Tac dong cua cac ylu t6 doi vol tilp can giao due trung hoc cua tre em Viet Nam
Tran Quy Long'''
Tom tat: Mirc 36 tiip can giao duo trung hoc cm tre em Viet Nam dd gia tang ddng ki trong nhOng ndm qua. Tuy nhien co su khong binh idng trong tiip can gido due trung hfc giiia nhimg nhom tre em co ddc diim khdc nhau ve cdc dac trung cd nhdnva gia dinh.
Nhom tre em nam, tre em ddn toe thiiu so, cha meed hoc van thap vd nghi nghiep gian dan. gia dinh nhiiu thdnh vien, mite song thdp, cu tru a khu vuc nong than vd vung sdu vimg xa eo khd ndng tiep can gido due trung hoc thap hem cdc nhom khdc. Bdt binh dang trong cahoi di hoc vd trinh do hoc van se dan din nhiing bat binh ddng ve thu nhap, ea hoi nghi nghiep vd diiu kiin an sinh cua tre em trong tuong lai. Bdi viit tap trung phan tich sukhdc Met cUng nhu xdc dinh moi lien hi giUa nhiing yiu to cd nhdn, dac trung ciia ho gia dinh vai vdn di tiip can gido due eda tre em trong do tuoi trung hoe.
Tu- khoa: Tre em, Giao due trung hpc, Tiep can giao due
Abstract: The level of access to high school education of Vietnamese children has increased significantly in recent years. There is, however, an inequality in access to high school education among groups of children with different characteristics of individual and family characteristics. Male, ethnic minority, parents with low education and simple occupations, big families, low living standard, live in rural and remote areas have lower access to high school education than other groups. Inequality in school attendance and educational attainment will lead to inequalities in income, occupational opportunities, and well-being of children in thefiiture. The article focuses on the differences as well as the relationship between individual factors, household characteristics and the access to education for children in high school age.
Keywords: Children, High school education. Access to education
1. Mff dau ciia ca nhan khi tniong thanh. Doi vcri mot Giao due tmng hgc la mot trong nhiing "ii™ ngheo va chua phat trien thi dau tu cua yeu t6 nSn tang anh hucmg dSn muc thu nhap "''^ """'^ '^^° 8'^° ^^. '™"g ''9<= ^.^ ' ' ^ ' f lgi ieh to Idfn hon nhi6u so voi dau tu vao
••'ThS, Vifn Nghien ciru G,a dinh va Gim, Vien ^'^° "^"^ ' ' » ' ''9=- ™ u hSt cae chinh phu d k Han lam Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam; Email: '^em viee rag rpng giao due bat bupc tU tieu tranquylong@gmail.com hoc len trung hgc CO CO (THCS) la mue tieu
Tac ddng ciia cac yeu i6..
chinh sach quan trpng. Tren toan the gidi eii bdn nudc thi cd ba nudc dua THCS vao chuang trinh giao dye b i t budc (UNESCO, 2008). Tre em can hgc het Idp cudi ciing cua bac trung hpe phd thdng (THPT) bdi giao due trung hpc cd vai tid het sue quan trpng ddi vdi sy phat trien va an sinh eua ddi tugng nay. De cd the giai quySt cac vin de va ling phd dugc vdi cac nguy co doi vdi sy phat trien va eac quyen cua minh, tie em can dugc tiang bi nhieu kign thiic va ky nang thiet yeu, trong dd cd ky nang giai quyet van de mdt each sang tao, giao tilp hieu qua, tim hieu va danh gia thdng tin mgt each cd tir duy (UNICEF, 2011).
Giao due trung hgc d Viet Nam bao gdm 2 bac hgc la THCS va THPT, tiiong ling vdi do tudi tir 11-17. Tre em trong do tudi trung hpc la nhdm dan sd dang d giai doan dac biet, dinh hinh phat trien. Nhdm tie em nay ludn s3n sang tiep thu ki8n thiie, hpc bdi ky nang va tiep nhan nhirng gia tii mdi. Tuy nhien, vi mdt ly do nao do ma tie em khdng dugc di hpc thi thuc sy la ca hpi da hi bd Id (Trin Quy Long, 2018).
Tren co sd phan tich cac sd lieu khao sat qude gia va mdt sd nghien ciru gan day, chimg tdi lam ro nhiing yeu td anh hudng den viec tiep can giao due trung hgc cua tie em Viet Nam.
