TAI NGUYEN VI THE HE THONG VUNG, VINH VEN BO BIEN VIET NAM
Bui Van Vuong, Tran Due Thanh, Nguyen Hiru Cir, Nguyen Thi Kim Anh, Hoang Thj Chien I. MO DAU
Hien nay, vj the dugc de cap nhieu trong cdc linh vyc ty nhien, xa hoi, chinh tri. ha}' noi each khac, vi the dugc hieu biet, khai thdc, sir dung de phuc vy con ngudi, va no trd thanh mot dang tai nguyen "tai nguyen vi the". Tai nguyen vi the dugc cdu thanh bdi 3 tieu chi: (I )-Vi the dia ty nhien, (2)-Vi the dja kinh te va (3)-Vi tbi dia chinh tn.
Viing, vinh la mot trong nhung loai hinh thuy -vyc quan trgng ven bd bien Viet Nam, co vai tro quan trgng ddi vdi phdt trien kinh te, xa boi, an ninh qudc phong: cua noi ra bien, khai thac bien, khong gian phdt trien cdc trung tdm kinh te-xa hdi. Cd dugc nhung gid tri quan trgng nliu vay Id do viing, vinh chua dyng trong do mot dang tdi nguyen dac biet do la tdi nguyen vi the. Vay tai nguyen vi the ciia nd nhu the nao? gia tri ciia no nhu die nao? Ket qua nghien cuu ''"Ddnh gid gid tri tdi nguyen vi the ciia he thong viing, vinh ven bd biin Viet Nam " thugc Dy dn so 14 "Dieu tra ca ban va danh gia tai nguyen vj the, ky- quan sinh thai, dja chat vimg bien va cac dao Viet Nam" thugc De dn Tdng the dieu tra co bdn va qudn ly tai nguyen-mdi trudng den nam 2010, tam nhin 2020 se gop phdn lam sang to vdn de nay.
H. TAI LIEU VA PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU
Nghien cuu nay dugc sir dung nguon tai lieu phong phu: sdch [2, 5], Ky ylu hoi thdo [4, 8, 9], internet [3, 10, 11, 12], dac biet cdc ket qua nghien cim he thong viing. vinh ven bd bien Viet Nam va tiem nang su dyng [6] va Dy an 14 [7].
Cac tdi lieu dugc ddnh gid nghien cim theo mot so phuong phdp chu dao nhu:
o Thu thdp, phdn tich, ddnh gid tai lieu theo chudi cdc tieu chi.
o Ma trdn: so sdnh khdi, so sdnh chi tieu, so sdnh cap doi, de xac dinh muc do uu tien, diem so cua cac tieu chi.
o Xdc dinh, ddnh gid moi lien quan tryc tiep, gidn tiep, xa gan, quan trgng. it quan trgng cua tieu chi va dugc ddnh gid, tich hgp (binh 1).
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51
Bui Van Vuong, Tran Du'c Thanh, Nguyln HOru Cit, Nguyen Thi Kim Anh, Hoang Thi Chien
III. KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ 1. Tai nguyen vi the va cac tieu chi
Mac du tai nguyen vi the dugc nhac den trong cdc linh -vyc ty nhien, xa hoi, chinh tri.
Tuy nbien, ca sd khoa hgc cua tai nguyen vithe cdn la van de mdi me khong nhirng d Viet Nam ma cd tren the gidi [7]. Cho den nay, tdi nguyen vi the hau nhu chua dugc de cap chinh thuc trong he thong phan loai tai nguyen, cdn nhieu tranh luan va chi xuat hien trong mdt sd cong trinh nghien ciiu [7,10]. Theo quan diem nghien cuu cua nhdm tac gia thi:
Tdi nguyen vi the la to hgp cdc gid tri, lgi the ciia vi tri dia ly, tdi nguyen thien nhien, vi the kinh te, tdi nguyen dia chinh tri (chien luge quoc gia, an ninh, quoc phdng, nguon luc nhdn vdn v.v.) trong mot khong gian. boi cdnh kinh te - chinh tri nhat dinh vci nd luon van dong, dugc cau thanh bdi 3 tieu chi: (l)-Vi the dia tu nhien, (2)-Vi the dia kinh te vd (3)-Vi the dia chinh tri va dugc bieu dien qua hinh 2.
