TRUYEN GIAO CUA PHAP O XIEM
(1662-1856) DU6l GOC NHIN CHINH TRJ VA NGOAI GIAO
DANG VAN CHl/dNG*
T
ii dau I lie ky XVI, ngay khi cac nirde phUdng Tay hat dAu xam nhap vao cAc nUdc Ddng Nam A, ho da dat ra van de truyen giao nhU mot yeu cAu tien quyet trong viec thiet lap quan he ngoai giao va thUdng mai vdi cac nUdc d khu vUe nay. NhUng liic ba'y gid, yeu cau dd lai la mot thach thiic, trd ngai to ldn ddi vdi nhieu nUde d chau A va Ddng Nam A nhu Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban, Dang Ngoai va Dang Trong ciia Dai Viet. Rieng ddi vdi Xiem (Thai Lan), ho da nhan thUc, iing xii va giai quyet van de truyen giao nhU the nao trong quan he vdi phUdng Tay ndi chung va vdi Phap ndi rieng. Bai viet tap trung trinh bay va ly giai van de truyen giao trong quan he giCta Xiem vdi Phap tii khi phai doan truyen giao Phap lan d l u tien de'n Xiem (1662) cho den khi Xiem ky ket hiep dinh mdi vdi Phap (1856) dUdi thdi ddi mdi, canh tan dat nUde eiia vua Mongkut (Rama IV).Hoat ddng truyen giao ciia Phap d Xiem tii 1662 den 1856 cd the chia l l m hai giai doan:
1. Giai d o a n tii 1662 d e n 1688
Dii mudn mang hdn cac nudc phUdng TAy khac, nhUng ngUdi Phap ciing da den khu viic Ddng Nam A vao khoang gifla the ky XVII vdi sii menh ndi trdi la truyen gido. Y dinh han dau cua phai doan Phap
la den truyen ba dao Thien Chiia d xii Dang Trong (Dai Viet) nhUng ndi ma ho dgt chdn den ddu tien lgi la Ayuthaya, kinh dd ciia X\dm liic ba'y gid. Den vdi Ayuthaya nhU la mot sU tinh cd, nhUng cAc giao si PhAp da quyet dinh ktu lai day de truyen giao khdng chi vi sU thdn thien vd cdi md vc ton gido ciia ngudi dan ndi day ma cdn vi dUdc chinh quyen ciia vua Narai (1656-1688) ddn tiep rat ndng nhiet. Viec ngUdi Phap xuat hien nhU mot yeu td
"may m i n " - ed hoi de chinh quyen Narai thiie hien viec can b l n g quyen lUe vdi cac the lUc phUdng Tay d Xiem. Vi liic ba'y gici trieu dinh Ayuthaya dang tim kiem mot the llie, mot ddng minh mdi n h i m kiem che anh hudng ciia Anh v l quyen liic cua Ha Lan dang chen ep, lan ludt quyen ldi chinh tri, thUdng mai cua Xiem, nen trieu dinh ciing nhU ban t h a n vua Narai da biet
* PGS.TS. Dang Van ChvTdng, Khoa Lich sii, Dai hoc Su pham, Dai hoc Hue
Doing Vdn Chuang - Truyen gido cda Phdp a Xiem (1662 1856)... 13 each lam thda man nhu cdu truyen gido
cua ho. Cd the ndi, liic bay gid chinh quyen Xiem da xem viec truyen giao nhU mdt chiec cdu cdp thiet ddu tien de di den thiet lap cae quan he khac nhu thUdng mai, kinh te, chinh tri -quan sii, van hda nghe thuat vdi Phap, mdt cUdng qud'c phUdng Tay dang cd nhieu tham vong.
TrUde khi tiep xiic vdi Phap, Xiem da quan he vdi mot sd' nUde phUdng Tay nhU Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Anh, Ha Lan...
Trong quan he vdi Bd Dao Nha vao dau the ky XVI, vua Xiem, Ramathibodi II (1491-1529) da thda hiep va ddng y cho Bd Dao Nha dUdc tii do truyen dao d kinh dd va nhieu ndi khac tii nam 1518 ^^\ Xiem va Anh da thiet lap bang giao tii nam 1612.
Do vay, cdng ty Ddng An Anh (East India Company EIC) dUdc phep budn ban va lap thUdng diem d P a t a n , kinh dd Ayuthaya va Chieng Mai. NhUng boat ddng ciia EIC bi Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan (Verenigde Oast Indisehe Compagnie- VOC) canh t r a n h quyet liet, vi the va cham va xung dot giiia hai ben da nd ra vao cae nam 1618, 1619 va cang t h i n g nha't la nam 1623. NgUdi Anh da that bai trong cac cuoc t r a n h chap, vi the cac thUdng diem cua Anh d Xiem phai ddng cvta. Dieu dd tao dieu kien thuan l(3i cho VOC vUdn tdi doc quyen budn ban d Xiem.
