NHAN VAT - s y KIEN
T 6 N G BI THU NGUV^N VAN cCr
TRONG CUOC
V A N D O N G D A N CHO1936-1939
PGS, TS VU QUANG HIEN*
Nguyen VSn Cir la mot trong nhung ngu^i tham gia thanh l$p Dong Duvmg Cong san Bang (6-1929), du^ ren luy$n qua thLK tiSn each mang, nhat ta trong phong trao tSau tranh sol sue cOa cdng nhSn vOng mo, giir vOng y chi chlen dau trong nha tu de qudc, du^c tra ti/ do (1936) do phong trao dau tranh cOa Mat tran Nhan dan Phap, vi ho^t dong a Ha Noi, du%rc b§u vao Xi> uy Bac Ky (3-1937), tham gia Ban Thumig vu Trung uxyng (8-1937), roi diKfc bau lam Tdng Bi thw cua Dang (3-1938). Tren curyng vj Tong Bithw, NguySn VSn CCrco nhimg dong gop quan trong trong si/ nghiep each m^ng ndl chung, triecyc hit la trong cuoc van dgng dan chu 1936-1939.
1. Manh dan dau tranh tu phe binh va phe binh, thdng nhat y chi va hanh dpng trong Dang
Neu nhu eac Tdng Bi thu Tran Phii, Le Hdng Phong, Ha Huy Tap timg dupe dao tao d Matxeova, true tiep tiep thu nhiing quan diem aia Quoc te Cpng san, thi Nguyen Van Cir "chua he xuat duong"', mdi 26 tuoi, nhung da dupc Ban Chap hanh Trung upng Dang bau lam Tdng Bi thu, chinh vi Nguyen Van Cir nam vung tinh hinh the gidi, trpng
' Dai hoc quoc gia Ha Noi
i
nudc, bam sat thue tien each mang Viet Nam, CO nhiing y kien sac sao, diing dan trong eac cuge hgp ciia Trung uong, co pham chat dao diic va ban linh chinh tri viing vang.
Trong sir bien ehuyen ciia tinh hinh qudc te va trong nudc, Hpi nghi Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang Cgng san Ddng Duong (7-1936) de ra ehii truong
"ehuyen hudng mdi trpng cpng tae ciia Dang theo tinh than Nghi quyet eua Dai hgi thii VII a i a Quoc te Cgng san"^. Hdi nghi xae dinh ke thii cu the trudc mat eua nhan dan Ddng Dupng ehua phai la
TAP CHi UCH SU'DANG - SO 7/2012
thue dan Phap ndi ehung, ma la bpn phan ddng thudc dia, khdng chiu thue hien rdiiing chinh sach ma Chinh phu Phap ban hanh; quyet dinh t^m gac eae khau hieu "dge lap ddn tgc" va "cdch mang rugng dat", ehi de ra muc tieu dau tranh trude mit la ddi cac quyen tu do dan ehu, com ao, hoa binh; thanh lap Mat tran nhan dan phan de Ddng Duong nham tap hgp mgi lue lugng dan chii, tir quan ehiing ca ban den eae tang lap tren va ea mpt bp phan rihiing ngudi Phap cd xu hudng chdng phat xit d Ddng Duong.
Cac tp chiic quan chiing nhu Cdng hdi, Npng hgi dupe doi thanh Hdi Tuang te, Hpi Ai hiiu, Dpan Thanh nien cpng san ddi thanh Doan Thanh nien dan ehu. De md rdng to chtic va phong trao quan ehiing. Dang ehu truong tan dung kha nang hoat ddng cdng khai va ban cdng khai, nhung khdng phai la theo chii nghia cdng khai. To chiic Dang can phai bi mat, hoae ed the ra edng khai mdt bd phan, nhung to chirc quan chiing thi can phai cdng khai. Chi cd nhu vay mdi co the tap hop dong dao quan chiing, huy ddng den miic cao nhat mpi li^c lupng len tran dia each mang. Day la mgt CP hpi hiem cd trpng dieu kien mdt nude thugc dia. Nhiing khuynh hudng chan chir, do du se anh hudng khong lgi den cong tae van dgng, td chiic quan chiing cua Dang. Dau tranh ndi bd, chdng nhiing tu tudng sai lech nham thong nhat y chi va hanh ddng trong Dang la mdt yeu cau cap thiet. Nguyen Van Cir da di tien phong va kien quyet trong cude dau tranh nay.
