vi nhin van ciia Dien Bien, tim ra nhii'ng cai dugc va chua dugc ciia thyc trang hoat dpng nginh du lich dja phuang vi dua ra nhtrng djnh hudng, giii phip de phit trien du lich Bien Bien bin virng, tren quan dicm sir dung hgp ly lii nguyen vi bio ve mdi trudng.
"91 IIQC Tdy Bac ' f'M Dia ly
K LY KINH TE - XA HOh DJA LY CMINH TRI - QUAN SU
Hoi Pialy vaTai nguyen Mfii truong Thiia Thien Hue HQi Pja ly Vict Nam 2. PHAN T i c n TIEM NANG, THE MANH DU LICH TINH DIEN BIEN
2.1. Tai nguyen du lich ty nhicn 2.1.1. Vi tri dia li, pham \i lanh thd
Di?n Bien co dien lich lu nhien 9 562,9km2 td 20''54'den 22°33'vi do Bdc vd lie 102°J0'din 103°36'd6 kinh Dong, phia bdc gidp tinh Lai Chdu, phia Dong va Dong Bdc gidp ti'nh Son La. phia Tdy Bdc gidp linh Vdn Nam cita Trung Qudc, phia Tdy vd Tdy Namgu'qj vdi Imh Phongsali cua IMo.
Cling nhu cd vimg Tdy Bdc. tmh Dien Bien co vi tri quan trong ve quoc phong, an ninh Trong \ii6t chiiu ddi lich su Dien Bien luon giTr vai ird Id vi tri lien don. Id dia bdn chien lu\rc quan trong n ong phong lhu ddt nudc. Cdc di lich lich sir ve chien thdng Dien Bien Phu, thdnh lain Van. thdnh Bun 'hit Id nhimg ddu son hdo hung trong lich sir dung mrdc vd giic mrdc ciia ddn tdc la Tir thdnh pho i 'nen Bien Phu co lhi thong ihirang vdi cdc nudc ban qua cdc cira khdu Ma Lu Thdng (Lai Chdu) 195 .in, din cira khdu Tdy Trang ddi 7/7 km vd ve tdi Hd Noi Id 474 km. Vdt vi Iri tiep gidp vdi hen nudc '••tin Ldo vd Trung Quoc vi tri lanh tho Dien Bien ngdv nay da Ird thdnh indt dang tdi nguyen vi the • lan Irgng. Theo Trdn Diic Thgnh. [duac in'ch ddn Irong /IJ) "Tdi nguyen vi the Id nhinig gid tri vd If: ich CO diro'c tie vi tri dia ly vd cdc thuoc linh ve tdn ink. binh the sent vdn vd canh quan. .sinh thai cua mot khong gian. co the sir dung cho cdc miic dich phdt trien KT-XH. ddm hdo ANQP vd chii quyen quoc gia" Vdi vj the dqc biel do co the thdy ldi nguyen vi the cua Dien Biii' chinh Id mgt trong nhiing ca s& ban ddu cdn thiet cho phdt trien du lich, hgp tdc du lich lien ket, nhdm khai thdc lot han nhinig ldi nguyen du lich khdc cua dia phuong.
2.1.2. Dicu kicn dia hinh, dja mgo, dja chit
Dja hinh Dien Bien mang die trung cua viing Tiy Bic vdi hinh thii chia cit phuc lap, cic day nili cao chgy dii theo huong Tay Bac - Ddng Nam, xen ke la nhtrng thung lung hep. Do cao trung binh Ihay ddi lii 200 - 1800m. Dia hinh thip dan lir bac xudng nam va nghieng din tir lay sang ddng.
Cic thung lung, cac sdng sudi nhd hep phan bd khap noi tren dja bin tinh, trong dd ticu bicu la thung liing Mudng Thanh trii phii tha mdng, day la canh ddng rdng nhit vimg Tiy Bac cung cap sin phim ggo lam Dicn Bien thorn ngon ndi tieng. Xet tren khia cgnh tii nguyen du ljch "Ldng chao Dien Bien" con dugc quan lam den nhu la mdt di sin dja mao (DSDM)' hinh thinh bdi chuyen dgng keo tach (pull-apart) ciia cic he dut gay iruot bang. Di san nay rit can dugc dia phuong va cac nhi chuyen mon phoi hgp trien khai nghien cuu chi liet hon, dinh gii, xep hgng, quy hoach bao ldn hoac khai ihac cac gia trj cua nd phuc vu ddi sdng vat chit, linh than ciia cgng dong ndi chung va ciia ddng bio linh Dien Bien ndi rieng.
0 dp cao khoang 1000 m deo Pha Din nhu mdt danh gidi chuyen liep ciia lu nhien, con dudng qua deo la diem hen de nhieu du khach dirng chan, vdi mdt ben la vich niii, mgt ben la vuc sau, cac dang dja hinh lu nhien lhi nhau the hien nhifng qui trinh dja chat dgc dio ciia minh.