Hdn niia tii sau nam 1639, ehi rieng Ha Lan dUde Uu ai trong chinh sach "tda qud'c" cua Nhat Ban, cdn t a t ea cac nUdc phUdng Tay khac deu khdng dUde den budn ban hay truyen giao d day. Cae ddi tau budn cua nha nUdc phong kien Xiem tang cudng budn ban vdi Nhat Ban va Xiem da ed nhiing va cham ve quyen Idi
vdi Ha Lan trong viec budn ban tai day. Vi ly do tren, vua Narai da cho ngUdi bi mat lien he vdi EIC tai An Do nham ndi lai boat ddng thUdng mai ciia Anh tai Xiem.
Nhd dd ngudi Anh da md lai thUdng diem tai Ayuthaya (1661) sau gan bdn mUdi nam vang bdng.
Vi ly do tren, Ha Lan ngay cang cd nhieu hanh ddng khieu khich vdi Xiem, tuy nhien chinh phu Xiem luon tim cdch kim hdm nhdm khong cho nhttng rdc roi bien thdnh chie'n tranh. NhUng den thang 10-1663, Ha Lan da bat ngd md dau cuoc chien t r a n h khdng tuyen bd'blng each bat ngd danh d i m cae tau eiia Xiem dau d CLla sdng Menam eiing nhu cac t l u budn khac cua Xiem d An Do, Ddng Nam A, Dai Loan hay Nhat Ban, do Ha Lan da dUde Anh hiia se khdng eung cap vii khi va lUdng thUe cho Xiem khi chien t r a n h nd ra.
Bi cd lap va khdng nhan dU(3c vien trd tii phia Anh, vua Narai cho r i n g Xiem khdng the dUdng dau vdi siic manh ciia Ha Lan, nen Xiem budc phai d l u b l n g va ky hda Udc vdi Ha Lan vao ngay 22/8/1664 vdi nhieu dieu thua thiet^^^
Cd the ndi, day la hiep udc d l u tien m l Xiem khdng ehi thiet hai ve kinh te ma cdn phai "nhudng" mdt sd' chii quyen qud'c gia cho mdt nUdc phUdng Tay, cu the la Ha Lan. Dieu nay chita tang xdy ra trong lich sa do'i ngogi cda Xiem, nhUng ddi lai Xiem dapc hoa binh vd doc lap.
Tinh hinh tren budc Xiem cang phai tim each tang cUdng siic m a n h qud'c phdng, phat trien va cung cd' lUc lUdng ddi t a u budn, ddng thdi n h a n h chdng day manh sii lien minh vdi cac the lUc phUdng
14 Nghicn CIIII Dong Nam A 8/20/J TA>' khac Chinh phii Xiem, IIK'JI lAn nifa
cho rang sii co mai eua /\nh se gdp phAn pha vd llie (l()c q u \ e n thUdng mai (lia MA Lan tr(Mi dat XUMU. Ngav 1 :V2/167r), chinh quyiMi Xiem han hanh Icnh mi('>n thue quan cho cAc lhU(tng nliAn Anh vao budn ban d Xiem. Than^ 10/1675, EIC eon nhan dUdc () chinh quyen Xi("'m m(")l s(') (]iiy(''n ifu li(">n het sue quan Innig la ctUctc doc qiiyi'ii mua da lai e;ic dia phitcfng d bAn dao Malay*" (vcYn la nhUng nUdc pbu IIUK'K-
Xiem) vA niuo thicc d nhieu vung lhu(')c ban dao Malacca vA hiia se xc')a hc) cdc khodn np cua Anh trUdc day. Ddi lai nhiing Uu dai dd, vua Narai dc nghi Anh gai cho Xiem nhOng ky sii phdo thil, thcJ
due vd nhang chuyen gia dc tdng cUdng sac mgnh cho nen quoc phong cua Xiem.
Tuy nhien, Anh thiic hien cae yeu cau ciia Narai het siic cham chap, cd' tinh kdo dai thdi gian vdi y do ddi hdi them nhiing Uu dai khac niia tii phia Xiem.
Trong bdi canh tren, vua Narai quan tam den viec thiet lap lien minh vdi mot cudng qudc phUdng TAy khac. Qua tiep xiic vdi phai doan truyen giao Phap do glAm muc Lamberte de la Motte cung giao .si Francois Pallu cam dau, vua Xiem nhan thay r i n g d chau Au liic bay gid, Phap cd vi the hiing manh sau khi chinh phuc dUde thuoc dia Canada, quan dao Angti, Guyan va Tay Phi...Va theo eac giao si, Phap s i n sang diing ve phia Xiem de chdng lai Ha Lan, bdi vua Phap Louis XIV (1643-1715) dang mong mud'n thuc hien viec truyen ba d^o Thien Chiia La Ma (Roman Catholic) va canh t r a n h quyet liet vdi phai Tin Lanh (Protestantism) ma Ha Lan la mot trung tam quan trong d Tay Au.