2. Nhung yeu to anh hirdng den viec tiep can giao due t m n g hoc ciia tre em Viet Nam
2.1. Gidi tinh
Cac cugc khao sat qudc gia deu cho thay thanh tyu rd ret tiong tiep can giao dye d bac trung hgc eiia tie em, tie em gai dugc di hpc d cap hpc nay cao han tie em tiai. Phan tich so lipu Tdng dieu tia dan sd va nha d Viet Nam nam 2009 theo chi tieu binh dang gidi cho thay, cap hpc cang cao thi ty le tie em gai di hpc dung tudi cang cd xu hudng cao ban tie em trai. Ty sd gai/tiai dang hpc THCS
la 0,95; THPT la 1,01 (Tong cue Thdng ke, 2011). Theo sd lieu ciia Bd Lao ddng - Thuang binh va Xa hpi, Tdng eye Thdng ke, Intemational Labour Organization (2014), ty le tie em gai di hge cao hon so vdi tie em trai d tit ca cac cip hge phd thdng tien pham vi ca nude, cac viing dia ly, cac nhdm tudi.
K§t qua phan tich so lieu Dieu tia danh gia cac muc tieu tie em va phu nii (MICS) d Viet Nam nam 2014 da chi ra ty le nhap hgc dung tiidi (do tiidi tir 15-17) bac THPT d tie em tiai la 67,1% so vdi 74,3% tie em gai. Khao sat miic song dan cu Viet Nam nam 2016 cho thay, ty le di hgc dung tudi cua tie em gai d bac THCS cao hon 2,3 diem phan tiam so vdi tie em tiai. Khoang each nay tang len khoang 10 diem p h i n tiam d bac THPT, 73,6% so vdi 63,7%. DiSu nay dugc ly giai la do do tudi THPT cung la dp tudi lao ddng, dan sd nam d dp tudi nay ed xu hudng tham gia thi trudng lao ddng nhieu hon nir (Tdng cue Thdngke, 2018).
Bao cao phan tich ve tinh hinh tie em va phu nii tinh Kon Tum ehi ra rang, mdt tinh ngheo va cd nhieu ngudi dan tdc thieu sd d khu vyc Tay Nguyen nhu Kon Tum ciing cd ty le di hpc diing dp tudi eiia tie em gai nhieu ban tie em trai d cac bac THCS va THPT. Dieu do phan anh nhiing tien bp tiong van de bmh dang gidi va giao due cho tie em gai tiong thdi gian vira qua (UBND tinh Kon Tum va UNICEF Viet Nam, 2015).
2.2. Bg tudi
Theo ude tinh tir cupc dieu tia qudc gia ve lao dpng tie em nam 2012 cua Bg Lao dgng - Thuang binh va Xa hpi, Tdng cue Thdng ke, Intemational Labour Organization (2014), ty le di hpc trung hge va tudi ciia tie em cd mdi quan he nghich dao vdi nhau, nghia la ty le di hge cua tre em giam xudng khi tudi tang len. Ty 1? di hpc
24 Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi. s6 3.2018 cua U-e em o nhom tu5i 6-11 la 98,3%, ty le
nay giam xu6ng 92,6% a nhom moi 12-14 vi 73,5% o nhom tu5i 15-17. Phan tieh so lieu T6ng diSu tra dan s6 va nha 6 Viet Nam nam 2009 eho thiy, trong eimg dieu kien xac dinh boi cac biSn s6 doe 1 jp khac trong mo hinh, khi tang them mpt taoi thi xac suat di hpe cua tre em lai giam xu6ng. Tuong tu, Tran Quy Long (2018) chi ra xac suat di hpe eua h-e em trong do tu6i hpc trung hpe giam xuong khi a dp tuoi Ion hon.
2.3. Thdnh phan ddn toe Mac du g4n day eac viing diin tpc thieu s6 o Viet Nam da c6 nhiSu eai thien vS dieu kien kinh tS - xa hoi song van la nhom dan so CO su biet lap trong viee tiep can voi giao due trung hpe eua tre em. Tong dieu tra dan s6 va nha o Viet Nam n&m 2009 danh gia dan toe Kinh co ty le nhap hpc diing tuoi cao nhat, tiep theo la diin tpc Tay va Muofng. Khmer va H'mong la hai dan toe CO eac ty le nhap hpc diing tuoi thap nhat a eac cap hgc nay. Phan tich so lieu ciia MICS nam 2014 cho thiy, gin 60% tre em dan tpc thieu so trong dp moi 15-17 khgng di hpc THPT dung tuoi, frong khi ty le nay 6 nhom tre em nguoi Kinh la 23,7% (Tong cue Th6ng ke, UNICEF, 2015). Nghien ciiu ciia Tran Quy Long (2017) chi ra rang, ty le di hoc diing tuoi a cap THCS va THPT cua tre em nguoi Kinh eao hon gan 30 va 50,7 diem phan tram so voi tre em nguoi H'mong. So vol nguoi Kinh, ty le di hge dung tuoi eua tre em nguoi Khmer thip hon 1,5 lan o bac THCS va 2,9 lin o bac THPT, Theo so lieu cua Tong cue Thong ke (2018), ty le di hgc diing tu5i o bae THCS la 79,3% eiia tte em dan tpc thiiu s6 va 93,2%i o nhom h-e em nguoi Kinh. Ddi voi bac THPT, ty le di hpc diing tu6i cua tre em dan tgc thiSu so thip hon dang kS so voi tre em nguoi Kinh, 40,5% so voi 75,2%.