Dien Bien cdn cd nhu'ng dang dia hinh dc!, khdng gian thoing dang thich hgp cho cic hoat dong da ngoai, tham quan... Ben canh nhirng cinh quan nui - ddi - cao nguyen hiing vT, Dien Bien cdn co he ihong nhii'ng hang ddng tu nhien, chira dyng biit bao hinh thii huyin ao. Cau tgo dja chit lanh i!i'"' da tao cho Dien Bicn nhieu thing cinh: Dia hinh cacxto vdi hang logt hang dgng dep nhu Pa 1 ii'^m- ' DSDM Id nhirng yen lo, dang dia liinh hoac lap hop chiing tao nen nhimg th&ng cdnh. nhiing ky quan. chung phdn dnh nhiing qua trinh dia mqo noi, ngoai sinh irong qud khu vd hi?n tai. diiu hen c6 dia ly cSng nhu hch suphdt tnen ciia hf mai ihgch quyen khu virc. dong thdi cluing phdi ddm bao duac cdc gid In chinh cho nghien cini khoa hpc ve Trdi dit. cho giuo due vd thudng ngoqn thdm my ciia con ngirdi. gid tn vi kmh le jl]
HOI nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6; Thdnh pho Hue. 9/2012
SaMPja ly va Tai nguyen Moi tru-ong Thira Thien HiiJ Hoi Pia ly Viyt Nam
ipjlm Khirong (xa Chiing Sinh, huyen Tuan Giio).. Dac biet la bang Thim Bing (xa Biing Lao, buy?" Tuan Giio) - mot hang co co ve dcp nguyen so, cao gin lOOm vdi nhieu ngach, da tim dugc d
^y mpl sd diu tich ciia ngudi xua nhu riu, chay bang di. He Ihdng cac hang dong ciia Dien Bicn khfing chi eg gii trj ve mat du lich ma cdn co gii trj vi mat dja chat, md ra nhirng ihdi ki khic nhau (pjng Hch sir phit trien cua mien dat niy.
Co the thay dieu kicn dja hinh, cinh quan ty nhien ciia Dien Bien li ngudn lai nguyen du lich qu^gii, cho den nay van chua dugc nghien ciru, danh gii can ke cho phat triin du ljch. Djnh hudng du Ijdi d Dien Bien can diu tu chiiu siu, nghien cii'u ky, ty mi nhung khia canh vi dia hinh, cinh quan,
^h^ thong hang ddng lim ca sd tang them luin cir khoa hgc cho phit trien du lich sinh thai, tim hiiu ty ' nhien, van hda lich sir ciia ngirdi ban dia vimg dal nay
2.1.3. Tai nguyen khi hau
Khi hau Dien Bien dugc hinh thinh dudi su tic dpng ciia cac nhin t6 nhu buc xg Mat Trdi vanh dai chi luycn, hoin luu khi quyen vi be mil dem. Net chung ciia khi hau Dien Bien li nhiet ddi gio miia cd miia ddng lanh viing mii va cao nguyen, cd che dp mua miia he ndng im, miia dong lanh, kho rio, kliong khi trong linh, chan hoa anh ning.
Chi dp nhiel irong nam hinh thanh hai miia ro ret, miia he cd nin nhiet kha cao trung binh khoing 25°C, mua ddng ncn nhiel Ihap. dao dgng irong khoing tir 14 - i8°C. Bien dg dao dgng nhi?l ngay-dcm ldn, lot cho cic chuyen hda trao doi chat irong co the con ngudi. Dac bict nhiel do co su phin hoi rii ldn theo do cao dia hinh. o nlmng do cao tir 600-700m trd len, nhiet do miia he mit ban hin d viing thap vi la ca sd de \ay dyng nhiing khu nghi mit, nghi dudng miia he d viing nhiet ddi.
Dien Bien cd che do mua mua he, lugng mua trung binh hing nam lir 1300 mm den 2000 mm, Miia mua dii 6 thing (lir thing 4 den thing 9) tap trung khoang 85-90% tdng lugng mua nam, trong tildi ki nay phii het sue chii y den nhung Iran mua Idn do inh hudng cua cic hoan luu bao, ranh thip, hpi lu kinh hudng... co the sinh ra lu dot nggl gay cin trd du ljch, leo niii, tham quan nghien ciru lu nhi€n. Miia khd la thdi ky hogt ddng ciia gid miia miia ddng tir thing 11 den thing 3 nam sau, diy li th6i diSm thuin Igi cho cic hoat dgng du xuan. id chirc cac le hdi iruyen thdng nhu le hpi hoa ban, le hpi dua thuyen duoi en tren song Da. Trung binh hing nim Dien Bien co khoang 120-130 ngiy mua.
Danh gia chung ve tii nguyen khi hiu ddi vdi sue khde con ngudi, phat trien du ljch cho thiy:
Difn Bien che do hire xg, may, ning, gid, dieu kien nhiet do, do im vi che do mua deu khi tdi cho sire khoe con ngudi, thuan lgi cho hoat dgng du ljch. Tuy nhien tir thing 4 den thing 7 d nhiJng vimg thip c6 gio lay kho ndng, cic thing 4-5 cd the cd td ldc xay ra vi lir cudi thing 11 den diu thing 2 nam sau la thdi ky cd nhiiu ngay suang mil. Suong mil mot mat cin trd tim nhin cua du khich trong cac hogt .dpng du Ijch da ngoai, tim hiiu tu nhien, mil khac phong cinh hung vT ciia Dien Bien vdi sucmg mii vio buoi sing vi chiiu t i cung li nhung net die thii ciia tii nguyen khi hiu du Ijch dja phuong rit can
^ugc khai thic d nhu-ng thdi gian, khdng gian hgp ly hgp ly.