Nhu vay, cd hai ben diu ccln de'n nhaul Xi(''m mudn dUa vao P h a p de han che anh hudng ciia Ha Lan, cdn P h a p cAn Xiem de Iruycn giAo va bUdc d l u thiet lap anh hudng ciia ho lai Ddng Nam A ma Phap (lA rat cham tre va ban che so vdi cAc nUdc phUdng 'I'Ay khac. Vdi ly do do, mdi quan h('' giUa Xiem va PhAp ngay cang gan ho hdn khdng chi tr('n linh vUc truyen giao ma e;i I r(''n cac linh vife chinh Iri, quan siJ va ngoai giao.
Van de truyen giao dUdc phai doan Phap quan I Am dau li('n. Vua Phap, Ijouis XIV (Ki 1:5-171:")) da gui t h u cho vua Narai dc de nghj vua Xiem cho phep Phap dUOc lu do l r u \ e n giao, cho phep ngUdi dan Xiem dUdc IU lUa chon tdn giao, va nha vua cdn the hien mong mudn vua Narai cai giao theo dao Thien Chiia.
TrUde yeu cau dd, vua Narai khong nhiing da ra sac lenh cho phep ngUdi dan Xiem dUdc tU do ton giao ma cdn cung cap da't dai de Phap xay diing tru sd cho Hoi truyen giao Hai ni,'oai Phaj) (Societe des Missions Ktrang(>res de Paris-MEP) tai Ayuthaya. Tvi dd, Ayuthaya trd thanh ndi truyen giao vA dao tao linh muc cho cac nudc lan can nhu T r u n g Hoa, Viet Nam, Campuchia... Ve van de cai giao, vua Narai khdn kh6o tra ldi r i n g : viec theo dao khong tiiy thudc vdo khdi dc md tiiy thudc vdo con tim cua mdi ngacfil'"'^^
Nhu vay, ve cd ban Xiem da lam thoa man nhu cau truyen giao ciia Phap. Chiec cdu c i n thiet da dUdc thiet lap cho quan he chinh tri, ngoai giao giiJa Xiem va Phap. Ngay 16/10/1673, doan sii thin ngoai giao d l u tien ciia P h a p den yet kien vua Narai trong khdng khi long trong va
Ddng Vdn Chuang Truyen gido ciia Phdp o'Xieni (J662 1856).. 15 than thien. Bay nam sau (1680), Xiem cii
mot phai bo ngoai giao den Phap nhUng tide rang thuyen ciia phai bd nay hi chim d viing bien Madagaxca. Den nam 1684, doan ngoai giao thii hai ciia Xiem da dUdc cii den Phap de yet kien vua Louis XIV trong khdng khi long trong va ndng nhiel tai eung dien Versailles. Xiem la phai bd dau tien eiia vung Ddng Nam A xa xdi den Phap. Qua phai bd nay, hinh anh dat nUdc ciing nhu trieu dinh Xiem l l n d l u tien dUde gidi thieu d P h a p va chau Au. Nam
1685, Louis XIV cii Chevalier de Chaumont lam dai sii chinh thiic ciia Phap den trieu dinh Ayuthaya. Ngoai ra, vua Louis XIV cdn giii tang eho vua Narai 1400 quan linh, nhUng ngUdi da tiing trung t h a n h vdi Louis XIV. cac chuyen gia quan sii va 300 th(3 xay de phuc vu cho viec xay diing chien liiy ciia Xiem tai Ldpbury cung nhieu loai vii khi khac nhau^^). Vua Narai da sa dung liXc Itipng tren cua Phdp phuc vu tot nhdt cho muc dich cua minh.
Nhu vay ehi trong mot thdi gian n g i n , quan he Xiem-Phap da phat trien n h a n h chdng, dien ra tren nhieu m a t vi ca hai deu dat dUdc muc dieh eiia rieng minh.
Xiem mudn diia vao Phap de ban che quyen Iiic ciia Ha Lan; Phap thi mudn nhanh chdng phat trien Thien Chiia giao d Xiem va truyen ba ra toan vung. Lich stt Xiem ghi nhan rang dUdi thdi Narai quan he Xiem-Phap dat nhieu t h a n h tUu hdn ca so vdi quan he Xiem vdi cac nUdc phUdng Tay khac.
2. Giai doan tiif 1688 d e n 1856
Trong quan he vdi cac nudc phUdng
Tay, Xiem mudn dimg nUdc nay de kiem che nUdc khac nhUng trong thiic te da nay sinh nhieu va'n dc ra't phiic tap trong quan he ciia Xiem vdi cAc nUdc phUdng Tay vao cudi the ky XVII. Vi vay, den nam 1688- khi vua Narai qua ddi, trieu dinh Xiem da lay cd dd de thiic hien ddi sach tam thdi dong caa vdi cAc nUdc phUdng Tay, ve cd ban ddi sach dd keo dai cho den dau the ky XIX. Tii cudi ky XVII den dau the ky XIX ndi chung, Xiem khdng cd quan he chinh thiie vdi eac nUde phUdng Tay ma ehi cd mot so thUdng nhan hay n h i truyen giao boat ddng d Xiem ma thdi.