Truyen thdng quoc gia (dan tOc)
Cung mgt
•uoc aia
Hinh 2. Cac deu chi cau thanh tai nguyen vj the
(1) Vi the dia tu nhien-fPhysical space (geography)} hinh thanh tai nguyen vi tbi la tong boa cac gia tri va lgi ich cua vi tri dia ly, dilu kien ty nhien, tai nguyen, he sinh 52
Tuyen tap T^i nguyen va Moi truang bien. Tap XIV
tliai, \ .V. lao dilu kien hinh thdnh cac diem qudn cu, tiem nang phdt trien kinh te. an ninh-quoc phong va dugc tiep can ly gidi theo:
Tiip can tic gid iri hinh ihe, san vdn (phong ihity-lien sinh ihdi nhdn vdn) xuat phdt tu quan diem ddt co vi tri tot la nai: vira hoi nlidn vua hoi thdy, vua can thi, vua can giang: "Hcji nhdn nhu hoi ihiiy' (dat tot co sy tu hgp cua ngudi cung tot nhu co sy hoi tu cua nude", hay "Mid/ can thi. nhi cdn giang"-ddi tdt nhdt la d gdn chg (hgp ngudi), thu nhi la d gdn song (c6 dong chdy). 0 Viet Nam, khong cu Viet Tri,'Co Loa d thdi co dai ma cd Thang Long roi Hue, Sdi Gon, Hdi Phong v.v. cua thdi trung dai, can dai nua cung deu la thdnh pho song, ihdnh pho ngd ba song. [8]. Mot dieu ly thu la cd 4 trung tdm van minh tren the gidi deu nam tren luu vyc cdc con song ldn, do la song Nil d Ai Cap, sdng Ophrat vd Tigra d Tdy A. song An {Indus) va sdng Hang (Gauge) d kn Do, sdng Hoang Hd vd Trudng Giang d Trung Quoc [5].
Tiep can dia qudn su: tdi nguyen vi the co dugc nhd vao ddc dicni hinh thai sen \an.
khd nang co dgng, dieu kien quan sdt, ngyy trang, dieu kien Idii hdu, song ngoi v.v.
Trong Binh phdp Ton Tir, Ton Vu khang dinh: '"Khong ndm vung dia hinh rung niii.
ddm Idy. v.v.. llii khong the cdm qudn tdc chien \
Tiep cdn gid Iri vd nhdn thicc tdi nguyen, tai nguyen dugc ddnh gid theo long gid tri kinh te tdng (TEV-Total Economic Value), bao gom gid tri sir dung va gia tri phi su dyng (gid tri phi su dung lien quan tdi cdc gid tri hien tai hoac tuang lai), (Arrow, Fisher, 1974, Freeman 1993, Gren at all, 1994, Barton, 1994 v.v).
(2) Vi the dia kinh te-{Economical space (geography)} tao nen tdi nguyen vi the do khd nang vd quan he kinh te tlieo khong gian vung, mien thong qua he thong giao thdng va CO sd ha tdng.
Tiep can khong gian Idnh thu: tdi nguyen vi the dugc nhdn dang qua nhung boat ddng kinh te lanh tho d cdc quy md noi vung va lien viing.
Giao thong vd ca sd hg Icing: gia tri tai nguyen vi the cua khu vyc c6 dugc nhd vao chat lugng, gid tri cua be thdng giao thong vd ca sd ha tdng. Dudi gdc do dd thi hgc; so phan cua mot dd tbi gan lien vdi dudng sd vd cdc phuong tien giao thdng, vi du: Do thi CO Hoi An-ra ddi vao khoang cudi the ky XVI, phdt dat trong che ky XVlI-rv\'iIl, ^uy tan dan tu the ky XIX (do ludng vao cang Hoi An bj boi lap) roi de chi con lai la mot di sdn van boa cua mot do tbi tbinb vugng mot thdi [4]
(3) Vi the dia chinh tri-fPoliiical space (geography)} theo each tiep can nay tdi nguyen vi the la sir ket hgp giira cdc "the" cua vi tri ty nbien, vj the dia kinh te va ngudn lye nhdn van trong mot boi cdnh quoc te [4], dugc dac tmng bdi: (l)-chien luge cua quoc gia; (2)-dgng thai chinh tri va (3)-b6i canh quoc te nhdt dinh.