2.1.4. Dac diem tai nguyen Qirdc va cac song, ho
Di^n Bien nim d dau ngudn 3 con song Idn la sdng Da, sdng Ma vi sdng Me Kong, trong dd tieng luu vuc sdng Da tren cic huyen Mirdng Nhe, Mudng Chi, Tiia Chiia, Tuan Giio va thj xa Mudng Lay cd dien tich khoing 5,300 km2, chiim 55% dien lich tu nhien loan tinh. Phan luu vyc nay bao gom 18 phu luu ldn nhd, trong dd cd 5 phu luu dien tich ldn hon 500km2. Cac h^ thdng sdng chay qua nhiiu dgng dja hinh khac nhau tgo nen nhieu thic nudc tuyet dep. Mat kliic nudc sdng tuong ddi S9ch, cd y nghia ldn trong viec cung cap nudc cho cic khu du lich, phal trien logi hinh du ljch song nudc.
SALY KINH TE-XAllOl; DIA LY CHJNH TRI - QUAN SI/ 891
Hgi Pja ly va T i i nguyen Moi truong Thua Thicn Hui Hoi Pja ly Vict Nam
Dien Bien cdn sd hiru nhiiu ho nudc nen iha in hien giira niii rirng trimg diep, ndi tieng la h6 Pa Khoang d xa Mudng Phang, huyen Dien Bien. Ho rdng tdi 600 ha, vao niia ddng suang md bao phii tgo nen phong cinh huyin io, mdt liiu vung khi hgu die bi^l di chju dugc binh thinh d diy, ben hi rdng thip thoing bdng nhi sin xinh xin, Ihlcli hgp vdi du ljch sinh thai, nghi dudng. Cach thinh phi Dien Bien khoang 15 km \ e phia lay nam la hd UVa cd ngudn sudi khoang ndng tu nhien, nudc co tic dung vgl ly trj lieu, chua cic benh vi suong, khdp, vi benh ngoai da... Sudi nudc ndng Hua Pe 6 lay bic thanh pho Dicn Bien Phii ciing nhiiu nguin nudc khoing khic nCra da hinh thinh nen nhirng diim du ljch sinh thai kit hgp nghi duong, chua benh, lhu hiil ddng dio du khich gan xa. Nguon nudc ngam cua Dicn Bien khi phong phii tap irung chu yiu d cic ihung lung Idn nhu Dien Bicn, Tuin Giio, cac tiii nudc hinh thanh d do siu tir 20-200m, nudc cd chit lugng lot dam bio phuc vu cho du khich din nghi ngai. sinh hogt.
Q nga ba sdng , noi Nam Na hgp luu vdi song Da (Thj xa Lai Chiu cu) cd mgt dii thung king hep ba mat li niii, nhin ra sdng. Noi day, iren vach mii ben bd song Da cdn mgt bia da iCr nam 1432 ghi lai diu tich ciia Le Lgi tren dudng danh giac...
Co lhi thiy tii nguyen nudc, cic sdng hd, dgc biet li cic ngudn nudc khoing ndng phuc \u du Hch, chua benh, phuc hdi sue khoe, chirc nang li mgt trong nhiing lhi manh vi tainguyen du lich ciia Dien Bien, niu dugc nghien ciru ky hon, quy hoach vi hinh thanh nhirng khu dieu duong nghi ngoi chifa benh chic chin se tao dieu kien cho du lich dja phuong phat iricn.
2.1.5. Tai nguyen sinh vat va da dang sinh hoc tinh Dicn Bien
La mgt tinh mien niii, Dicn Bien cd ticm nang ldn ve riing va dat rii'ng. He dpng thyc vgl phong phii da dgng, gii trj kinh lc cao. Tinh Dicn Bien ndi tieng vdi cac KBTTN Mudng Phang, Mudng Nhe.. la nhO-ng noi rirng nguyen sinh cd sinh cinh da dgng, vdi nhiiu loit ciy gd quy nhu lit hoa. cho chi, po mu va nhieu logi ciy thudc nhu sa nhin, ha thii 6 do... Nhin lir tren cao KBTTN Mumig Nhe vdi phong cinh mil rirng rit cd hdn va dep nhu mgt birc tranh. Nhu trong giai thieu ve nd: "pha lan trong miu xanh ciia ciy rii'ng, miu ving rye ciia hoa cue quy ciing mau vang do cua nhii'ng doan dudng dat chua dugc trii nhua, la nhdng nep nha san, nhi la vdi kich cd to, nhd khac nhau nam rii rac ben ve dudng, ven sudi va xen Iin trong ca nhiJng liim cay ram rgp, um tiim, thap thoang phia xa xa la nhii'ng nggn niii nhip nho, lugn sdng, noi tiep nhau ciing chay dua dudi inh nang mat trdi"[l3].
KBTTN Mudng Nhe cd tdng dien ti'ch khoang 310.262 ha gdm 10 xa bien gidi la noi cu tru ciia cac dan tpc it ngudi : Ha Nhi, Kho Mil, Mdng,., Q diy co gan 118.000ha dat rirng tu nhien, trong do, co rit nhieu canh rirng nguyen thuy nhu: riing thudng xanh tren dit thap, rirng thudng xanh niii ihap, rirng thudng xanh tren mii cao vi rirng trc mia dang dugc bio tdn nguyen ven. Noi day cdn la noi cir trii ciia nhieu logi dgng vgt quy hiem.
