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THUC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP SU DUNG TAI NGUYEN DAT 6 SON LA
TliS.D$niiTli!Nhuln Trudng Dgi hgc Tdy Bde SUMMARY
Son La is a mountainous province has abundant land resources (soil groups 6), which is favorable for the diversification of agricultural products. But mostly steep terrain (> 87% area has slopes of25° or more), horizontal split level and strong deep divide, should land fragmentation hinders agricultural development on a large scale. Understanding the current status of land use, evaluate the advantages and disadvantages, which proposes solutions to rational use of this resource is essential for Son La province.
Keywords: San Lg land resources, rational use.
Ngdy nh^ bdi: 20/6/2014; Ng^ duyit ding: 25/6/2014 l . D ^ t v ^ n d i
Son La li m$t tinh mien niii ed dja hinh phure tgp ehd yiu li niii vi eao nguyfn, trong dd cd hai eao nguyfn (MOc Chiu vi N i Sin) vdi dja hinh tuong doi bing phing, thuin lpi cho phit trifn sin xuit n6ng nghifp. Tuy nhifn, do dja hinh Son La ed d$
die ldn vi mire dO chia cit siu vi chia eit ngang mgnh (trfn 87% difn tieh dit cd dp die tir 25" trd Ifn), lim eho dgi bO phgn rudng d^t eiia tinh diu nh6 h?p, manh miin giy inh hudng khong nhd tdi sin xuit ndng nghifp eho vifc co gidi hda cung nhu Ong dyng khoa hpc cdng nghf. Hon nOa, difn tich dit tring, dii mil trpe khi ldn (chiim gin 50% difn tich dit ti; nhifn eiia tinh). VI viy, tim hiiu th\rc trgng sir dyng tii nguyfn dit ciia Son La di tir dd di xuit cic giii phip sir dyng ngudn tii nguyfn niy li vd eiing ein thiit
2. Tii nguyfn dSt vi th^c trgng sir dyng tii nguyfn d^t trong sin xuat ndng nghifp
2.1. Tdi nguyin ddt
Bdng 1: Cdc nhdm ddt chinh a San La
biiu dQ c ^ l o ^ dSt Scrn U
• Nh6m ait Feraltdiin hinh vCing nhi^l d6l dm
• NhamddlFeralllmCin trenni^l
• DSt miin trenni^i cao
• e^ioalddlKhft:
NhOm dat Nhdm ddt Feralit diSn hinh viing nhi^t ddi dm Nh6m ddt pha sa s6nE suoi Nhim ddt den
Nh6m ddt Feralit miin trfin nui Ddt mCin trfin niii cao Cic loai dtl khic Tdng s6
Di^n tich (ha) 878.167 5.080 6.393 380.466 29.978 117.360 1.417.444
%
61,9 0,4 0,5 27,0 2,1 8,0 100 (Ngudn: [2])
Tii nguyfn dit dai d Son La phong phii, ed nhiiu logi dit phii hpp vdi d$c diim sinh trudng vi phit triin ciia nhifu logi ciy con d timg tiiu viing khi h$u khie nhau, tgo nfn sy da dgng eie sin phim nong nghifp (xem bing 1 vi biiu dd).
- Trong dd nhdm dit feralit dien hinh chiim phin ldn difn tieh, dupe phin bd chii yfu d Mpc Chiu, Mai Son, Quynh Nhai, Phii Yfn, Bie Yfn, logi dit niy thieh hpp cho phit trien ciy cdng nghifp vi tidng ciy luong thyc nhu ng6, sin. Cic viing ehuy6n canh ehf d M$e Chiu, viing chuyfn canh ngfl d Mai Son, Sdng Mi vi ngudi dan c6 cupe sdng tuong d6i 6n djnh nhd phit triin cic cay logi phii hpp vdi diSu kifn tho nhudng.
- Nhom dat phii sa song sudi vi nhdm dit den chiim difn tich rat nho, phin bd dpc hai bfn bd sdng Di, sdng Mi vi cie eon sudi. Diy ehinh li nhcmg difn tich dit mi ngudi din cd thi thim canh ting vy, nhd ngudn nude tudi ven cie sdng su6i.