Ddi vdi Phap, do mUu dd "eai d m " v l mudn "thay the*' nhiing ngudi than Phap vao bd may chinh quyen Xiem nhUng hi bai Id va that bai, Xiem budc Phap phai ky ket Hiep Udc 1688*^') Theo dd, quan Phap budc phai riit quan khdi Bangkok va Mergui. Tuy nhien, Phap van khdng tii bd quyen ldi eua minh tai vimg dat beo bd nay, ngay 10/9/1689, bdn chuyen tau eua Phap dudi sU chi huy ciia tUdng Desfarges da tien ve dao Phuket nham chiem lay hdn dao nay, nhUng quan doi Xiem da khang cU quyet liet lam eho Desfarges khdng thiie hien dU(3c y do ciia minh. De lay lai ldng tin ciia chinh quyen Xiem, Desfarges da chi diem eho chinh quyen vua Xiem (Pra Petracha) den dan ap nhiing ngUdi Phap (da am mUu dao chinh) d Ayuthaya. Vi the ra't nhieu ngUdi Phap, trong dd cd ca nhiing giam mue da hi giet chet. De eho cac giao si Phap t r a n h khdi nhiing cuoc tan sat d i m mau, giam mue Tachard phai sang Xiem de thUdng lUdng.
Du rang cuoc thUdng lUdng nay khdng mang lai ket qua nhU phia Versailles
16 Nghicn cdu Ddng Nam A 8/2011 mong mud'n, song viec dan A]) nhifng
ngUdi Thic'Mi Chiia giao can ban da ('iKYm dill. Liic nAy, d Chau Au dang nd ra cuoc chien tranh Pha]) - Ha Lan ciing vdi sii tham gia ciia mdt so nUdc Tay Au khien cho Phap lam thdi ngUng y dd xam chiem nUdc Xiem.
Nhiing bien cd chinh tri tren chinh trudng Xiem cudi nam 1688 da anh hUdng nghiem trong den vi the ciia Phap tai Xiem. Cu the la vao nam 1699, khi cuoc chien tranh d ChAu Au ket thiic, giAm muc Sure da dUdc trieu dinh Phap cii den Xiem de tien hanh thUdng lUdng ve viec thiet lap mot can cii hai quan tai Mergui nhung Xiem da t h i n g thiing tii chdi. Day khdng ehi la tha't bai trong quan he ciia Phap vdi Xiem ve mat chinh tri, ngoai giao ma cdn la tdn hai nghiem trong den vai trd cua cac giao si eiia Phap d Xiem.
Sau khi quan Phap da riit khdi nhiing vi tri chien lUcJc tren da't nUde Xiem va nhan tha'y cae giao si "khdng cdn nguy hiem" niia, vua Xiem la Pra Petracha khdng nhiing da cho phep ho trd ve chiing vien ciia minh ma cdn cung ca'p tien bac cho cac giao si Phap de dn dinh cuoc sd'ng va dUde tU do truyen dao. Nhiing viec lam cua vua Pra Petracha the hien sU khdn ngoan trong each iing xii cua nha vua vdi eac giao si ndi rieng va nUdc Phap ndi chung. Tuy nhien vao t h a n g 10/1731 mau t h u i n giiia cac giao si va quan lai cung nhiJng tang, ni phat tii Xiem^^ da xay ra va nha vua P h u m i n t h a r a c h a (1708 -
1732) da ra lenh cam dao^^^.
Trong nhiing n a m 30 ciia the ky XVIII, ngoai viec chinh quyen Xiem cam truyen dao, cac giao si P h a p cdn bi siic ep ttf Giao
hdi La Ma^'^). Tuy nhien, vao niia sau the ky XVI11, khi cude chien t r a n h Xiem - Mian ma nd ra dA lao cd hoi cho cae giao si truyen giAo ed hieu qua hdn eho cac nan nhAn chien t r a n h , ket nap (riia tdi bapteme) dU^c nhieu tin dd hdn.
Trong nhUng nam 1759 1760, trong cude chien t r a n h Xiem-Mianma, giam muc PhAp, Brigo da ddng vien nhiing tin do Thien Chiia giao va cac giao sT Phap iing hd va c()ng tac vdi quAn ddi Xiem chdng lai Mianma LUc lUdng cua Brigo phan ldn la nhiing linh danh thue chuyen nghiep, dUde trang hi vu khi hien dai ciia phUdng Tay nen da cd Uu the hdn so vdi quan doi ciia Xiem. Nhd vay, vua Xiem - Ekkathat (1758 - 1767) b i t d l u trong dung Brigo, dng trd t h i n h cd' va'n quan sii va dUdc t h a m gia vao nhiing phien hop ciia Hoi ddng nha vua. Tii dd vai trd ciia cac giao si Phap d\i6c n h a n h chdng khdi phuc. Chinh phii Xiem mong mud'n ndi lai quan he vdi Phap, nen da phai ngUdi den Pondicheri (can cii ciia Phap d An Do) de mua vii khi.