Tinh trang bit binh dang trong co hpi ti6p can giao due ciia tre em dan tpc thieu so so voi tre em ngucri Kinh gia tang la do ket hpp ca ySu 15 thanh phin dan tOc va diSn kien dja ly tu nhien, dia ban cu tni 6 viing sau vung xa, giao thong va phuang tien di lai kho khan. Viec nguoi dan tpc thieu so s6ng tap trung o cac vung mien niii, vimg sau, viing xa khiin tri em gap phai nhiing kho khan dac thu rieng o nhiing vung nay (Din theo: Nhom hanh dpng ehing doi ngheo, 2002). Kit qua phan tich so heu dilu tra thuc trang kinh ti - xa hpi cua 53 dan tpc thiiu so nam 2015 cho thiy, hung binh mpt hgc sinh THPT can di chuyen qua quang duong 17,6 km de co the den ttuong. Khoang each trung binh gan nhit duoi 9,6 km trong khi khoang each xa nhat hrung binh tren 23,3 km (Uy ban Dan too, UNDP, Irish Aid, 2017). Lao Cai la mpt vi du diin hinh: Theo Bao cao Phan tieh tinh hinh tre em tinh Lao Cai, nhiing yeu to nhu dan cu thua that, khoang each toi truong xa, duong sa di lai kho khan va dieu kien tu nhien khac nghiet Cling la rao can doi voi tre em a day. Kho khan nay tae dpng heu cue den viee huy dpng hpe sinh den trucmg, ngay ca doi voi thanh pho Lao Cai, noi co s6 xa kho khan it nhit trong tinh (UBND tinh Lao Cai va UNICEF Viet Nam, 2016).
2.4. Hoc vdn ciia cha me
So lieu eua cac cupc khao sat quoc gia eho thay, hge van eiia cha hcac me co moi quan he voi ty le di hge trung hpc ciia tre em.
Theo ket qua phan tich so heu cua MICS nam 2014, chi co 65,3% tre em a nhom me khong CO bang eip dugc nhap hpc THCS, lan lupt gan 20 va 33 diim diem phan tram so vai nhom eo me co trinh do tieu hpc va tmng hpc chuyen nghiep tra len. Tre em o nhom me khong co bing cip co ty 1? di hpc dung hi6i THPT la 24,6%, ty le nay tang len dat
Tac ddng ci^a cac y^ t6.. 25 eac miic 57,1%, 80,8%, 92,1% d cac nhdm
cd me cd hgc van tieu hgc, THCS, THPT va 96,9% d nhdm cd me cd hpc van trung hpc chuyen nghiep tid len. Ket qua diSu tia vdng 3 eiia dy an "Nhiing cupc ddi tie tha" cho thay, tie em tiong dp tudi 15 cd nhieu kha nang dugc di hgc ban khi cha me ed trinh dp hpc van cao han (Young Lives, 2011). Theo Tran Quy Long (2017), hpc vin ciia cha cao hon thi tie em cd xac suat di hpc diing tudi cao hon va tac dpng nay rat cd y nghTa thdng ke. Dieu nay khang dinh, mdi quan he giiia hpc van ciia ngudi cha va kha nang di hpc cua tie em van la mdi quan he tryc tiep va nhan qua mac du ed tinh den anh hudng ciia cac bien sd khac cd tiong md hinh.
Mdt sd nghien ciiu da ly giai ve tac dpng tir hpc van ciia cha me den kha nang di hpc eiia con cai la, cac bac cha me dugc hudng sy giao due tdt thi hg cung cd kha nang am hieu tdt ban ve each thiic tan dung cac dich vu giao dye. Ve ban chat, vdn nhan luc dugc truyen tir the he nay sang the he khac (Indu Bhushan va cdng sy, 2001). Cha me cd tiinh dp cao hon se danh gia cao giao due han du ho cd kha nang chi tia hay khdng (Ngan hang The gidi va cac co quan khac, 2011), Hpc van cua cha me tae ddng den tinh tiang giao due ciia con cai thdng qua cac yeu td trung gian nhu sy quan tam den viee hge eiia con, cho hpc them; thai do va hanh vi hudng nghiep, tham gia cdng viec san xuat ddi vdi con, miic chi tieu cho giao dye (Nguyen Diic Vinh, 2009). Bao cao Phan tich tinh hinh tie em tinh An Giang cua tinh An Giang va UNICEF Viet Nam (2012) ciing neu ro mot phan ciia thuc tiang nay. Theo dd, mdt sd cha me cd trinh do hgc van thap nen khdng nhan thiic dugc gia tri lau dai eua giao due, do dd khdng mudn cho con di hgc bat chap eac nd lyc ddng vien ciia chinh quyen va nha trudng. Dgc theo
tuySn bien gidi, nhieu bac cha me da ldn len tiong thdi gian chien tranh Khmer Dd cudi thap nien 1970 va khdng cd diSu kien di hpc, tir do dan tdi ban than hp khdng danh gia cao gia tri cua viec hpc hanh.