- Nhdm dit miin tren mil eao, phin bd d dO eao ttr 800 - 1800m, ed d hiu khip cie huyfn, thj trong tinh, tgp trung ehii yeu d Mudng La, Phii Yen, logi dit niy thich hpp cho phit trifn cay d$e sin (diin hinh li ciy Son tra) vi phit trien lim nghifp.
2.2. Thyc tryng sur dyng dat ndng nghiip ^ Santa
TAP CHt THlfTBIGlAO Dgc-stf 1 0 7 - 7 / 2 0 1 4 • 01
Li tinh miin niii, ncri cu tni cua nhiiu ddng bio din tpc it ngudi, vifc sii dyng ngudn tii ngu^'en dit hpp Ii di dim bio svr phit triin bin vlhig l i mOt nhu eiu cip thiit d^t ra. Nhilu nim qua vifc sur dyng dit ndng nghifp d diy dang ed s\r thay ddi (xem bang 2).
Bdng 2: Biin dgng su dting ddt ndm 2005 vd ndm 2012
{Dan vf: ha) TT
1
2
3 4
Mvc dich sir d^ng d i t D ^ ndng nghiip Dk s i n xudt ndng nghiip
Dit tr6ng ciy h i n g n i m Bh trbng 16a Dit dung v i o chin nudi D^t tr^ng ciy hing n i m khic
Dit trong ciy liu n i m Ddt lim nghifp Ddt rtmg s i n xudt Dat rimg phdng hp Ddt rtmg d i e dyng Ddt nudi tr6ng thiiy s i n Dat ndng nghifp k h i c
Difn tfch nam 2005 853169,9 261757.1
225558.76 37264.20 1643.39 186651.17
36198.43 588762.99 184118.31 356996.34 47648.34 2513.61 13617
Di|n tfch Dim 2012 923943,79 287251.61
245952,83 49018.51 1848.61 195085.71
41298.78 633717.08 183031 402592.46 48092.77 2833,58 141,52 (Ngudn: fI J) Trong sin xuit nong nghifp giai dogn 2005 - 2012, sy biin d^ng difn tich dit ndng nghifp ed nhihig thay ddi dang ki, cy thi:
- Dit trdng liia ting Ifn 11.754 ha do khai hoang md rpng thfm difn tich cua ddng bio d m^t sd diim tii djnh cu di dim bio nhu ciu luong thyc khi din vimg mdi sinh song.
- Dit trdng cay liu nim ting 510.035 ha do chuyfn ddi co ciu cay trdng tir dit trdng ciy hing nim sang liu nim vi mpt phin md rpng difn tich tir dit chua su dyng. Diiu nay di tgo ra nhthig diu hifu tieh eye eho vife sir dyng dit trong diiu kifn dit sin xuit nong nghifp chii yiu ii dit ddc.
- Dit rimg phdng hp ting len 4559.612 do tinh da lam tit edng tic khoanh nudi trdng vi bio vf rimg, tuy nhien, so vdi mpt tinh dja hinh chu yfu li ddi mii thl difn tieh dit rimg phdng hO nhu tren ehua dip img dupc yfu ciu dam bio s^ phit'triin
bin vihig trong sin xuit v i d£ri song.
- Dit rihig sin xuit c6 xu hudng giim, bdi phin ldn difn tfeh niy dupe chuyin thinh dit san xuit ndng nghifp vi mOt phin do bj ng|.p nudc khi xiy dyng thuy difn Son La.
3. Thu^n Ipi v i khd khin trong vifc sii' d^ng tii nguyfn dit d Som La
3.1. Thu^n lgi
- Vdi die diim dja hinh, dja chit phiie tgp nfn di hinh thinh nfn nhieu logi dit vi vdi nhieu tiiu viing khi hiu khie nhau (cin 6n ddi, i nhift ddi, nhift ddi), tao n€n sy phong phii da dgng ciy, eon thieh hpp vdi timg tiiu viing khf hiiu khic nhau.
- Difn tieh dit lim nghifp ldn dd Ii tiin di hinh thinh cie md hinh trong ciy cdng nghifp liu nim vdi trdng rimg.