Tuy nhien vi chien traiih Xiem - Mianma v i n tiep dien nen mdi quan he Xiem - Phap chUa the ndi lai dUdc.
Nam 1765, quan doi M i a n m a mpt lan niia mang quan tl'n cdng AjMithaya, nen quan ehii Xiem dang lam vao cdn khiing hoang nghiem trong va ban chat "hai mat" ciia cac giao si P h a p lai boc 16. TrUdc sii Idn m a n h ciia q u a n Mianma, Brigo n h a n tha'y se khong cd ldi neu t h a n Xiem*
nen da bi m a t hdp tac vdi Mianma^^*^\
Nhung t i n h hinh chien sii thay do'i n h a n h chong theo chieu hudng co ldi cho Xiem. Cuoc k h a n g chien chd'ng lai Mianma, khdi phuc nen doc lap cho Xiem
Ddng Vdn Chuang Truyen gido ciia Phdp aXem (1662 1856)... 17
do Phya Taksin l a n h dao gianh dUde Thien Chiia giao khdng dUdc tuyen the t h i n g ldi vao cudi n a m 1767. NhUng trieu trUdc nha vua theo nghi le ciia dao Phat, dai mdi Taksin lai ed nhiing mau t h u i n van ddng mot sd' tin do lay chay nhiing vdi tu si P h a t giao^^^^ Vi vay, cac giao si ngay le va hdi he truyen thd'ng eua Xiem.
Phap cho r i n g day la cd hdi thuan \6\ de Dieu nay da khien cho vua Taksin tiic day n h a n h viec truyen dao vi dan chiing gian, khdng the nhan nhUdng vdi cac giao dang 'Taa't man" vdi dao Phat, r i n g dao si nen da ha lenh dudi ta't ca cac giao si ra Phat khdng the ciiu ho ra khdi sU ddi khdi lanh thd Xiem vao nam 1779. Tinh k h a t , benh tat, khd'n khd...sau chien hinh a'y keo dai cho den khi Taksin hi phe tranh, r i n g nhan dan se tim den mot tdn truat (1782).
giao mdi, dd la Thien Chiia giao! g^^ khi tridu dai Chakri ra ddi (1782), Nam 1772 giao si Lebon da mang thU Xiem mdi ndi lai quan he vdi cac giao si va qua tang cua vien thii hien phap viing Phap. Dudi thdi e l m quyen ciia Rama III Pondicheri dang len vua Taksin. Nha vua (1824-1851), Xiem ky hiep udc thUdng ddn tiep va ban tang cho cac giao si tien mai va hdp tac binh d i n g vdi Anh (1826), bac va da't dai de xay diing nha thd. Tham vdi My (1833).Trong hiep Udc vdi My, cd chi vua Taksin, day la lan dau tien trong dieu khoan ngUdi My dUde phep truyen ba lich sii Xiem da dich t h a n den vieng tham dao Tin L i n h (Protestantism). Tii dd cac eac giao si Thien Chiia. giao si ciia My dxicic phep truyen ba dao
Nhiing bieu hien ciia nha vua khdng cd Tin Lanh tren da't Xiem song song vdi cae nghia la dng hoan toan quay lUng vdi dao giao si dao Thien Chiia eiia Phap. Cho Phat va di theo dao Thien Chiia. Du r i n g phep thiic hien dieu n l y , ed le vua Rama trong giai doan nay gifia chinh quyen eiia HI khdng chi tim kiem sii Uu ai trong dng cd mau t h u i n vdi gidi tu si Phat giao, quan he td't dep vdi My ma cdn tim mot song mot dieu quan trong la nha vua ddi trong vdi eae giao si dao Thien Chua khdng he cd y dinh da'u t r a n h chd'ng lai trong hdl canh khu viic va the gidi chuyen dao P h a t ma ehi chd'ng lgi gidi tu si Phdt bien phiic tap vao giiia the ky XIX.