Chiin luge quoc gia dinh hudng phdt trien kinh te-xa hoi moi quoc gia theo each rieng, tao nen chenh lech trinh do phdt trien. Sy chenh lech trinli do phdt trien tao nen vi the cua minh.
Bdi cdnh qudc te: co tdc dgng va dnli hudng den quoc gia, trong d6 cd gid Ui tai nguyen vi till. Khi nhin iilian ve gia tri vi tri dia chinh tri cua Viet Nam, nhieu ngudi cho rang: (1)- Viet Nam nim ngay canh con dudng hang hai tu An Do Duong qua Thai Binh Duong-mot tuyen dudng hdng hdi quan trgng nlidt tren the gidi. (2)-Viet Nam nam d cua ngo cua Trung Qudc vl phia nam, tdt nhien vi die nay cua Viet Nam cung bi dnh hudng va chi plioi boi bdi 53
Bui Van Vudng, Tran Ditc Thanh, Nguyln Hun Cu', Nguyen Thi Kim Anh, Hoang Thi Chien
canh kinh te- xa hoi, chinh tri, quan sy trong khu \arc cung nhu tren the gidi.
Tdi nguyen nhdn vdn: theo each tiep can nay, tai nguyen vi the co dugc nhd vao: (1)- ngudn va chdt lugng nhan lye; (2)-Chiln luge phdt trien nguon luc; (3)-Truyen thdng qudc gia (dan toe); (4)-Su dyng nguon lye nhan van.
o Ngudn vd chdt lugng nhdn luc san xudt ra gia tri vat chat (hang boa, may moc, thiet bi, cong nghe) va tinh than (van boa nghe thuat). Nang suat lao dgng ti le thuan vdi chdt lugng lao dgng. Theo T6 chuc Lao ddng qu6c t l (ILO), ngudi My cd chat lugng lao dgng cao nhdt (63.883USD/nam), tilp din Ireland (55.986 USD/nam), v.v. [12].
o Chien luge phdt trien nguon nhdn luc cua qudc gia bao gom rat nhieu linh vyc: van boa, giao due, chmh tri, kinh tl, v.v. Nhung hdu bit cac qudc gia tren the gidi deu tap trung phat trien ngudn nhan luc vi "Hien tdi Id nguyen khi quoc gid".
o Truyin thdng qudc gia (ddn toe) la ylu td c6t loi bun due nen chat lugng ngudn luc nhan van. Trong chien luge phdt trien cua nude ta myc tieu phat trien dugc dat ra di ddi vdi giii gin va phat huy ban sac dan tdc, vdi nhirng dinh hudng rd rang "phdt trien vdn hod dam dd bdn sdc ddn toe".
o Sic dung nguon luc nhdn vdn la mot trong 3 yeu to cau thanh nen "siic manh mem"
(soft power) cua qudc gia. Hien tai cac nude tren the gidi dang nd lye trien khai sue manh mem ben canh sue "siic manh cung" "hard power" [11].