TAP CHi UCH SU" DANG - S6 7/2012
Vdi trgng trach mgt nha lanh dao, vdi nhan quan ehinh tn sac ben, Nguyen Van Cir CO ddng gdp quan trgng vao viec gdp phan thdng nhat y chi va hanh ddng trong eong tac td' ehiie quan ehiing aia Dang.
Dau tranh tu phe binh va phe binh la mdt quy luat tdn tai va phat trien cua Dang. Theo Nguyen Van Cir, "Nhiing cude thao luan dieu khien mpt each dling dan la can thiet de thdng nhat tu tudng, mdt su thdng nhat that su, manh me, dua tren su giae ngp va trung thanh a i a mgi ngudi"^. Cong khai, manh dan, thanh thue vach nhiing nham loi cua minh va tim phuong cham sira doi, chdng nhirng xu hudng hoat dau, thoa hiep, nhu the khong phai la lam yeu Dang, ma la lam cho Dang dugc thong nhat, manh me. Lam nhu the khong sp dich nhan Ipi dung, chiri rua vu cao cho Dang, khdng sp "noi giao cho giac". Trai lai, neii "dong cira bao nhau", giii eai v6 thdng nhat ma be trong thi ho ldn mgt cue, day ray bgn boat dau, do mdi chinh la de eho quan thii ehiri riia; hon niia,
"dd to ra khong phai mgt dang tien phong each mang, ma la mgt dang hoat dau eai luong"*. Vdi tinh than thang than, khong sp noi ra nhiing khuyet diem, sai lam, Nguyen Van Cir neu ro:
"Chung ta phai nhin nhan nhirng khuyet diem ve chii quan ma chinh ta gay ra, chinh ta phai chiu hoan toan trach nhiem"^.
Nguyen tac da'u tranh phe binh la phai dua tren eo sd dudng ldi chinh tri a i a Dang va xuat phat tir tinh cam trong sang giiia nhiing ngudi dong ehi, cung ehung ly tudng each mang, vi loi ich ciia
I
NHAN VAT-SU" KIEN
Dang, aia each mang, chii khong vi loi ieh ea nhan. Moi dang vien deu co quyen tu do thao luan va phe binh, nham thiic day phong trao each mang phat trien.
Nguyen Van Cir neu rd: Chiing ta la nhiing ngudi each mang, chiing ta diing ve loi ich ve cdng cupc ciia dan chung ma chi trich nhiing khuyet diem, nhiing eho limg chimg hoac hen nhat de day phong trao phat trien manh me rong rai hon.
Ddng ehi eiing canh bao rang, "nhiing ke nghich chd vpi hi hdn tim d day mpt su chia re hay mam be phai gi giiia nhiing ngudi cdng san ma udng cdng. Vi sau khi thao luan ro rang roi, bao gid trong hang ngii chiing toi, thieu so ciing phai phue tiing da so va chimg ay chi co mpt y chi duy nhat la y ehi cua Dang, ngan ngudi se nhu mdt de thuc hanh y chi ay".