Theo lii lieu ve KBTTN Mudng Nhe d day cd khoang 291 loai dgng vat: 55 loai dac hiru, qui hiem nhu: riia da, voi, bo tdi, giu chd, hd, bio, soi do, te te, ciy hucmg, meo rirng.,, va 45 loii dugc ghi trong sach dd Viet Nam. Mgt s6 lai lieu nghien ciru trudc day cdn cho thiy: Vao dau nhirng nam 80 ciia thi ky trudc, KBTTN Mudng Nhe cdn khoang 200 con voi, 300 con bd tdt, 35 loai bd sal, 59 loai thu khac va 270 loai chim Ben canh dd, he thuc vat rirng d day ciing kha da dgng ve chiing loai, cd khoang 740 loai thyc vat: 35 loai thyc vat qui hiim, 29 loai sach dd Viet Nam va Sach do thi gidi, trong dd, nhieu loai cd gii trj die biet ve mat khoa hgc nhu: chd dai, ddi xuong, chd nudc, lit hoa, cho chi, pa mu, trim huang,.,. Rieng cay lay gd cd 112 loai, cay thudc nam quy hiim cd 68 loai.
Vdi he sinh thii rirng phong phii nhu vay, KBTTN Mudng Nhe dugc danh gia la khu bao tdn c6 linh da dgng sinh hgc (DDSH) cao vao loai ldn nhit Viet Nam. Bdi thi, viec bao loan KBTTN Mudng Nhe cd y nglila rit quan trgng, ci vi DDSH, he sinh thai lan rimg phdng hd sdng Da. Trong tuong lai
Hgi ngh; Khoa hoc Dja ly Todn qudc ldn lhu 6; Thdnh phd Hui. 9/2012
Hgi Pia ly vi TaJ nguyen Moi trudng Thiia Thien Hui Hoi Pja ly Vi^t Nam gan, ncri day se trd thinh diim du ljch sinh thii hap din vi nghicn ciru khoa hgc doi vdi du khach trong vi ngoii nudc.
Hien nay viec khai thac cho myc dich du lich cdn gap mgt so cich ird, vice diu tu con ngudi, phucmg lien cho viec bio ton rat han che, tinh irang suy thoii tii nguyen, mdi trudng van ticp tuc dicn ra.
2.2. Tai nguyen du ljch nhan van
Tinh Dien Bien cd 21 din tgc sinh song vdi long din sd la 491,046 ngudi (dicu tra din sd ngiy 01/04/2009), chu yiu la ngudi Thii (-38%), tiip dd li H'Mong (-30%) vi Kinh (-20%). Cd lhi dicm qua nhirng lai nguyen du ljch nhan van ciia mien dit nay d nhiing khia canh ljch sir hinh thinh, da dang van hoa, da dgng ve danh thang nhu sau:
2.2.1. Ljch sir viing dat
Dien Bien la vimg dat cd. Cic di lich nhu hang Tham Khuong. Than Biia (d Tuan Giio) da chimg minh thdi ihugng co da cd mil ngudi Vict cd. Den the ky 9 - 10, ngudi Lu d Mudng Thanh da phal irien khi mgnh, vi inh hudng manh sang cac khu vuc: Sin Ho. Mudng Lay. Tuin Giio... The ky 11-12, ngudi Thai den theo tir Mudng Om, Mudng Ai trin xudng chiem Mudng Ld (NghTa Ld) va lir Mu'dng Lo thdi gian sau dd, nhung cu din niy iheo lhu ITnh ciia minh li Pii Lang Chugng dc trin qua Than Uyen, Van Bin. , va cuoi cimg lam chii ci mpt viing lir Mudng Ld (NghTa Lp) qua Mudng La (Son La), tdi Mirdng Thanh (Dien Bien).
Ten ggi Dien Bicn do ihicu Iri dal nam 1841 tir chau Ninh Bicn: Dicn nghTa li virng chai, Bien nghTa li vLing bien gidi, bicn ii. Phu Dicn Bicn (Uic Dicn Bicn Phii) thdi Thicu Trj gom 3 chiu: Ninh Bien, Tuan Giao vi Lai Chau, Ten gpi Dicn Bien hay Dicn Bicn Phu xual hicn tu' do [12]
Ngiy 7/5/1954 nai day da lam nen chien thang ljch su Dicn DJen Phii "Iirng Iiy nam chiu cha"!
dgng dja cau", chim dtii 80 nam nd Ie dudi ich thyc din phong kien.
2.2.2. Ba dang cac dan toe va van hoa ban sac dan loc
Dien Bien li tinh cd nhieu din tdc nhu Thai, H'mdng, Mudng.,,, moi din tgc lai co ban sac ' rieng ve van boa truyen thdng, cd tiem ning van hda phi vit the, tgo kha nang thu hiil khach du lich, Cac le hpi van hda rat da dang, phong phii, mang dam bin sac din tdc. Lc Han Khuong cua ngudi Thai va inpt so din tpc Tiy Bac dicn ra vio giifa Thu vdi ldi hit, truyen ke trong khdng khi am cung, lao nhi, Le mirng ming mgc vao diu miia mua ciia ngudi Mang, Khing, La Hii, Phii Li, Kho-mii dicn ra khi nhirng biip ming mdi nhii. Rdi let cam mdi cua ngudi La Hu, le ciing bai ciia ngudi Cdng... lal ca lam nen mdt chudi Ie hgi diy ban sac cic dan tpc ciia mii rirng Tay Bac.