2. Gia trj tai nguyen vj the he thong viing, vinh ven bd bien Viet Nam 2.1. Dgc diem vi the dia tu nhien
2.1.1. Ddc diem tu nhien
Viing, vinh dugc hieu la: "mot phdn cua bien lorn vdo luc dia hoac do ddo chdn tgo thdnh mot viing nude khep kin d mice do nhdt dinh md trong do dong luc bien thong tri", vdi dac trung rieng biet ve dgng luc hinh thai [6]. He thong 'viing, vinh ven bd bien Viet Nam cd dien tich gan 4000 km vdi 48 cai phan bd dgc bd bien, tren 4 'vimg dia ly khac nhau la Bae bg, Bae Trung bd. Nam Tnmg bd va mot sd dao ldn d Nam bd. Vdng, vinh tai mdi -vung lai cd nhung dac diem chtmg va rieng:
. VUng, vinh viing bd Ddng Bdc Bdc bo phat trien tren nen kien tnic Caledonit Katazda, cac hgp phan cau tnic hinh thai vdng, vinh cau thanh tir cac da luc nguyen, carbonate, tudi Paleozoi - Mesozoi, va tram tich De tii, ke ca cat voi vd sinh vat va ran san hd.
• Viing, vinh viing ven bd Bdc Trung bd la san pham mudn nhat cua qua trinh phat triin ddng bang aluvi lap day cac dang dia hinh cd cua ddi kien tnic Hoanh Son va Trudng Son cua qua trinh san bang bd.
• Viing, vinh ven bd trung vd Nam Trung bo cd cau tnic hinh thai va cau tnic dia chat kha phuc tap. Phan ldn nam d ria dong Dia khoi Kon Tum, hinh thai bd biin dinh dang kieu Rias do chia cat kien tao xien goc hoac a vi tuyen, tao ra cac tieu hoanh son, mui nho da gdc.
Cdc dgng tdi nguyen di kem
Tai nguyen sinh vat va phi sinh vat cua be thdng viing, vinh phong phu va da dang:
Tdi nguyen sinh vdt lien quan den he thdng 'viing, vinh da dang ve cac he sinh thai, phong phu v l thanh phdn loai va nguon goc khu he (bang 1). Ngudn Igi cua he thdng vung, vinh chua dugc nghien cuu be thong, nhung gia tri nguon lgi sinh 54
Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Moi tn/dng bien. Tap XIV
vat biin Viet Nam rat ldn, co 110 loai cd kinh te. Tong tru lugng ca biin khodng 3.000.000 tdn (Bg Thuy sdn, 1996). Ngoai ra con co ban 100 lodi than mini. Trir lugng tom 1.408 tdn d vinh Bdc bd, 2300 tdn d bien Trung bg, 3983 tdn d Nam bg va 3383 d Tay Nam bd, 90 loai rong bien kinh te v.v. Mac du vung. vinh khdng tao thanh mot he sinh thdi (HST) ddc lap, cdc tieu HST trong chung cung khd ddc thu va khac biet vdi cdc HST ben ngoai vung, vinh. Nhirng HST ddc trung cho vung, vinh thudng la: HST bai cat bien, HST day mem; HST day cung; HST ran san ho;
HST thdm cd bien.
Bang L Thanh phan khu he (so loai) sinh vat bien d mot so vung, vjnh tieu bilu Vung , vjnh
Tien Yen - lla Coi Bai Tir l-ong
lla Long Lan Ha Chan May
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CO b i e n 54/5
15/3 94/5 24 51 9 136
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194 163 300 207 194 56 185 116
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72 51 124
75 78 75 58 44
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110 252 690 311 64 23 191 172
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(Trdn Dice Thgnh vd nnk, 2006) Tdi nguyen phi sinh vdt: khoang sdn lien quan tdi he thdng vung, vinh rat da dang ve kieu loai va ngudn gdc, bao gom cac nhdm khoang sdn nhien lieu {3 loai), kim loai (7 loai), phi kim loai (10 loai), vat lieu xdy dyng (12 loai), nude khodng (2 loai) va da quy - nua quy (tectit). Tuy nhien, gia tri khodng sdn khdng Idn, da dang nhung kem phong phu, cd gid tri su dyng nhung It gid tri khai thac do anh hudng tdi cdc dang khac nhau cua be thong tai nguyen vung, vinh.