Vdi tinh than aia ngudi cpng san, viec da'u tranh phe binh "khong phai la cong kich Dang, mat sat Dang, dat danh du ca nhan len tren tat ea quyen lgi eiia Dang, ciia each menh", ma phai biet trgng uy tin cua Dang. Nguyen Van Cir khang dinh: "Dpi vdi uy tin a i a Dang, thi danh du ea nhan minh khong ed nghia ly gi, hay noi diing ra khdng con niia, vi mgt ngudi dang vien cpng san chi biet lay uy tin lay danh du ehung eua toan Dang lam danh du eua minh thdi"^
2. Kien quyet dau tranh chong tdrotkit, ehdng "ta" khuynh va hiiu khuynh de bap ve dudng Idi each mang dling d^n ciia Dang
De chd'ng pha phong trao dan ehii, nhiing phan hi tdrotkit va mat tham rao
riet hoat ddng, cdng kich chu truang thanh lap Mat tran dan ehu ciia Dang, vu cao Dang thuc hien su lien hiep cac giai cap, dang phai each mang va cai luong cd xu hudng tien bp trong cupc dau tranh chong phat xit va phan dpng thupc dia la mat lap trudng giai cap, di theo ehu nghia cai luong. Chiing de ra nhiing khau hieu cue "ta" nham loi keo mpt so it quan ehiing, nhat la nhiing thanh nien bdng bdt. Nguyen Van Cir chi ro: Bpn tdrotkit, xet den cdt hiy aia chiing thi ehiing ehi gam nhiing can ba cua phong trao nhom hgp nhau de chdng egng san, chia re va pha hoai phong trao qu^n ehiing. Nhung vi che dp ap biic bde lot tan nhan eua bgn tu ban phan ddng, nhd nhiing cau "each menh cue ta", nhd che day bang tram nghin mat na nen bgn trotkit ed the phinh phd lira gat dupe mdt so tri thiic tieu tu san, ma ngay ca mpt so thg thuyen qua ndng nay.
Trong cuge dau tranh ehong tdrotkit, Nguyen Van Cir eho rang, khong the chi dimg lai d viec tuyen truyen tren bao ehi, ma phai di sat quan chiing. Doi vdi mgt ke thii het siie nguy hiem nhu the, mdt vai bai bao vach mat na no khong du lam eho quan ehiing nhan ro. Can phai tham nhap vao cac tang Idp dan chiing chii y tirng ldi noi, timg hanh dpng aia bpn tdrotkit de vach nhiing muu mo khieu khich a i a chiing ra, dac biet giao thiep vdi anh em tri thiic va thg thuyen nghe lam theo chiing.
Nguyen Van Cir ciing Tmng uong Dang nghiem khac phe phan nhiing khuynh hudng cd dge, hep hdi va thoa
TAP CHi UCH SO DANG - SO 7/2012
hiep VD nguyen tae vdi tdrotkit. Vdi biit danh Tri Cudng, Nguyen Van Cir viet tae pham Tu chi trich, mgt tac pham ly luan quan trpng, ed tac dung to ldn trong cude dau tranh tu tudng, giang don quyet liet vao nhiing luan d i | u eua tdrotkit; gop phan thong nhat tu tudng va hanh ddng trong npi bg Dang, ciing CP niem tin eiia quan chiing vao su lanh dao ciia Dang.
Nguyen Van Cir khang dinh:
"Chiing ta da phai chien thang nhiing xu hudng sai lam trong hang ngii: xu hudng "ta khuynh", ed dpe nd muon lam cho Dang eo be, riit hep bdi biet phai, each xa quan chiing, va xu hudng thoa hifp hiiu khuynh, lung lay trudc nhiing tinh hinh nghiem trpng, nhang quen hoac che lap su tuyen truyen ehu nghia Mae - Lenin, lam le rdi bo nhiing nguyen tac each menh"'^.
Trong cude van ddng dan ehii. Dang chii truong lien hiep het cae t'ang Idp nhan dan, eae luc lupng eai each dan ehu tien bd, khdng phan biet giai cap, dang phai, tdn giao, dan tpc, vao mdt Mat tran dan chil thdng nhat, de chdng phan dpng thude dia, ehdng phat xit, doi tu do, com ao, hoa binh.