Hing nam d day cdn id chiic cac le hgi ldn nhu lc ki nicm chien thing Dien Bien Phii, le hdi thanh Bin Phii, hgi Hoa Ban.., Du lich vc din tgc hgc la the mgnh ciia Dien Bien. Dd Ii nen van nghe din gian vdi cic nhac cu dgc dao, cic dieu miia die sac, huyen bi. Den vdi Dien Bien du khich cdn dirge thudng thirc cic mdn an hip din mang huong vi dgc trung cua niii rirng Tiy Bac.
2.2.3. Cac di tich van hda -- ljch su
Dicn Bicn la linh giau liem nang du lich, dac biet la ITnh vuc van hoa - ljch su. Noi bit nhit la he thing di lich ljch sir chien thing Dicn Bien Phii gom: Sd chi huy chiin djch Dien Bien PhCi - Mudng Phang; cac cir dicm Him Lam, Bin Keo, Ddc Lap; Cac ddi Al, Cl, Dl, El va khu trung tam tgp doan cu diem ciia Phap (Khu him Ddcit), Quin the di lich nay li ngudn tai nguyen vd ciing quy gia di phat trien du Ijch khdng nhirng cua tinh Dicn Bien, cua Tiy Bac mi cdn cia ci nudc.
DTTLY KINI I TR - XA HOI. DjA l.Y CHJNl I TRi - QUAN ST — — — — 393
HQi Pja ly va Tai nguyen Moi trudng Thira Thien Hui llgi Dia ly Vict N^
Khu di tich Sd chi huy chiin djch Dien Bicn Phii - Mudng Phang each thinh phd Dicn Bien Phj khoing 40 km dudng bd vi 10 km duimg chim bay thugc xa Mudng Phang huyen Dien Bien B§ cl^
buy chiin djch Dien Bien Phu da ddng lai Mudng Phang trong vdng 105 ngay (ttr 31/1/19^:4 ^^^
15/5/1954). Cac co quan cua Sd chi huy chiin dich Den Bi^n PhCi dugc xiy dung dgc theo con sudj nhd, chgy quanh chan niii Pii Ddn, tren mgt dien tich tu nhien khoang 90km', dugc bd tri thinh mpt U thing lien hoan, bao bgc trudc sau cd him hao, lin trai thuan tien, phii hgp vdi tdc do lam vice khin truong ciia Bd chi huy chiin djch dam bio dugc bi mat vi an loan tuyet ddi. Tal ca lan trgi diu dirgu lam bing nhii'ng vat lieu don so tranh tre vich nua khai thac ngay tgi rirng Mu'dng Phang, Khi hau d diy lgi quanh nam mit me nen day la diem dirng chan cd y nghTa ljch su quan trgng dang di cho du khich trong va ngoai nudc Iham quan, ghi nhd vi cii nhin khai quit chan ihuc ve mgt thai k) lich sir vdi nhirng ngudi con sinh ra lir ddng rudng da lam nen chicn thing hio hting, thing chii nghiii ihuc dan Phip, gianh ddc lip ly do cho dan ldc mi y nghTa cua no da vugt ra ngoii bien gidi Viet Nam.
Dien Bien con luu giiJ nhiiu di tich lich su khic nhu: Din Dai gii Dai vuong (xa Mirdng Thanh, Dien Bien) thd vj tudng ddi Tran hi sinh khi dcp gigc, thanh Bin Phii (xa Nong Het. Dien Bien) gin lien vdi cudc khdi nghTa ndng din cua Hoang Cdng Chat (l''39-1769), di tich Npiiy Nhai (xa Thanh Xuang, Dien Bien) vdi tugng dii ghi dau tgi ic ciia thyc din Phip ngiy 25-3-1954.
3. DANH GIA TIEM NANG, THlTC TRANG DU LICH T I N H DIEN BIEN THEO CAC TIEU CHI PHAT TRIEN BEN VU"NG
3.1. Hi^n trang du Ijch tinh Dien Bien 3.1.1. So lugng khach du lich va ket qua kinh doanh
Nam 2004 ki niem 50 nam chiin thing Dien Bien Phu, sy kien nay da thu hut sir chu y ca irong vi ngoii nudc, tir do den nay iugng khach du ljch den Dien Bien ngay mpt ling len. Tinh da lo chirc thinh cdng nam du ljch Dien Bien. Nginh du lich trd thinh mdt nginh kinh le quan trgng gop phan chuyen dich ca ciu kinh ti, tao them nhiiu cong an viec lam cho ngudi din. Khich du lich den Dien Bien trong giai dogn 2004-2011 dgt 1 747 ngin lugt. Trong do, khach quoc li dgt 248 ngan lirpt (chiem 14,19%) tdng lugng khich). Nam 2010, Dien Bien ddn 305 ngan lugt khich, irong dd khich du 'jch qudc ti dat 52 ngan lugt, lhu nhgp xa hpi tir hogt ddng du ljch dgt 150 ty ddng, tang gap 3 Iin so vdi nam 2005. Nam 2011 ddn 353 ngin lugt, lang 15,7 % so vdi nam 2010, Trong do khich qucic li dat 64 ngin lugl, tang 23% so vdi nim 2010.
3.1.2. Ca sd vat chat ky thuat va lao dong trong nganh du lich
Trong thdi gian gan diy, hien trgng ve co sd luu tru tgi Dien Bien da cd nhirng budc chuyen bien rd net theo hudng nang cap cac ca sd hien cd vi xay dyng cac ca sd mdi bang ngudn vdn Irong nudc hogc ciia nudc ngoii. Tgi thanh phd Dien Bien Phii he thdng khich sgn, nha nghi dugc phat triin tuang ddi hien dai va ddng bg, dgt tieu chuan quoc ti.