- Cd nhiiu thu|n lpi &k hinh thinh vi phit triin cic vimg sin, viing ngo hing hda ldn.
- Phit huy thi mgnh chin nudi, khoanh nu6i bii ed chin thi, tr6ng cd, dy trii cd cho gia siic.
- Cie logi ciy trdng phit triin h-f n dit d6e thich nghi vdi difu kifn sinh thii ty nhien (sinh trudng vi phit trien vio miia mua, cie cay trdng phin bi theo dp cao, dp ddc, khi ning cung cip nude ty nhifn vi ting diy eic logi dit. Vi v§y, d mdi vimg dit die cd diiu kifn sinh thii khic nhau cd thi xiy dyng cic vimg sin xuat cay hing hda d$c thii cd gii trj kinh ti cao, d6ng thdi thuin lpi eho vifc t^p trung diu tu sin xuit cting nhu thj trudng tifu thy sin phim: viing trdng ngd, liia, chf, mfa, cao su,...
- Kha ning khai thic difn tieh dit tring, ddi mii trpe cdn khi ldn (dit chua sCr dyng 425.697,16 ha chiim 30,03%), diiu kifn md r0ng difn tich tring cic logi ciy hing hda, cay lam nghifp cdn khi ldn.
Day li mpt thu§n lpi eho Scm La cdn quT dit ddc chua sy dyng cd thi ting trudng kinh ti niu biit diu tu khai thic lpi the niy.
- Ngoii cic ehuong trinh qudc gia vi chfnh sich uu tien vi cdng nghf, tiin bO 1^ thuit, kinh ti - xi h0i (KT-XH) dinh cho Son La, hifn nay cic chuong trinh, dy in nghien cim phit triin cua nudc ngoii ciing tgp trung d Son La, diy li mOt lpi thi cho qui trinh phit triin KT-XH vi phit hiin sin xuit ndng lam nghifp ciia Son La. Cie chuong trinh dy in ciia Vifn Khoa hpc Ndng nghifp Vift Nam thyc hifn tgi Mai Son (1997 - 1999), eiia ACIAR - Trung tim 62 • TAP CHf THI^BIGlAO DMC-sd 1 0 7 - 7 / 2 0 1 4
Nghifn cuu Ndng nghifp Australia, vdi dy in "Ndng lim kit hpp cho sinh ki ndng h$ nhd khu vyc T3y Bac", trong dd m^t phan dupc thye hifn tgi Son La,...
- Vdi chfnh sich phit triin kinh t i viing mil eiia Ding vi Nhi nudc hifn nay di v i dang cd rit nhiiu ndng din tre diu tu xiy dyng trang trgi sin xuit ndng lim nghifp trfn dit ddc, cho thu nhgp kinh ti cao vi gdp phin thay d6i mdi trudng ty nhifn, KT-XH ciia tinh. Kinh ti trang trai lam nghifp trfn dit ddc di trd thinh logi hinh sin xuat ben vihig eua vdng niii: cd tinh thfch hpp, hifu qui vi liu bin.
3.2. Khd khdn
- Dja hinh mil cao vdi dO ddc ldn di tao nfn khu vyc tiiu khi h^u khie nhau giCta eic miia trong nim.
Miia d6ng, miia khd khi hiu lanh, kho gay nguy ea suong gii, hgn hin n^ng eho eic logi ciy trdng.
- Dja hinh eao, ddc gay khd khin cho dieu kifn sin xuit canh tic, d ^ bift khd khin cho ea gidi hda cQng nhu ling dyng tiin bO khoa hpc ky thuit vio sin xuit.
- Dja hinh hiim trd giy khd khin cho giao luu hing hda ndng phim, trd nggi niy li nguyfn nhin dan din ddi nghf o, Igc h|u ciia eic din tpc tren viing dit die.
- Dit sin xuit nhanh ehdng bj thoii hda vi phuang thiic sin xuat Ige h§u, thiiu diu tu tham canh cho cay tring vgt nu6i. VI viy, khd khin ldn nhit cho vifc khai thic tai nguyen dit hong sin xuit ndng nghifp d San La li dja hinh cao, die, chia cit di tie dOng tryc tiip din suy thoii dit vi diiu kifn canh tic nflng lim nghifp ciia tinh.