Nguyen Van Cir giai thich, chu truang eua Dang tuy khdng phan biet giai cap, dang phai, nhung van ed gidi ban, CO nguyen tac rd rang, diing tren lap trudng mdt ban chuong trinh hanh ddng tdi thieu tranh dau ehong phan dpng, chdng phat xit. Khdng bao gid Dang chii truong lien hiep het cac dang phai ngudi ban xii, khdng phan biet cai luang vdi phan ddng, ma ehi kich liet cdng kich va
TAP CHi UCH SLC D A N G - SO 7/2012
danh do nhiing phan hi phan ddng, v6 luan thude ve dang phai nao, giai cap nao. Nguyen Van Cir da bac bo nhiing luan diem hiiai khuynh, nhan thiie sai ve ehu truang eua Dang dd'i vdi eae giai cap va cae dang phai; khang dinh nguyen tac khong the lien hiep vdi cae dang phai phan ddng: "trong chinh sdch lien minh, chiing ta, nhimg nguai cgng sdn, chi co the tuy theo hodn cdnh moi lUc mdlien hiep vai nhirng ddng phdi cdch mang hay nhirng ddng phdi cdi luang, tan bg it nhieu, cha con vai nhimg ddng phdn dgng thi khong hao gia CO the lien minh duac"^.
3. Giai quyet diing dan mdi quan he giiia muc tieu chien luoc va muc tieu trudc mat ciia each mang
La ngudi each mang triet de, tren eo sd nam viing mue tieu ehien lupe cua each mang, phai biet each gianh thang lgi timg bude eho diing, tiie la phai biet can Cli vao hpan canh lich sir eu the moi liic cho phep de xae dinh mue tieu trude mat, gianh thang lgi mpt bude, tao dieu kien de tien len gianh thang lgi eao hon d budc sau, di tir gianh thang loi tirng budc, tien len gianh thang Ipi hoan toan.
Do la quy luat cua dau tranh each mang.
Nguyen Van Cir edng khai muc dieh cudi cimg cua each mang la gidi phong ddn tgc, thu tieu nhirng di tich phong kien, tie'n len cdch mang xd hgi, thu tieu su boc lot tu bdn vd xdy dung xd hgi xd hgi chu nghia, thuc hien cong sdn chu. nghia. Nhung diing trudc hoan canh hien tai: phat xit tan cong, nguy ca Nhat Ban ham doa, chinh saeh phan dgng nang ne, thi chua danh do mdt giai cap nao ciia ngudi ban xii.
B
NHAN VAT-SU" KIEN
Ky niem Ngay Qudc te Lao ddng t^l Ha Npi ngay 1-5-1938 ehi danh do nhiing phan tii va nhiing
dang phai phan dgng; "thdng nhat hanh dpng eua het tha'y cac tang lap nhan dan, cac luc lupng cai each dan ehu de doi tu do tan bp"'. Chinh vi vay, ngudi edng san "trong liic nay benh vue tu do tu san, chdng phat xit, nhung khong phai de duy tri mai che do tu do tu san, ma cdt dema rgng cuoc tranh dau dang thuc hien mot che do hodn todn tu do. Vi phan biet nhu the nen ngudi edng san, trong liic nay tan thanh lien minh vdi cac dang phai eai luong, nhung khdng phai ngudi cpng san hoa theo cai luang ma dekeo phe cdi luang qua lap truang tranh dau doi tu do, tan bg degdy dung diiu kien thudn tien cho cdch mang phdt trieW^^.
De thuc hien muc tieu trudc mat, can CO mpt hinh thiic tap hop luc lugiig thich
B
hpp. Mat tran la mpt van de chien lupc, mpt nhan to dam bao thang loi ciia each mang. Nhung tuy theo moi giai doan each mang ma co mot hinh thiic mat tran khac nhau. Theo Nguyen 'Van Cir, Mat tran dan chu Dong Ducmg "la mot hinh thiic dac biet ciia Mat tran phan de rpng rai". Mat tran dan chii phai thuc hien trong qua tr'mh cupc tranh da'u. Moi cupc mit tinh, bieu tinh, bai cong doi tu do dan chii va cai thien sinh hoat la mpt yeu to xay d i p Mat h-an dan chii. Nhiing to chiic qu'an chiing nhu cac ai hiiu tuong te aia thp thuyen, nong dan, cac hpp tac xa ciia tieu thii cong, tieu thucmg, cac doan the thanh nien, phu nu deu la bp phan khang khit cua Mat tran, la nen tang de thuc hien Mat tran thong nhat.