gido. Ong mudn tien h a n h cdi cdch Phdt Sau khi Rama III qua ddi (1851), Rama gido theo y rieng cua minh. Vua Taksin i v len e l m quyen (1851 - 1868) trong bdi quan he hiiu hao vdi cae giao si Phap ban canh eae nUde phUdng Tay, nha't 11 khi la the hien mdi quan he bang giao vdi Anh chien t h i n g Trung Qud'c trong cude Phap n h a m dn dinh tinh hinh dl't nUdc chien t r a n h Nha phien (1840-1842). Tii dd sau chien t r a n h . cac nUdc phUdng Tay tim each tang cUdng Tuy nhien, chinh sU qua ndn ndng ap Iiic ddi vdi eac nUde d chau A trong dd trong viec mud'n mau chdng thiic hien y do cd Ddng Nam A. Ddi vdi Xiem, nhiing hiep thay the P h a t giao d Xiem cua cac giao si Udc thUdng mai binh dang ma Rama III Phap da lam cho ho m I c phai sai lam ky vdi Anh (1826) va My (1833) da khdng nghiem trong. Nam 1775, giao si Lebon da cdn thda man tham vong banh trUdng cua yeu c i u cac si quan va binh linh 11 tin dd cac nUdc tU ban. Nam 1855, Anh da mang
18 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 8/2011 lau chien cd dai bac den tan Bangkok. Dd
la mot thach thdc ddi vdi chinh quyen Rama IV, bu()c Xi("Mn phai ki m(}l hiep Udc bAi hinh dAng vdi Anh vIo n g l y 18/4/1 Hf).'")
^'2\ Nudc liep theo thue ('>p Xiem la My.
Hiep Uf'ic thudng mai va hUu nghi \S'.V.\
khdng cdn thda man Iham vong mdi ciia My, sau khi ho da t h i n h cdng trong vien:
"xau xe' Trung Qud'c b l n g hiep Udc Vong Ha (184 1) va Nhat Ban b l n g ban hiep Udc nam 1851. Nftm IHfiii Umg lAnh .sU My d Nhat Ban la Harris da dC'ii Xiem, Rama IV ddn tiep rat ndng nhiet, hai ben ky ket hiep udc (1856) vdi ndi dung tUdng IU nhU hiep udc 1855 vdi Anh. Thdng qua viec ky ket hiep Udc nay, Rama IV mud'n "ldi dung" My de ddi trong vdi Anh nhUng khdng thanh edng.
Trong sU so sanh tUdng quan liic lUdng llie ba'y gid giiia Xiem va cac nUdc tU ban phUdng Tay da khien cho Rama IV phai tim den mot ddi trong khac - nUdc P h a p . Dieu nay ddi hdi vua Rama IV phai cd mdt chinh sach ddi ngoai "kheo Ido" va
"uyen chuyen" hdn niia, dac biet la ddi vdi Thien Chiia giao, mot tdn giao ma Phap se tiep tuc sii dung trong qua trinh xam chiem va md rong thuoc dia.
TrUde khi len ngdi, Rama IV da trai qua hdn 25 nam tu hanh, linh thdng P h a t phap, tiep xiic vdi kien thiic ciia phUdng Tay, dng "hoc tieng Latinh, loan hoc va chiem tinh hoe eiing vdi giam mue Pallegoix - la mot nha truyen giao uyen bac eua Phap; hoc tieng Anh vdi Caswell, Bradley va House la nhiing n h a truyen giao ngUdi My"^^^). Vdi nhiing kien thac sdu rgng ay va mot nhdn quan chinh tri vang vdng, dng da sdm n h a n ra r i n g
trong linh hinh the gidi cd nhieu chuyen bien i)hiic tap luc b l y gid, "ddng cvta"
khdng phai la mdt chinh sach ddi ngoai khdn khdo. I'ai hoc ve cuoc chien tranh thudc phien d Trung Qud'c (1840 - 1842) cang cho thay nhan dinh ay cua Rama IV la diing dan.
Rama IV da n h a n h chdng nhan ra Thien chiia giao la mot trong nhiing ap lUc eiia cac nUde thiic dan phUdng Tay tir xUa den nay. "Cam dao" sc la mot that bai ldn trong quan he ddi ngoai vi thiie te cl nhieu nUdc trong khu vUc da chiing minh.
Rama IV eho r i n g neu nhU cac vua trUdc da khon kheo chdp nhgn truyen gido vi muc tieu chinh tri trong nUdc la chii yeu, thi dng se la ngUdi chinh thiic dat quan he trd lai vdi cae giao .si Kitd giao khdng chi vi muc tieu chinh tri trong nUdc ma cdn mang tinh chat chinh tri ddi ngogi.
Trong hdn hai the ky, lich sii quan he phiic tap giiia Xiem va P h a p deu cd sii chi phdi cOia cac giao si dao Thien Chiia. Cho den giiia the ky XIX, cac giao si Phap vin cdn duy tri boat ddng tai Xiem nhUng vai trd chinh tri ciia ho da bi suy giam hdn trUdc. Rama IV n h a n h chdng ldi dung liic lUdng cae giao si de lap lai radl quan he vdi Phap, diing P h a p de ddi trong vdi cac nudc tu ban phUdng Tay khac, ma trUdc m i t la Anh va My. N a m 1852 thdng qua giao si Chanpanlegua, R a m a IV da gib.
t h u den hoang de Napoleon III va Giao hoang Pie IX n h i m bay td thien cam eua minh ddi vdi Thien chiia giao. Co the noi day la h a n h dong "md c^a" dau tien cua Xiem ddi vdi va'n de Thien chiia giao sau hdn mot t h e ki "ddng c^a" R a m a IV rS't mong mud'n bay td nguyen vong vdi vua
Ddng Vdn Chuo-ng Truyen gido ciia Phdp c} Xiem (1662 1856)... 19 Phap n h a m ndi lai q u a n he giiia hai nUdc.