2.5. Nghe nghiep cda cha me NghS nghiep ciia cha me cd anh hudng din kha nang di hgc ciia tre em. Theo phan tich sd lieu Dilu tia qudc gia ve Vi thanh nien va Thanh nien Viet Nam (Survey Assessment of Vietnamese Youth - S AVY) lan thir hai, so vdi nhdm thanh thieu nien cd cha me cd loai hinh nghe nghiep khac, nhdm cd cha me vdi nghe nghiep gian dan cd nguy co thdi hgc cao han 15% (Xem:
Trin Quy Long, 2013). KSt qua phan tich da bien tir sd lieu Tdng dieu tia dan sd va nha d Viet Nam nam 2009 cho thay, tie em d tiong gia dinh cd cha lam nghe Iao ddng gian don cd xac suat di hge thap ban 0,2 don vi so vdi nhdm tie em cd cha khdng lam nghe lao ddng gian don (Xem:
Tran Quy Long, 2014). Dieu nay cho thay, nguyen vgng mong mudn con cai cd hpc vin eao han duge dan xen vdi hy vgng ve sy di ddng xa hdi di len de ed mgt cudc sdng chat lugng hon. Ngoai viec la nhiing ngudi giao due dau tien cua con cai, cac bae cha me vdi nghe nghiep ed thii bac cao tiong xa hdi ddng vai trd quan tigng tiong viec dinh ra nhu eau va tinh than tiach nhiem tiep can giao due cho tie em, hp ciing cd kha nang han tiong viee dau tu hgc hanh cho con cai.
2.6. Cdu trite hg gia dinh Sd lugng thanh vien hd gia dinh cd mdi quan he voi kha nang dugc di hgc ciia tie em. Mdt sd tre em phai nhudng quyIn lgi den trudng cita minh cho nhirng diia tre khae d nhiing gia dinh cd nhi8u con tiong dp tudi den trudng (Dan theo: Nhdm hanh dpng chdng ddi ngheo, 2002). Bao cao Phan tich tinh hinh tre em tinh Dien Bien
26 Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hpi. so 9.201S cua tinh Dien Bien va UNICEF Viet Nam la 40,4%, thap han den gan 53 diem ph&i (2010) cho thiy, cong viec ciia tre em dong ttam so voi tre em o nhom miic song giau gop mpt phin ttong ehiin luge sinh ki hp nhit. S6 Ueu cua Tong cue Thong ke (2018) gia dinh nhim dii pho voi nii ro va giam chi ra su ehenh lech trong ty le di hpc dung thiiu kha nang dl bj tin thuong, dong thoi taoi o bac THCS cua tre em giua hai nhom eiing di tang eo hpi cho gia dinh. Cac hp miic sSng cao nhit va thap nhit la 15,2 diim gia dinh nong thon dong con eo thi su dung ,phan tram. Doi voi bae THPT, khoang each chiin lupc cho diia Idm di lam them di h6 giira hai nhom miic song trong ty le di hpc tra gia dinh, con nhiing dua be vin tiip tue dung taoi la 31,9 diem phan tram, 50,7% 6 di hge. Quy mo gia dinh anh huong din kha nhom ngii phim vi ngheo nhat va o nh6m nang tiip can giao due ciia tre em o khia ngii phan vi giau nhit la 82,6% (Bieu do 1).
canh: do tinh trang dong nguai, hp gia dinh So sanh giiia cac tinh, moi quan he can phai cat giam chi phi hgc tap va huy giira ty le di hge dung tuoi ciia tre em a hai dgng tre em tham gia lam viec nham kiem bac THCS va THPT vtii tinh trang ngheo
them thu nhap. ^ ^ ^
1 .. .r' ' Bieu do 1. T y le di hoc t r u n g h o c d i i n g tuoi
2.7. Muc song „.,. ,_. . _ . 1 , : ,,,„•„,.„.?__ / . , „ ?„,,=^
Muc song hg gia dinh luon eo moi quan he thuan chieu vdi ty le di hpc trung hpe cua he em. Theo phan tich ciia Indu Bhushan va cpng su (2001), ngucri ngheo CO it kha nang dau ta vao von nhan luc hon so vcri nguoi giau, tham ehi viec duy tri nhimg bija an ngheo dinh duong tir thu nhap khiem ton cua hg ciing
ciia tre e m chia theo m i j c s o n g ( n a m 2016)
_L
Nguon: Tong
Ngheo Trung binh DTHCS E3THPT
;licTli6ngke, 2018.