2.1.2. Nhdn dgng cdc gid tri
Gid tri an ninh-quoc phong: Vung, vinh la vi tri chien luge trong phong thu va phdn cong trong chien tranh ciing nhu hod binh, vi tri dd dam bdo yeu to bi mat, bat ngd, lgi dung sue manh cua ty nhien trong dung binh "the trdn xudt kich. diing binh mai phuc.
Idy it dich nhieu "co dugc nhd dac diem ty nhien:
Dja hinh dugc bao hoc bdi he thdng dao chan, miii nho da gdc, nui, tung, ang, luong lach cd do sdu khdc nhau v.v. tao thanh the tran lien hoan "son-bai", che lap vi tri xay dyng don hot, ddng quan, mai phuc v.v.
Thuy trieu tai timg vdng, vinh la mot dang tai nguyen quan sy, su dung quy ludt thuy trieu ma bay binh bo tran se thu dugc Igi the. Khi trieu cudng, ta du dich vao sau tran dia, tdi khi trieu nit, ta phan cdng, khien cho doi phuang khd hoac khong the tdc chien hoac nit lui ma tieu diet. Ngd Quyen pha quan Nam Han tren song Bach Dang, 938, Trdn Hmig Dao ddnh quan Nguyen-Mdng (1288) tren sdng nay (tiep gidp vdi vinh Ha Long).
Gid tri doi vdi hdng hdi (dgc biet cdng bien): Cdng bien la the manh cua cdc quoc gia cd bien. Tren the gidi cac thanh pho ldn va phat trien thudng di lien vdi cdc bdi cang nhu: Ludn Don vdi hai cang Ludn Don (Anh), New York-cang New York (My) v.v. (J 55
Bui Van VuOng, Tran Qitc Thanh, Nguyen Hij'u Cit, Nguyen Thi Kim Anh, Hoang Thj Chien
Viet Nam, mot s6 thanh phd ldn ciing binh thanh tren ca sd phat trien cang: thanh phd H6 Chi Minh vdi cdng Sai Gon, thanh phd Hai Phong vdi cang Hai Phdng, v.v. Hien nay cac khu cdng nghiep da va dang hinh thanh cung gan vdi viec phat trien cang: cang chuyen dung cho khu cong nghiep Dimg Qudt. Virng, vinh la nod cd dieu kien tdt phat triin he thing cang bien vdi dieu kien ty nhien thuan lgi: do sau ludng lach ldn, 'vyc nude yen tinh, nai cu tni neo dau tau thuyen an toan.
Gid tri ddi vdi nuoi trdng hdi sdn: Hien nay, thu nhap ni nudi trdng thuy sdn ddng vai trd quan trgng trong thu nhap quoc dan. Theo thdng ke cua Bd Thuy san, trong ke hoach 5 nam 2001-2005, tdng san lugng thuy san da dat 14.413,8 nghin tan, vdi muc tang trudng binh quan 7,9%/nam. Vl mat nay, viing vinh cd nhirng dieu kien ty nhien tdt nhu: ddng lye vyc nude khdng qua manh, tram tich nen day, dien tich bai rdng; kha nang ty lam sach mdi trudng tdt, de khoanh nuoi, dap de, quay long, be.
Gid trj ddi vdi bdo ldn biin: Bao tdn biin, ngoai gia tri bdo ve moi trudng tai nguyen bao ton cdn bao ham bao ve gia cdnh quan cdnh quan ty nhien (my hoc-aesthetic) va dia chat hgc. Nhimg gia tri cua he thong •vdng, vinh doi vdi bdo tdn bien:
Gia tri ky quan thien nhien, di san ty nbien bieu hien qua da dang dia chat, dia mao, khi hau, bai van, da dang sinh hgc, ngudn gen, be sinh thai v.v. theo dia phuang, khu
•vyc, vung mien.
Gia tri van boa, giao due nhd nhiing gia tri noi bat tren (canh quan, dia chat, dia mao, sinh hgc), la ldp hgc ngoai trdi cho cac hgc sinh, sinh vien, cac nha nghien cim. Ben canh d6 la gia tri tam linh vdi cac di tich van boa lich su, di tich khao cd.