Nam 2005, loan tinh cd 27 co sa luu trii du ljch, trong do 3 khach san dgi tieu chuan 2 sao, 1 khich san dal lieu chuin 1 sao, 10 co sd dgt lieu chuin phuc vu khach, 1 doanh nghiep dugc Tdng cue Du Ijch cap giay phep kinh doanh lii hinh qudc te. Din nay, toin tinh cd 73 co sd dang hogt done kinh doanh du ljch, vdi long so 1.111 phdng/2.240 giudng (tang 677 phdng so vdi nam 2005). Trong <16 5 khich san dgt lieu chuin 2 sao, ! khich san dat lieu chuin 1 sao, 19 ca sd luu tru dgt tieu chuan phuc vy khich du lich. Ben cgnh dd ia 48 nha nghi, nha d cd phdng cho khich du Ijch thue, 3 doanh nghiep dugc T6ng cue Du Hch cip giiy phep kinh doanh lir hinh quoc ti; 80 nhi hang; 8 ban van hda va iren 20 khu, diem di lich ljch sir, danh lam thing cinh cd kha nang dap ung nhu ciu vi nghien cuu. Um hieu vin hoa. van nghe, le hgi, im thuc..Vira qua, Tdng cue Du ljch di xip "hang Khu du ljch sinh thai 89't Hgi nghi Khoa hoc Dja ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6; Thdnh phd Hue, 9/.'ii!^
p^iPja 1> vi Tai nguyen Moi Irutng Thira Thicn Hue H^i Pja ly Vigt Nam [jjni Lam (Ihudc Cdng ty ITsJHH Xay dung va Thuang mai sd 6) dal tieu chuin 3 sao. Khu du ljch sinh "thii Him Lam cd quy md ldn nhal tinh (ca dien tich lan tdng mirc dlu tu), khu du Iich cd khudn vien d?p, ling mgn vi yen tTnh.
Dpi ngii hudng dan vien, le tan va nhan luc hogt ddng trong nganh du ljch tang len vi sd lugng nhimg chua dim bio dugc chat lugng, phan nhieu li lao ddng pho thdng chua qua trudng Idp. Diiu nay g^y "^" nhiing khd khan khdng nhd cho su da dgng hda cic Ioai hinh du lich d day.
3.1 J . Ctf sd ha tang
Ddi vdi nginh du Ijch, ca sd ha ting li nhung yeu Id ca ban nham khai thic hieu qua tiim nang du ljch, ning cao cjiit lugng cac san phim du lich vu du ljch, quan trgng nhit la th? thdng giao thdng van tai, thdng tin vien thdng, he thdng eip thoit nudc vi cung cip dien. Cic di ti'ch lich su hien nay tai Dien Bien da vi dang dugc triing tu, tdn tgo, song vin giii dugc net nguyen ban. Cac tuyin dudng quoc id, tinh lg lien huyen dugc cii tgo, dap ung ngiy mgt tdt hon nhu cau cua du khach. De din Dien Bien, du khach CO the theo tuyin dudng bd hoac dudng hang khdng. Vdi tuyin dudng bd, du khach cd thi xuit phal tgi cic diem: Ha Ndi, Hai Phdng, Thai Binh, Lao Cai. Trong nhiing nam gin day he he thdng thdng tin lien lac, dicn, nudc ciia tinh cd su ling trudng vugl bic, timg budc dugc nang cip phuc vy yeu ciu phattrien kinh ti - xa hgi va du lich.
3.2. Danh gia du ljch Dien Bien theo cac tieu chi phat triin ben vung
Phit trien bin vung (PTBV) cic hogt ddng kinh te trong do cd kinh li du ljch la mdt chiin luge lau dai, no li dgng luc thiic diy sy phat triin kinh le - xa hgi ciia tinh Dien Bien ndi chung. Theo T6 chiic Du ljch thi gidi UNWTO nam 1992 "DLBV la viec phit triin cic hogt ddng du ljch nhim dap fag cac nhu ciu hien lai cua khich du Ijch vi ngudi din ban dja trong khi vin quan tam din viec bao ton va ton tao cic ngudn lai nguyen cho viec phit trien hogt dgng du lich trong tuong lai. DLBV can coke hoach quan ly cic nguon tii nguyen nham thda man cic nhu ciu ve kinh te, xa hpi, tham my cua con ngudi trong khi do vin duy tri dugc su toin ven ve vin hda, da dang sinh hgc, sy phit trien ciia , cac HST vi cac he thdng hd trg cho cupc sdng cita con ngudi" [4, 5], Chinh vi viy d mirc dp khai quit
chiing tdi danh gii su phit trien ciia du ljch Dien bien theo cac khia cgnh ve kinh te, ve van hda - xa hpi va ve tai nguyen - mdi trudng nhu sau,
3J.1. v i kinh te - Tieu chi khach du ljch
Sd lugng khach du lich nam trudc tang hon nam sau, loc dg lang trudng binh quan dgt 18,14
%/nam, Trong tieu chi nay hogt dgng du lich cCia tinh cd the dinh gii dat yeu ciu phat trien ben viing.