rat kho khan cua tinh cung rit ro rang. Theo Trin Quy ehii ehua nci den viec diu tuva duy hi giao Long (2017), nhimg tinh co ty le ngheo due cho con cai. Tac dgng thuan chiiu ciia cao hon thi ty le tre em di hoc trung hpc yen to miic song doi vdi xac suit di hgc diing tail thip hon. Viec khong duoc di hoc eua tre em eiing dupe khang dinh qua phan ciia tee em eo thi dugc xem la mpt trong hch hoi quy da bien ket qua Tong diiu tra nhirng biiu hipn quan h-ong eua tinh trang dan so ya nha 6 Viet Nam nam 2009 (T6ng ngheo kh6. Cac chi phi dich vu cao co thi cue Thong ke, 2011). Ket qua diiu ha ciia diy cae gia dinh din chg ngheo hoac lam MICS nam 2014 cho thay, ty le di hpe dung trim trgng them tinh trang ngheo doi. Do taoi eua tre em taoi hung hpc tang theo miie vay, cae khoan chi phi la rao can khi cac gia song hp g,a dinh: he em taoi THCS di hpc dinh mu5n su dung dich vu giao due cimg tT^oTj," ' * ' ^ " " '™« °^^° '*^' '^ •*" =« *ien tmh trang hoc vin eho tre em.
r'oVto? V"^ ° " " ' '°°« « ™ ' * ^ ' ^-^ ^*" ^f^ "0"g thon/thdnh thi la 97,8/.. Tuong tu, tre em taoi THPT di Theo s6 lieu th6ng ke cua T6ng cue hgc dung tao. o nhom mvrc song ngheo nhit Th6ng ke qua eac nam, ty le di hgc trung
T^c dpng ciia cdc y£u t6.. 27 hgc cua tie em tuy d miic kha cao nhung su
chenh lech giiia hai khu vuc ndng thdn va thanh thi vin cdn kha ldn tiong kha nang tiep can giao dye trung hpc cua tie em, dac biet la d cap THPT. Sd lieu MICS nam 2014 chi ra ty le tie em thanh thi di hgc d ca hai bac hgc trung hgc ludn cao ban tie em ndng thdn. Tre em thanh thi di hgc dung tudi d bac THCS cao ban 6,2 diim phin tram so vdi tre em ndng thdn, 94,8% so vdi 88,6%. Ddi vdi bac THPT, tie em d khu vuc thanh thi di hgc diing tudi cao hon tie em khu vuc ndng thdn 11,7 diem phin tiam, 79,1% so vdi 67,4% (Tdng eye Thdng ke, UNICEF, 2015). Kk qua chu yeu Dieu tia bien ddng dan sd va ke hoach hda gia dinh thdi diem 1/4/2016 cho thay, trinh dp cang cao thi khoang each chenh lech ve phd cap giao due giira thanh thi va ndng thdn cang Idn. Cu the, miic chenh lech giiia thanh thi va ndng thdn d cap THCS la 2,6 diem phan tram; d cap THPT la 14,3 diem phan tram (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2017). Theo ket qua Khao sat mire sdng dan cu Viet Nam nam 2016, tre em thanh thi di hge dung tudi d bae THPT cao han 15,1 diem phan tiam so vdi tre em ndng thdn, 79,6% so vdi 64,5%. Khoang each nay duac ndi rdng d bac THPT, tie em d khu vuc thanh thi di hpc diing tudi cao han tie em khu vuc ndng thdn la 15,6 diSm phan tiam, 68,4% so vdi 52,8% (Tong cue Thdng ke, 2018).
Mdt so nghien ciiu da phan tich sy khac biet giiia thanh thi va ndng thdn trong viec tiep can giao due ciia tie em va cd nhiing ly giai khac nhau. Indu Bhushan va cdng sy (2001) cho ring, dac diem ciia cdng ddng va mdi trudng ed anh hudng tdi nhu cau ve dich vu xa hdi. Nhung boat ddng ciia cdng ddng nhu cac phong trao mang tinh xa hpi cd the la ngudn thdng tin quan trpng trong hanh vi giao due. Con ngudi thudng hpc
qua viec quan sat cac hanh ddng ciia ngudi khac va diSu nay cd thi la mdt yiu td kich thich hanh dpng tiong vipc dau tu cho giao due. Nghien eihi nay ciing chi ra "uu the thanh thi" vdi nhiing dac trung nhu sy san ed va da dang ciia cac ca sd giao dye, co sd vat chat duge dau tu tdt hon va dac biet la khdng khi hgc tap ludn dugc de cao d khu vyc nay. Trinh Duy Luan (2005) lap luan rang, nhdm thanh nien d cac dd thi la bg phan cd nhung di6u kien tdt hon, thuan lgi han so vdi nhdm thanh nien ndng thdn de phat triin va hdi nhap vdi ddi sdng va ldi sdng hien dai. Ro rang hp ed tinh ddc lap cao ban, nang ddng hon de "lap than, lap nghiep". Ben canh dd, giiia khu vyc dd thi va ndng thdn dang tdn tai mpt khoang each chenh lech kha nhieu ve co sd vat chat, trang thiet bi giao due. Dieu nay cd nghia la ngudi dan d ndng thdn van dang cd it co hpi hem ngudi dan dd thi tiong viec tiep can vdi cac CO sd giao dye. Sd lieu eiia Tdng eye Thdng ke (2015) cho thay, do dieu kien sdng va co hdi tiep can giao due d thanh thi la cao han va thuan Igi hon, mang ludi trudng hgc cae cap ciing day dac ban vdi ca sd vat chat tdt hem va chat lugng giao due ddng deu, va dac biet la nhan thiic ve tam quan tigng eua giao dye cua cac bac cha me thanh thi la tdt hem so vdi ndng thdn nen ty le di hgc cua tie em d thanh thi cao ban so vdi ndng thdn.