Lien minh ben duoi ciia qu'an chiing
TAP CHi UCH SLP D A N G - SO 7/2012
each mang la nen tang a i a Mat tran, giir vi tri quyet dinh de thue hien hen minh ben tren, tap hpp rpng rai mpi luc lugng dan chu. Tren eo sd lien minh ben dudi, phai lgi dung mau thuan trong ndi bd ke thii, thuc hien sach luge phan hoa ke thu, CO lap eao dg ke thii nguy hiem nhat de chia miii nhgn dau tranh vao ehiing.
Lien minh vdi cae giai cap, dang phai each mang va cai luong ed xu hudng tien bp, nham thuc hien Mat tran dan ehu rgng rai, nhung "khdng vi do ma hoa ra eai luang", ma "van giii dge lap ve ehinh tri va to chiic" cua Dang.
Nguyen Van Cir kich liet phe phan khuynh hudng sai lam do khong biet lgi dung nhiing mau thuan trpng npi bp ke thii, de tranh thu Ipi kep dong minh, thiic day hp hanh dpng chdng ke thii nguy hiem nha't. Ong nhan manh: Ngudi each menh ma khdng bie't di quanh co, khong biet di tim kiem ddng minh, lai xua dudi trude nhiing ke eo the dong minh, thi that khong phai ke lanh dao phong trao. Va dd ehi la mgt xu hudng
"ta khuynh" ed ddc, khdng biet xong pha trong nhiing dudng niii gap ghenh, hiem trd, khdng biet cheo ehong trong nhiing con phong ba bao tap".
Dudi su lanh dao a i a Dang, dirng dau la Tdng Bi thu Nguyin Van Cir, tir nam 1938, Mat tran Dan chu Ddng Duong md rpng boat ddng. Cac hinh thiic td chiie quan ehung phat trien ehua timg thay, bao gpm ea nhiing td chiie don so, khdng CO dieu le nhu hdi hieii, hgi hy, hdi budn, hpi dpc saeh bap, ban ca nhac, ban hpc tdi..., va ca nhiing td chiic mang tinh chat thdi vu nhu hdi eay, hdi cay, hdi gat,
TAP CHi LICH SLC D A N G - SO 7/2012
hdi Ipp nha... Nhiing cupc mit tinh ldn duge td chiic d nhieu noi, thu hiit hang chuc nghin ngudi dau tranh ddi tu do dan chu, cai thien dan sinh. Hoat ddng bao ehi, xuat ban dien ra soi ndi. Hinh thiic dau tranh nghi trudng dupc tan dung de tap hpp quan chiing. Thdng qua dd. Dang eir can bg, dang vien tiep xiic rgng rai vdi quan chiing, tuyen truyen ly luan each mang va dudng loi, chu truang, chinh sach aia Dang; giac ngo va ren luyen quan ehiing qua thuc tien dau tranh doi quyen lgi hang ngay, xay dung nen mgt luc lupng chinh tri himg hau hang trieu ngudi d ea thanh thi va ndng thdn. Dd la luc lupng eo ban va CP y nghia quyet dinh trong tong khdi nghia gianh ehinh quyen sau nay.
Phong trao dan ehu 1936-1939 la mot dieh hinh thanh eong eiia Dang ve ket hpp muc tieu ehie'n luge vdi muc tieu trudc mat; ve xay dung va sii dung luc lupng;
ve ket hgp cac hinh thiie td ehiie va dau tranh. Nhiing quan diem ciia Nguyen Van Cir trong giai doan nay khong chi eo y nghia ehi dao doi vdi phong trao each mang liie do, ma cdn la nhiing ddng gdp quan trpng ve ly luan each mang, ve nguyen tac xay dung Dang, co gia tri cho ea hom nay va mai sau.Q
I, 2. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Ddng Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2000, T.6, tr. 370,415 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Ddng Todn tap, T. 6, Sdd, tr. 621, 624, 625, 622, 645, 630, 636^ 643
I I . Xem Sdd, T.6, tr. 627, 639, 640, 642.