Gid trj ddi vdi du lich bien: Ca nude cd 5 trong sd 8 khu vyc trgng diem du lich ndm d vung bd bien. Trong do cac vinh cd gia tri phat trien du lich ldn la Cat Ba- Ha Long (trong quan the dao Cat Ba va vinh Ha Long). Vinh Ha Long tu lau da dugc menh danh la "Son lien tien thuy, thuy man thien "(nui thap thoang bdng nude, nude thi lenh lang lung trdi) la Di san thien nhien the gidi nam 1994. Vinh Nha Trang la mdt trong nhiing vinh dep nhat the gidi nam 2003, vinh Lang Cd (2009). Gia tri cua he thdng viing, vinh doi vdi du lich la ky quan thien nhien, di san ty nbien, dia chat, khi hau, song ngdi, the gidi sinh vat di kem. Ndi bat ban ca la tai nguyen dia hinh dudi gdc do cham trd hinh thai (gia tri my hgc- su phoi ket hgp, bdi tri hdi hod cua dia hinh, thuy vdn sinh vdt, hinh thdnh mot khong gian dieu khdc tgo diem nhdn thoi vdo tu nhien nhieng gid tri nhdn vdn vugt ra khoi tri tudng tugng tgo su ngd ngang cho con ngudi).
Gid tri phong thiiy- tien sinh thdi nhdn vdn: O nude ta, hau bet cac cac do thi ldn deu nam dgc dai bd bien. Lien quan den he thdng vung, vinh cd den 14 tinh va 2 tharib phd thude Trung uong. Viing, vinh dugc xem la nai hdi tu cdc gia tri dieu kien ty nhien, tai nguyen, thuan lgi cho phat trien cac diem quan cu (thi xa, thanh phd).
2.1.3. Ddnh gid gid tri W the tu nhien ciia he thong viing, vinh
Gia tri tai nguyen vi the cua he thdng •vdng, vinh ven bd bien Viet Nam dugc nhan dang theo 6 gia tri chinh (an ninh quoc phong, hang hai, nuoi trdng hai san, bao tdn bien, du lich bien, phong thuy-tien sinh thai nhdn van). Tuy nhien, mdi viing, vinh lai mang mdt dac diem ty nhien chung nen timg gid tri tai nguyen vi the dudi gdc do tu nbien ciing khdc nhau. Tren ca sd phdn tich cdc gia tri vi thi ty nhien, tai nguyen vi t h i dudi gdc do ty nhien cua tai nguyen vi the dugc tdng kit dudi bang 2.
Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Moi trudng bien. Tap XIV
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a 59
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2.2. Dgc diem vi the dia kinh te
2.2.1. Moi quan he kinh te timg nhdm viing, vinh doi v&i timg viing
VUng. vinh trong vung Bdc bo lien quan den cdc tinh trong 'vung gdm: 24 tinh, thu do Ha Noi va mot thanh pho Cap I (Tp Hai Phdng). Ven bd Bdc bd gdm cac tinh Qudng Ninh, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh va Tp Hai Phong cd dien tich ty nhien hon 12.000 km^ dan s6 xdp xi 7.754.200 ngudi [1]. Chung co quan be tryc dep vdi Tp Hai Phdng va tinh Qudng Ninh. Ngoai ra chiing cdn cd quan he vdi cac tinh ven bien Bae bd theo dang chuoi: Ninh Binh-Nam Dinh-Thai Binb-Quang Ninh va ket ndi vdi nhau bang qudc lo 10 va 18, tam giac: Ha Noi-Hai Phong-Quang Ninh qua qudc 16 5. Ben canh do, cac viing, vinh deu nam trgn trong trong hai hdnh lang, mot vanh dai kinh te" giua Viet Nam va Trung Qudc.
Viing, vinh viing Bdc Trung bo lien quan den 6 tinh, bao gdm Thanh Hod, Nghe An, Ha TTnh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri va Thua Thien Hue, dien tich khoang 51510,9 km^ vdi dan sd khoang 10547,9 nghin ngudi [1 ]. Hdu bet cac tinh trong vung deu cd va lien quan den vung, vinh. Chung cd quan he tryc tiep vdi cac dd thi ven bien Bae Trung bd theo dang chudi qua quoc Id 1 A, ngoai ra chung cdn la cua ngd ra bien cua nude Lao.