Ddi vdi tie em d vimg ndng thdn, khdng dugc tiep can giao due d nhiing dp tudi ldn hon ngoai Iy do khdng dugc di hgc tir dau cdn cd the la do phai cham diit viec hge hanh de giiip do gia dinh tim kiem them thu nhap, hoae gia dinh khdng dii tai chinh eung cip eho cac em tiep tuc hgc do luu ban. Nhiiu Iao dgng tie em d ndng thdn phai nghi hgc tam thdi tai trudng tiong miia cao diim ndng nghiep, va cd the dan tdi viec nghi hpc vmh
28 Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hpi. sd 9.201S viin Theo Francois Houtart & Genevieve Hdng ed ty le tie em di hpe THPT dung tiioi Lemercinier (2001), chimg nao cac diiu cao nhat (84%) (Bieu dd 2).
kien vat chit cua ddi sdng ndng dan cdn it Mdt sd nghien euu nhan dinh rang, biin ddi hoac niu viec din tniimg hpc chi nhung vimg cd ty le tie em di hpc tiiap la do dua lai it kha nang vuon len tiong xa hgi tiii dan cu song rai rac va it trudng hpc nen cac ngudi ndng dan con it quan tam d i n viec gia dinh va tie em cam tiiay lam viec nha va cho con em di hpc, tham
chi cdn coi viec den trudng eua con em hp la mat thdi gian, nhit la khi con em hp lai cd thi la mdt lye luong Iao dpng. Ben canh chi phi cho giao dye dupe xac dinh bang tien, di hpe cdn bao ham chi phi dang ke ve thdi gian. Indu Bhushan va cdng sy (2001) cho rang, tie em d vung ndng thdn thudng cd nhiing ddng gdp tich cyc cho gia dinh bang
viee lao ddng tiong Imh vyc ndng nghiep. viec ndng nghiep cdn de ehiu hon so vai viec Rit cd thi, chi phi v i thdi gian (tien cdng di hpc. Ddi vdi tie em sdng d nhiing vung va thu nhap them bi mat vi khdng lam viec mien niii, vimg sau vimg xa gap nhieu thiet de di hpe) se vugt qua chi phi bang tien cho thdi, mdt phan la do khoang each tic nha den
Bieu do 2. Ty le di hoc trung hoc dung tuoi cua tre em chia theo viing dia ly (n3m 2016)
1 i .
DBSH TD&MNPB BT&DHMT Tay Nguyen DNB DTHCS BTHPT Ngudn: Tong cue Thong ke, 2018.
viec di hgc.
2.9. Vung dia ly
Sy khac nhau giiia cac viing dia ly, kinh te - xa hpi ddi vdi ty le di hpc trung hpc cua tre em dugc phan anh trong mdt sd khao sat qudc gia. Sd Ueu MICS nam 2014 cho thay, ty le tie em tu 11-14 tudi di hge
ngdi trudng gan nhat cdn xa. Tai mdi huyen cua Viet Nam, chi cd mgt vai trudng THPT, mdi trudng chi cd the nhSn sd hgc sinh vao hgc it hon so vdi tdng sd hgc sinh dang theo hpc d cac trudng THCS. Mdt bd phan ldn cac em khdng tiip tuc di hpc sau khi hpc xong THCS, dieu nay cd nghia la nhieu tie dung mdi thap nhat d hai vimg Tay Nguyen em bd hpc khi d dp tiidi 14, fliudng la sau (81,6%) va ddng bang sdng Cim Long khi thi trugt ky thi vao THPT. Ddi vdi tie (84,4%). Tuong ty, ty le tre em tii 15-17 em khu vye m i i n niii, eac ca sd giao due - tiidi di hpc dung tudi d bac THPT tiiip nhit dac biet la trudng THPT - thudng rit xa nha, d hai viing nay (51,1% va 58,8%), day cung do vay, quyit dinh cho tie em di hpc d bac la hai viing cd ty le tie em dp Uidi THPT THPT cin phai can nhac ky d i n yiu td kinh ngoai nha tiiidng cao nhit (41 % va 32,9%). t i cung nhu hpc lyc va diim cua hpe sinh.