Nhd dd, ngay 9/7/1856, phai doan Phap dUde cii den Xiem, hiep Udc Phap - Xiem dUde ki ket ngay 15/8/1856 vdi nhUng dieu khoan tUdng tii nhU hiep Udc Xiem - Anh (1855), trong dd cdn bd sung ndi dung kha quan trong la "ngUdi Phap dU(jc quyen tU dd truyen dao tren toan bd lanh thd Xiem"(i4).
Nhu vay, Rama IV da rat nhan nhUdng vdi Phap trong viec thiic hien chien lUdc ngoai giao "kiem che'' cac nUde tU ban khae. Mot lan niia Rama IV da sii dung cac giao si lam trung gian cho mdi quan he Xiem Phap, tao dieu kien eho cae giao si Phap dUde tU do xay diing tu vien, nha thd va cac t r u d n g hoc. Ban t h a n Chanpanlegua - ngUdi diing d l u Hdi truyen giao Phap d Xiem da dUde Rama r v mdi t h a m gia vIo cdng viec ciia trieu (finh, lam t r u n g gian cho viec lap lai mdi quan he Xiem - P h a p .
3. Mot so' n h a n x e t
1. Ngay tii dau gidi e l m quyen Xiem da vUdt qua nhiing khac biet ve dan tdc v l tdn giao, ddi xxi. cdi md va t h a n thien vdi cac giao si Phap n h i m vUdn tdi thiet lap quan he chinh tri, ngoai giao, quan sU vdi Phap. Ho ddng y cho cac giao si Phap truyen giao nhUng khdng he mong mud'n de tdn giao nay p h a t trien d Xiem de rdi ban che, canh t r a n h hay thay the dao Phat ma chi la lien minh vdi Phap de giai quyet nhiing nhu cdu chinh tri biic xiie cua ho - chong lgi cdc cuoc chien tranh xam lapc cua Mianma hay hgn che quyin lac cua cac nUdc phUdng Tay khac.
2. Tuy gidi e l m quyen Xiem v i n dUa
vIo Phat giao de cai tri nhUng cd liic ho van s{l dung cac giao si lam cd' van va tham gia cac nghi sU ciia trieu dinh. Neu nhu trong giai doan 1662-1851, Xiem ddng y cho viec truyen giao de giai quyet nhu c i u chinh tri trong nUde thi tii sau 1852, ho stf dung viec truyen giao nhU la cdu not trong quan he ngoai giao vdi Phap.
3. Khi quan he chinh tri, ngoai giao giiia hai nUdc Xiem va Phap hi do vd, gidi elm quyen Xiem v i n khdng ngan cam hay
"sat dao" nhu d mot so' nUde khac. Khi dd dii quan he nha nUde hi ngUng tre nhUng cac giao si ciing nhU cac thUdng nhan van dUdc tu do boat ddng xet tren phUdng dien ca nhan. Rd rang truyen gido chi nhii Id mgt chiec cdu trong quan he eiia Xiem vdi Phap ndi rieng va vdi phUdng Tay ndi ehung.
Cd the ndi trong quan he Xiem-Phap (1662-1856), ngudi Xiem da chu ddng khdn kheo va da thu dU6c nhiing ket qua tich Clic, ed ldi cho Xiem tren nhieu linh vUc mac dii ngUdi Phap khdi dau eho mdi quan he nly./.
CHU THICH
1. Michel JACQ-HERGOUALC'H, "L'EU- ROPE ET LE SIAM DU XVIe AU XVIIIe SIECLE", L'harmattan, 1993, p. 17 va Dang van ChUdng, "Quan he Bo Ddo Nha- Xiem vao the'ky XVI", Tap chi Nghien cUu
ChauAu, sd 2-2010, tr.42
2. Lich sxi nen tho'ng tri Thai Lan, t i p 1, ban dich viet tay ciia Vien Dong Nam A, tr.41 3. Trin Thi Nhin (2007), "Quan he gifla
vUdng qudc Ayuthaya (Thai Lan) va Phap
20 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 8/2011
the kl XVll" Tap chi Nghien cau Chdu Au. (sd82), tr. 1 5 - 50.