Viing, vinh viing Nam Trung bo lien quan den 01 thanh phd cap 1 (Tp Da Nang) va 7 tinh: Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinb, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, co dien tich ty nhien la 44257,4 km'^, dan so la 8670 nghin ngudi [1]. Hau het cac dd thi trong •vung deu lien quan den "viing, vinh. VQng, vinh trong vung quan he vdi cac do tbi ven bien Nam Trung bd theo dang chudi: Da Nang, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa, Phan Thiet qua qudc 16 lA. Ngoai ra chung cdn la cua ngd ra bien cua hanh lang kinh te Ddng-Tay, dai 1.450 km, cd cyc Tay la thanh phd cdng Ma^wlamyine (Myanma), di qua cac nude Myanma, Thai Lan, Lao den Quang Tri, Thua Thien-Hue va cyc Ddng la Da Nang. Hanh lang se giup •vung Ddng Bae cua Thai Lan va Lao tiep can vdi An Do Duong va Thai Binh Duong, ket ndi vdi cac tuyen giao thdng Bdc-Nam nhu Yangon-Dawei cua Myanma, Chiang Ma-Bangkok cua Thai Lan, qudc 16 13 cua Lao, va qu6c Id lA cua Viet Nam.
Viing, vinh viing ven cdc ddo ldn phia Nam cd dien tich nhd va phan bd chu yeu d cdc dao Cdn Ddo (thugc tinh Ba Ria-Viing Tau), vdi dien tich ty nhien 75,2km^, dan sd la 3300 ngudi, va Phii Qudc (thugc tinh Kien Giang) vdi dien tich 593,05km^, dan sd 79.800 ngudi nam 2003 [1]. Chung cd quan he vdi cac tinh phia Nam la chu yeu, la
•vung phat trien nhat nude ta, vdi cac d6 thi ldn TP. Hd Chi Minh, Can Tha, Bien Hoa- D6ng Nai, Ba Ria-Vdng Tau.
2.2.2. Nhdn dgng vd ddnh gid gid tPi vi the dia kinh te cua ciia he thong viing, vinh Vi the dia kinh te cua he thdng •vung, vinh dugc danh gia dya tren nhu cau su dung tai nguyen va kha nang dap ung cua he thdng •vung, vinh.
Cdc viing, vinh ven ,bd Bdc bo nam trong •vung kinh te nang ddng vdi hang loai cac d6 thi ldn (Ha Noi, Quang Ninh, Hdi Phong v.v), tham chi cua cac tinh mien Nam Trung Qu6c nhu cau su dung tai nguyen ven bd bien (trong dd co vung, vinh) rat cao.
Theo ket qua ddnh gia ve gia tri vi the ty nhien, thi chung cd gia tri ldn ddi vdi phat trien cdc ITnh \Trc (cdng bien, bao tdn, du lich, nudi trdng bai san va cd an ninb-qudc 60
Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Moi tru'dng bien. Tap XIV
phong) cao, theo dd vi the dia kinh te cua chung rdt cao.
Cdc viing. vinh ven bd Bdc Trung bo lien quan tryc tiep den mdt so do tbi nho ven bien, them vdo do nhu cau su dung tai nguyen cua cdc vung lan can nliu nude Lao khdng cao. Nhu cdu ddi hdi cac dang tai nguyen trong dd co tdi nguyen ven bien (gom cd vung, vinh), bien cung khdng cao bang vung Bdc bg. Tuy nhien trong tuong lai. nhu cau khai khdc va su dung tai nguyen cung se tang len. Cac •vung, vjnli vung nay nhin chung nho, dieu kien ty nhien va tai nguyen cdng kem da dang va phong phu bon vung khac, cho phep phat trien mot so ITnh vyc: cdng bien, nudi trdng hdi sdn, du lich bien, bdo tdn va ca an ninh-qudc phdng.