Tuong tu, ket qua Khao sat miic sdng dan Tuy nhien, ddi vdi tie em vimg ddng bing cu nam 2016 cho thay, ty le di hpc THPT va thanh tiii, hau h i t deu hpe tiip 16n THPT diing ttidi ciia tie em d Tay Nguyen la thip sau khi tiii dd ky thi chuyin c i p (Young nhat (55,2%). Ngugc lai, ddng bing song Lives, 2011). Bao cao Phan tieh tinh hinh
T^c d6ng ciia dc yeu td..
tie em tinh Lao Cai cua TJy ban nhan dan tinh Lao Cai va UNICEF Viet Nam (2016) danh gia mang ludi trudng, nhat la lap d bac THCS phan bd khdng dugc nhu tieu hgc.
Binh quan 1 xa chi cd 1,1 trudng (so vdi 1,5 ciia tieu hgc) va 9,6 Idp, thip ban gin 3 lan so vdi tieu hgc (24,1 lop tien 1 xa).
Ddi vdi THPT, binh quan 1 xa chi ed 0,2 trudng (so vdi 1,1 ciia tieu hge) va dac biet sd lop binh quan 1 xa chi cd 3,1 lop, thip ban gan 3 lan so vdi THCS (9,6 Idp tien 1 xa). Dieu nay chimg td mang ludi Idp tmng hgc khdng phan bd rgng rai, ddng nghTa vdi viec tie em phai di hge xa hon. Day la mgt khd khan ddi vdi cac huyen ciia Lao Cai vdi dia hinh nui eao, chia cat. He thdng trudng, Idp ban tni tuy la mdt giai phap tdt nhung khdng the dap ling bet nhu cau ciia hgc sinh.
Ngoai ra, theo chung tdi, tac ddng ciia yeu td vimg den kha nang tiep can giao due cua tie em khdng chi phan anh cac dieu kien dia ly - ty nhien, ma cdn phan anh ea cau kinh te - xa hgi, he thdng giao dye va thai do ddi vdi viec di hgc ciia tie em.
3. Ket luan
Trong nhiing nam qua, Viet Nam da ed nhiing budc tien manh me tiong viec cai thien muc sdng. Ngoai sy tang len ve thu nhap va tieu dimg ciing cd su tang cudng dang ke mirc do tiep can giao dye cua tie em. Thye te la, sd lugng tie em dugc tiep can vdi giao due ngay mgt tang ddng nghTa vdi viee cac hd gia dinh va ban than eae em da nhan thiic dugc giao dye la mgt kenh dau tu ed hieu qua ciing nhu la rapt phuang thiic de giam ngheo ddi (Indu Bhushan va edng sy, 2001). Tuy nhien, theo chiing tdi, tiip can giao due trung hpe cua tre em la khdng binh dang giiia nhijng nhdm cd dac diem khac nhau ve cae dac trung ca nhan va gia dinh. Cd the ndi, mdt phan ciia su khac biet nay la do sy phan phdi hiem hoi ve nghe
nghiep, ky nang, nhu cau xay dyng mdt xa hdi cdng nghiep thap tiong nhiing khu vuc kem phat trien, ngheo, dan tpc thieu so. Dieu nay da khiin gia dinh va ca nhan khdng chii tipng d i u tu thdi gian va tien bac cho hoat dgng tiip can giao dye trung hpc cua tie em.
Mgt sd nghien ciiu ddng tinh vdi nhan dinh cho rang, sy b i t binh ding trong giao dye se la mdt yeu to lam tram tipng them nhiing khoang each xa hpi d Viet Nam. Bat binh ding tiong dang ky nhap hpc va thanh tyu hge tap se b i i n thanh nhung bat binh ding v i thu nhSp va cac co hdi nghe nghiep tiong tuong lai. Ddi vdi hd gia dinh, giao due la mpt tiong nhiing tai san quan tipng tiong thi trudng lao ddng va nhieu nghien cim da cho thay nhiing ngudi Iao ddng dugc giao due tdt hon cd thu nhap cao ban. Ddi vdi mpt qudc gia, trinh dp giao dye cao han thudng di kem vdi miic tang trudng kinh te cao hon va ben viing hon. Vi vay, dau tu cho tie em dugc tiep can vdi giao due trung hpc la dieu kien tien quyet tiong ehien luge phat trien cua qudc gia ndi chung va mdi khu vyc ndi rieng •
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bd Lao ddng - Thuang binh va Xa hdi, Tdng cue Thdng ke, Intemational Labour Organization (2014), Dieu tra qudc gia vi lao dgng tre em 2012 - Cdc kit qud ehinh. Ha Npi.
2. Francois Houtart, Genevieve Lemercinier (2001), Xd hgi hgc ve mgt xa a Hit Nam: Tham gia xd hgi, cdc mo hinh van hda, gia dinh, tdn gido a xd Hdi Vdn, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi.