•1. Lich sd lUMi Ihdng Iri Thai Ivan, (ap 1, sdd, tr.38
5. Lich sd nen thdng tri Thai Lan, lAp 1, sdd, tr. 41-12
6. Sau thang l(?i cua hi^p Udc 16H7 vc- vi^c Phap dif(.'i' chi("Mii dong Bangkok va Mergui, cac giao sT Phap dif(^' i\f do t niyen diio. Ddn giiia nam ICiHS, khi vua Narai m i l , phong trao d l u tranh chd'ng phe than Phap nd ra, vUdng trieu Pra Petracha d\ic}c thiol Ifip chu trUdng han chr' sxf can thi^p cua nildc ngoai doi vdi Ayuthaya. Ddi vdi Phap, mpt mat Pra Petracha tien hanh dam phan vdi Desfages, m;)t khac g i p rut xay di^ng h$
thdng phdng thu quan sU va tap trung lUc lUdng bao vay phao dai ciia Phap. TrUdc sU phan ling manh me ciia Ayuthaya khien Phap thay ddi thai do, Desfages quyet djnh ket thiic tinh hinh cang t h i n g b l n g con ditdng dam phan. Thang 8 nam 1688, Hiep itdc ve viec riit quan ra khdi Ayuthaya dit(3c ki ket. Theo dd quan Phap phai riit khdi Bangkok va Mergui de chuyen den Pondicheri. Tuy nhien, theo noi dung Hiep Udc thi cac giao si va thitdng nhan Phap van dUdc hoat dong d Xiem.
7. Do hoat dong truyen giao ciia cac giao si Phap gap nhieu kho khan trong the ki XVIII nhUng ho v i n luon kien tri, khong tii bd ba't ky mpt dia diem nao, thdi gian nao va ddi tUdng nao. Ket qua sU kien tri dd len den dinh cao b l n g ho^t dpng cua giam muc Kenrale (1726 - 1727), dng da c6 the thuyet giao tai san rdng cho cac t i n g Idp quan lai cua trieu dinh Ayuthaya, tham chi da d i i n ra nhiing cupc t r a n h luan giiia cac giao si P h a p va tSng ni Xiem ve van de giao li Thien Chiia. NhUng dang tide thay, ket qua truyen giao cdng chi diing lai d sU "tranh luan'' ma khdng mpt ai muon di theo dao Thien chiia ca. Mau t h u i n giiia Xiem - ma chu yeu la nhiing tang ni, p h a t tii - vdi cac giao si Thien Chiia trd nen gay g i t hdn bao gid het.
8. Khdng dUdc chi trich dao Phat; ngudi
Xiem, ngudi Mon va ngUdi Lao khdng dUdc theo d^o Thien Chiia, vi dao Thien chiia thd dich vdi dao Phat; khdng xuat ban cac sach bao ciia d^o Thien chua b l n g chii Tay va chuf P h a n (BecDin.E.O. NgUdi dich:
TrUdng Huyen, T r i n Dinh Khanh (dich nam l'J73), Gido hgi Thien chua dNam vd Dong Nam Chdu A, NXB Khoa hoc, Matxcdva, 1966, tr. 6).
i). Trudc nhiing ho^t dpng k6m hi$u qua cua cac giao si Phap, Giao hpi La Ma da co du dinh chuyen hoat dpng truydn giao cua
Phap tai Xiem cho mpt td chdc khac co nang Ivfc hdn. NhU trUdc day vao giiia th^
ky XVII, chinh tai Xiem cac giao si Bd Dao Nha da bi thay the bdi cac giao si Phap.
10. D l u nAm 1767 sau khi dam phan vdi Tdng tu lenh quan dpi Mianma, giam muc Brigo da d l u h a n g vdi nhiing dieu kien c6 ldi cho cac giao si P h a p , rieng dpi quan tin dd Thien chiia s§ dUdc bd sung cho quan dpi Mianma.
11. Trong cupc da'u t r a n h chdng Mianma, thdng n h a t d i t nUdc, Phya Taksin da n h a n h chdng tap hdp dUdc sU iing hp ciia n h a n dan \ i ngay tii d l u cupc da'u tranh ay the hien ro tinh t h i n da'u t r a n h chdng phong kien, chdng q u a n chii. Tuy nhien tan cdng chdng phong kien chinh la danh vao gidi tu h a n h cua Phat giao.
12. Xiem dam bao che dp budn ban tU do cho Anh, thii tieu cac td chUc dpc quydn ngoai thUdng ciia Xiem vdn la ngudn thu nhap chinh ciia n h a nUdc. Chinh quyen Xiem ban bd che dp l a n h si;t tai p h a n cho ngU^i Anh t r e n da't Xiem. Ngitdi Anh dUdc ph6p mua ban da't d mien T r u n g Xiem thuoc vilng ddng b l n g m a u md d viing sdng Chao Phraya. Tau chien ciia Anh dUdc di sau vao sdng Chao P h r a y a va neu tren tau co sU t h i n thi du<?c di t h i n g d^n Bangkok.
13. D.G.E.Hall, Lich sii Ddng Nam A, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Npi, 1977, tr. 961 14. Dao Minh Hdng, Chinh sdch doi ngogi
cua Thdi Lan naa cuoi thekl XIX ddu tlie ki XX, L u a n v a n tien si sh hoc, T h a n h pho Hd Chi Minh, 2001, tr. 58.