- Tieu chi ve doanh thu du Iich
Thu nhap xa hgi tir hogt dgng du hch giai dogn 2004 - 2011 dgt 789,9 ty dong, tdc do tang trirdng binh quan dgt 13,8%/nam. Doanh thu tang nhanh ca vi s6 lugng vi chat Iugng. Su tang doanh thu du ljch theo cac nam the hien ti'nh ben virng trong phit trien du lich.
- Tieu chi vi ca sd vat chat ky thugt phuc vu du ljch
Cac CO sd luu trii tang len nhanh, tdc dg tang trudng Irung binh li 28yo/nam, cdng suit su dung c^c CO sd nay thay ddi theo tinh thdi vy ciia hogt ddng du lich. Cac khu vui choi, giai tri d Dien Bien
^ g dugc diu tu, phal trien ning cap. Day li yeu to ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec keo dii thdi Bian luu tru cua khich va tang them hieu qua kinh doanh.
BIA LY KINH TE - XA HOl: DIA LY CHINH TRI - QUAN SU
Hoi Dia ly va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thiia Thicn Hui Hoi Dja ly Vict Nam Tuy nhien mirc phit triin ciia logi hinh djch vu niy cdn nhieu han che, hinh ihuc dan dicu, [luiu su hip dan. cin quan tam diu lu hon nua. Mil khic do diiu kien dja hinh mien nui ncn hogt dgng giao thdng dudng bd, dudng hang khdng cdn gap nhiiu khd khan, dac bipt trong ihdi ki miia mua, ihdi ki cd suong mil.. Ca sd vil chil ky thuit phuc vu du ljch vi co bin dip ung du nhu ciu. Tuy nhicn nhin chung lieu chi niy chi dugc dinh gia li luong ddi ben vting.
- Tieu chi ve nguon nhin lyc:
Luc lugng lao dong iryc tiep Irong nganh du lich cia tinh tang Icn nhanh chdng, dip ung yen cau ngiy cang cao cua du ljch, luy nhien trinh dg chuyen mdn ciia lao ddng trong nganh vin cdn han che, il CO kha nang giao liip ngoai ngd, chua dip u'ng dii yeu ciu ciia nginh trong nay mai do tin cin dugc dao tgo Ihcin,
3.2.2. Vc lai nguyen - moi tru'dng
Tii nguyen du ljch cua Dien Bien rat phong phii vi da dang, mdt sd ngudn lii nguyen luy da co, dang dugc khai thic nhung chua dugc nghien ciiu sau. do do san pham du lich cdn nghco, chua du '^irc hap din ddi vdi du khich Irong vi ngoai nudc.
Cic luycn, dicm, cum du ljch cua Dien Bien cdn boat ddng dgc lip. thicu sy tuong tic hoi uadi tao tinh lien hoan irong long the khai ihic hgp ly lii nguyen, bio ve md! irudng. Vice khai ihic chua dl doi vdi bao \c vi giii gin. Nhieu hoal dgng kinh le ciia tinh dang l i n bicn doi be mat dja hinh. tin phi rimg, tang rua trdi va xdi mdn dit,.. Su d nhiem mdi Irudng nudc. khong khi, hay ric llun cua khich du lich cdn chua dugc sii' li trict de,
Nhin chung ve til nguyen vi mdi Irudng du lich Dien Bien PTBV vin chua dugc nhin iihp diing mirc, ndi dung ban la dja phuong chua dii "sire va lyc" de thyc hien lot khai thac va quin !• liicu qua ngudn lai nguyen nay dac biet li theo lieu chi khai Ihac Ihda man hdm nay nhung vin pliii duy Ui dugc sy loan ven ve van hda, DDSH, su phit trien cua cac HST cho cac the he mai sau.
3.2.3. Vc van hda - xa hgi
Du lich ciia tinh da gop phan Ihiic day giao luu van hoa giii'a cac dan tdc, gitia cic viing mien, tgo them cdng an viec lim cho ngudi lao ddng, Tuy nhien qua trinh do Ihj hda lim ting dan so, gay sire ep den tai nguyen, moi trudng. Nhieu diem du lich tdn lai nhu'ng net van hda khdng linh manh, le nan xa hgi... Nhu vgy, lieu chi vc van hda - xa hdi vc co ban van chua dap ung dugc yeu ciu cua phal trien ben vung.
Tdm lai du ljch Dicn Bien dang co nhieu khdi sac, song viec khai thic tiem ning du ljch con thieu quy hogch toan dien. Cic boat dgng du ljch chu yiu vin la du ljch van hoi ljch sir, du ljch sinh thii chua dugc chu trong dau tu. Chua tinh den su licn hoan, ndi kit giiia cac loai hinh du lich khac nhau tren ciing mgt phgm vi lanh thd. Tren thuc tc hogt ddng du ljch Dien Bien vin con chua luong xii'ng vdi liem nang san cd, tinh ben virng chua cao.
3.3. Mot so dinh hudng trong phat triin du lich tinh Dien Bicn nh5m sir dung hgp li tai nguyen va bao vc mdi trudng
Tren ca sd kiim ke, xem xet tdng the ngudn lai nguyen du ljch, phan lich hien trang phal irien du lich, dinh gii su phit trien ciia nganh du ljch Dicn Bien theo cic lieu chi PTBV (vi cac khia canh kinh te, van hda - xi hpi, tai nguyen - mdi trudng), chiing tdi xin di xuit mdt sd djnh hudng nhu sau:
- Can bd sung vi hoin chinh quy hogch tdng the di phat triin nginh du ljch toan linh, mdi diem, tuyen, cum du ljch can cd nhCing quy hoach rieng, cd tinh loan din sire chira ciia tirng khu, tuyen. cum, diem du ljch de cd mgt quy hogch hgp li, Xay dung he thdng thu gom rac thai tgi cac diim, luycn du ljch.