3. Indu Bhushan, Erik Bloom, Nguyin Minh Thing, Nguyin Hai Him (2001),
Von nhdn luc cua nguai ngheo a Viet Nam: Tinh hinh vd cdc lua ehgn vi chinh sdch, Nxb. Lao dgng - Xa hgi. Ha Npi.
30 Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi. sd 9.2018 4. Trin Quy Long (2013), "Cac yeu td gia
dinh anh hudng d i n tiidi thdi hpc cua thanh thiiu nien Viet Nam", Tap chi Nghien cicu Gia dinh vd Giai, sd 2.
5. Trin Quy Long (2014), "Tiip can giao due ciia tre em Viet Nam va cac y i u td anh hudng". Tap chi Nghiin cuu Con ngudi, sd 4.
6. Trin Quy Long (2017), Khdc biet xd hgi trong tiep can gido due cua tre em, D i tai cip ea sd, Vien Nghien cuu Gia dinh va Gidi, Ha Ngi.
7. Trin Quy Long (2018), "Viec di hpc cua tie em tiong dp tudi trung hpc va nhiing yiu td anh hudng", Tap chi Nghiin cim Gia dinh vd Gidi, sd 1.
8. Trinh Duy Luan (2005), "Mpt sd v i n d i xa hgi tiong giao due phd thdng d do thi hien nay (Qua khao sat tai Da Nlng, Nam Dinh va Hai Phong)", Tap chi Xd hgi hgc, sd 3, ti. 52-62.
9. Ngan hang The gidi va cac co quan khac (2011), "Vi$tNam: Nang cao chat lugng giao dye cho mgi ngudi den nam 2020", tap II, Bdo cdo phdn tich.
10. Nhdm hanh ddng chdng ddi ngheo (2002), Cung cdp gido diie ca bdn eo chdt lugng cho mgi nguai, Bao cao chung ciia cae nha tai trg. Ha Npi.
11. Tinh An Giang va UNICEF Viet Nam (2012), Phdn tich tinh hinh tri em tinh An Giang.
12. Tinh Dien Bien va UNICEF Viet Nam (2010), Phdn tich tinh hinh tre em tinh Biin Bien.
13. Tdng cyc Thong ke (2011), Tong dieu tra ddn so vd nhd a Viet Nam 2009- Gido due a Viet Nam: Phdn tieh ede chi so chu yiu, Tdng eye thdng ke va Quy Dan sd LHQ tai Viet Nam, Ha Npi.
14. Tong cue Thdng ke (2015), Bieu tra ddn so vd nhd a giira ky thdi diem
1/4/2014: Cdc kit qud chd yiu, Nxb.
Thdng ke. Ha Ndi.
15. Tdng cue Thdng ke va UNICEF (2015), Bieu tra ddnh gid cdc muc tiiu tre em vdphu nit Viet Nam 2014, Bao cao cuoi eimg. Ha Ndi.
16. Tdng cue Thong ke (2017), Ket qud chit yeu Biiu tra bien dgng ddn so vd ke hoach hda gia dinh thai diim 1/4/2016, Nxb. Thdng ke. Ha Ndi.
17. Tong eye Thdng ke (2018), Ket qud Khdo sdt muc song ddn cu Viet Nam ndm 2016, Nxb. Thdng ke, Ha Ngi.
18. UNESCO (2008), "Bao eao giam sat toan ciu giao dye cho mgi ngudi: Giao due cho mgi ngudi mye tieu cd dat dugc vao nam 2015?" (Bao cao torn tit), Paris.
19. UNICEF (2011), The State ofthe World's Children 2011: Adolescence- An Age of Opportunity, New York.
20. Uy ban Dan tde, UNDP, Irish Aid (2017), Tong quan thuc trgng kinh te - xd hgi cua 53 ddn tgc thiiu so (Dua tren ket qud phdn tich sd lieu dieu tra thuc trgng kinh te - xd hgi eUa 53 ddn tgc thieu so ndm 2015), Ha Npi.
21. UBND tinh Kon Tum va UNICEF Vi?t Nam (2015), Phdn tich tinh hinh tre em vdphu nir tinh Kon Tum.
22. UBND tinh Lao Cai va UNICEF Viet Nam (2016), Phdn tieh tinh hinh tri em tinh Ldo Cai, Ha Ndi.
23. Nguyen Dure Vinh (2009), "Tac dpng ciia cac yeu td ea nhan va gia dinh den tinh trang di hpc ciia eua tre em va thanh nien d ndng thdn". Tap chi Xd hgi hoc, s d 4 , t r . 26-43.
24. Young Lives (2011), Bdo cdo diiu tra vong 3: Tre em lan len nhu the ndo trong thiin nien ky mai? Nhimg ket qud ban ddu cua Viet Nam, Ha Ndi.