4. Giii phip di canh tic bin vihig dii vdi tii nguyfn dit 6* Son La
Qua tim hiiu thyc trgng sii dyng tii nguyfn dit d Sorn La ta thiy cd nhiiu khd khin vi nhihig khd khin Idn nhit li: Dit bj xdi mdn vi riJra trdi, thoii hda dit, hgn hin vio mOa khd vi sy giim dp che phii dit,... Do dd, ehting ta phii ed nhihig giai phip phil hpp di quin ly vi sy dyng bin vihig ngudn tii nguyfn niy, trong dd ed cic giii phip vf chinh sich vi kj thugt nhu sau:
4.1. vi chinh sdeh
- Phii cd nhttng chfnh sieh Iifn quan tdi dit vi rimg mOt cich hpp li nhu: Diy mgnh tuyen truyin giio dye chi d^ chfnh sich vi dit ndng - lim nghifp vi cic chinh sich cd Iifn quan din d6i tupng sii dyng dit li ngudi din t^c, d?c bift li ding bio din t^c it ngudi.
- Thye hifn tdt cdng tic giao dit, giao rimg, ddi vdi nhihig khu tii djnh cu phii cd ca sd hg ting tdt vi phit trifn kinh t i bin vung.
- Cd chinh sich hd hp hiiu hifu dk dio tgo cin bp ky thugt tir cie dja phuong, ip dyng tiin bp ky thugt vio sin xuit, bio vf dit sin xuit nong - lam nghifp bin vimg.
4.2. Vi khoa hgc ky thu^t
- Dimg tin du thye vit che phii bf m$t, chdng xdi mdn dit qua trinh tiip xiic tryc tiip cua hgt mua vdi m$t dit vi hgn ehi ddng chiy bi m$t. Ngoii ra, cin lim tang lupng hihi ea cho dit qua sy phan huy Idp vit lifu phil d i t
- B6 tri hf thing ndng nghifp phii hpp vdi diiu kifn sinh thii vimg, trinh dd vi hoan cinh kinh tf eiia ngudi dan.
- Thyc hifn luin canh, xen canh vi da dgng hda eay trdng. Trdng xen canh ciy hp d§u, Ige vi eic logi eay dgu, 6.6 cd nhiiu tie dyng vira ching xdi m6n, hgn chi cd d^, vira li ngudn hOu ea giiu dgm cii tgo dat, tir dd thu dupc mOt lupng sin phim cd gii trj tir ciy tring xen, ning eao hifu qui trong san xuit ndng nghifp.
- Giii phip ndng lam ket hpp li m$t hinh thiie canh tic bin vCtng vira mang lgi hifu qui kinh ti, ed thu nhip trude mit vi liu dii, vira chong xdi mdn, bio vf dp miu md ciia dit, gdp phan ting d$ che phii r&ng, timg budc ting thu nhgp in djnh eho ndng din.
Hgn chf phi rimg, dit nuang, ching xdi mdn dit bio vf mdi trudng sinh thii.
Tii lifu tham khio
1. Cyc Thing kf Son La (2006). Niin gidm thdng ki San La ndm 2005. NXB Thing kf, Hi Npi.
2. Cyc thing ke San La (2013). Nien gidm thdng ki San La ndm 2012. NXB Thing kf, Hi Npi.
3. Lt Thdng (chu bifn), (2010). Dia li cdc vung kinh ti Viit Nam. NXB Giio dye. Hi NOi.
4. Sd Nong nghifp vi Phit triin ndng thdn tinh San La (2011). Bio eio "Ki hogch Phdt triin nong nghiip, nong thon tinh San La 5 ndm giai dogn 2011 -2015".
5. Sd Ndng nghifp vi Phit triin nong thdn tinh San 1^ (2009). Bio eio "Rd sodt bd sung qui hogch phdt triin ndng nghiip, nong thon tinh San La giai dogn 2009-2020".
TAP CHl THI^ B| GlAO DVC - Stf 107 - 7/2014 • 63