S96 Hoi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6; Thdnh phd Hui. 9/2012
H^lPia ly \ a Tai nguyen Moi truong Thiia Thicn Hue Hoi Dia ly Viet Nam
- Xay d u n g he thdng c o sd dir lieu de quan li boat dgng du lich. Tang c u d n g hgp lac trao ddi Idioa hgc va cdng nghe nham ticp can vdi nhung ung dung mdi trong boat ddng du Hch nham giam thiiu 6 nhicm mdi i r u d n g va tit ki^m n i n g lugng, giii gin c i c ngudn tai nguyen dia chat, dja mgo, t i i nguyen nhin van ciia tinh. Ben canh do can nghien ciru danh g i i t i c dgng mdi tru'dng ddi vdi cac d u in phit trien du ljch de cd d u g c sy nhin n h i n t o i n dien, hgn d i e dugc riii ro, khd k h i n khi phat triin hogt dpng du lich.
- Tuyen truyen van ddng nang cao hieu biet ciia xa hdi ve sir dung tit kicm t i i nguyen, g i i m thiiu ldi da d nhiem mdi t r u d n g Ngan chan su p h i hoai t i i nguyen thien nhicn va t i i nguyen n h i n van. Bao ve, iing hd vice Ihii'a hudng cac di tich lich sir ciia dan tgc, ton Irong cac quycii igi ciia ngudi dan dja phuang irong viec khai t h i c c i c lii nguyen du ljch.
- Muy dgng loi da k h i nang ve con ngudi va c o sd vit c h i l ky thuat ciia cdng dong dia phuong v i o viec phuc vu hogi dgng p h i t tnen du ljch, cung cap cho du khich nhirng thdng tin day dii va co trach nhiem nliim n i n g cao su tdn trgng cua du k h i c h den mdi trudng ty nhien. xa hdi v i vin h o i khu du ljch, qua do gop phin t h o i man nhu ciu ciia du khach, Ben canh do linh nen lien hinh, hd irg nhii'ng nghien cihl du b i o , nghicn ciru khoa hgc c a b i n trong ITnh vuc du ljch nhu dinh g i i lii nguyen, ihj Irudng, mdi trudng van h o a d u Ijch.
KET LUAN
Tiem n i n g du ljch Dien Bicn rat phong phit cho phep td chiirc nhieu logi hinh du Ijch k h i c nhau nhu du Ijch mao hiem, du lich sinh Ihii, dii lich van hda...Hoal dgng du ljch hien nay khdng nhCfng cd lac dpng den tai nguyen mdi trudng t u nhien ma cdn tac ddng den ca tii nguyen mdi Irudng n h i n van.
Vin de khai i h i c lai nguyen du ljch ciia tinh p h i i dugc xem xet ldng the tren nhieu khia canh k h i c nhau, sir dyng phii di doi vdi bao ve va tai tao. Viec nghicn cii'u liem nang du lich Dicn Bicn tren c a sddo dua ra nhfrng djnh h u d n g p h i t trien trong hoat dgng du lich, de su dung hgp li t i i nguyen va b i o v^ moi trudng la van de het siic quan trgng doi vdi tinh Dien Bien hien nay.
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O
1. Le Due An (Chii bien), Uong Dinh Khanh (2012). Dia mao Viet Nam. Cdu true- Tdi nguyen - Moi Irudng. N x b . Khoa hgc T u nhien v i Cdng nghe.
2. Phan Thj Thanh H i n g (2010), Kiem ke nguon tdi nguyen nudc mat tinh Dien Bien, Bao c i o khoa hgc Hpi nghi Dja li l i n thir 5.
3. N g u y i n Dinh Hoe, 2 0 0 1 . Du lich bin vimg. N X B D H Q G , Ha Ngi
4. Phgm Trung L u o n g (2002). Ca sd khoa hoc vd giai phdp phdt trien DLBV d yiet Nam. Vien nghien ciru p h i t trien du Ijch, Tdng cyc Du lich.
5. Phgm Trung L u o n g , Dang Duy Lgi v i nnk (2001). Tdi nguyen vd Moi trudng du lich Viel Nam.
NXB G'\ao due.
6. Le Thdng (Chu bien), Le Huynh, Nguyen Minh Tue, N g u y i n Van Phu, Phi Cdng Viet (2003). Dia li cdc linh vd thdnh phd Viet Nam. Tap 3 Cdc nnh vimg Tdy Bdc vd vung Bdc Trung Bg. N x b , G i d o d u c .
7. Nguyen Minh Tue (Chii bien) (1997), Dia ly du lich. N x b Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
8. Tong cue Du ljch Viet N a m (2012). Chien luac phal trien du ljch Viet Nam den nam 2020, ldm nhin den ndm 2030.
9. Vipn Dja li, Vien khoa hgc v i Cdng nghe V i e t N a m (2006), Nghien cieu ca sd khoa hgc trong viec ddnh gid tdi nguyen du lich phuc vu quy hogch phdt trien vd qudn li du lich, De t i i ngh icn ciru c i p c a sd Vien Dja ly. H i N g i .
DIA LY KINH TE - XA IlOl; DIA LY CHINH TRI - QUAN SI/