VUng, vinh ven bd Nam Trung bo lien quan mat thiet vdi chuoi d6 thi ven bien: Da Nang, Quy Nhon, Nha Trang va cac khu kinh te (Chu Lai, Dung Qudt, v.v.), cdng trung chuyen qudc te Van Phong, dac biet la tuyen hanh lang Ddng-Tay va cua ngd cua Lao ra bien. Hdu het cdc trung tam kinh te, bdi cang deu tryc tiep su dung tai nguyen cac vung, vinh. Nhu cau su dung tai nguyen mot s6 vung, vinh d ddy rdt Idn. Day la vung tap trung cdc vung, vinh va vai tro cua chung doi vdi phdt trien cua vung rdt ldn. Kha nang dap ung nhu can phat trien nhiing ITnh vyc quan trong cao.
Viing, vinh ven cdc ddo ldn phia Nam phan b6 rai rdc ven cac ddo phia Nam (Cdn Dao, Phu Qudc), kha nang phdt trien cdc nganh kinh te rat ban che vi khong gian ban che va xa bd, chu yeu phat trien du lich. Chung co quy md nhd nen gia tri su dyng cua nd khong cao. Nen vi the dia kinh te cua chung cung khong cao.
2.3. Dgc diem vi the dia chinh tri
Dac diem vi the dia chinh tri dugc danh gia dya tren vi the ty nhien va vi the dia kinh te. Cac gid tri nay da dugc de cap va danh gid d tren va gia tri vi the dia chinh tri dugc danh gia theo 2 khia canh nay:
2.3.1. Vi the dia chinh tri *^h& vi the dia tu nhien
Vdi vi tri ven bd bien, •viing, vinh dugc coi la "cira ngd" thdng ra bien, vdi gid tri phat trien cang bien va dac biet la an ninh quoc phdng. Vai tro nay cua vung, vinJi da dugc phan tich d gia tri vi the dia ty nhien la mdt trong nhung yeu td quan trong cdu thanh vi the dia chinh tn.
2.3.2. Vi the dia chinh tn nhd vi the dia kinh te
Vdi tdng dan sd 23.230.221 ngudi, nam 2004 (28,3% so vdi cd nude) tren dien tich 98.489,3 km^ (29,9% so vdi ca nude). Tong dien dch he thdng 48 vung vinh la 3.997 km^, chi bang 1,2% tong dien tich lanh thd ca nude nhung da thu but 6,32%
dan sd cd nude cd lien quan tryc tiep. Dieu dd chung to sue hut phdt trien to ldn cua vung vjnh.
3. Gia trj tai nguyen vj the ciia hf thong vung, vinh ven bd bien Viet Nam 3.7. Gid tri tdi nguyen vi the he thong vdng, vinh ven b& bien Vi^t Natn
Tren ca sd nhan dang, phan loai tai nguyen vi the va cac phuang phdp dp dung, gid tri tai nguyen vi the he thdng vung, vinh dugc xdc dinb qua 3 tieu chi (bang 3).
61
Biii Van Vi/png, Tran Dure Thanh, Nguyen HUM Cit. Nguyen Thj Kim Anh, Ho^ng Thi Chien
Bang 3. Gia trj tai nguyen vj the ciia h | thong viing, vjnh ven bd bien Viet Nam (A- tot; B- trung binh; C- kem)
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Vung, vjnh (theo hai do ti le 1:100 000) Tien Yen- Ha Coi V. Bai Tu Long V. Quan Lan V. Ha Long V. Lan Ha V. Cda Luc V. Co To Vg. Nghi Son Vg. Quynh Luu V. Dien Chau Vdng Ang V. Chan May V. Da Nang Vg. Cu Lao Cham Vg. An Hoa V. Dung Qudt Vg. Viet Thanh Vg. Nho Na Vg. My Han Vg. My An Vg. Moi Vg. Cat Hai Vg. Tuy Phudc V. Lang Mai Vg. Xuan Hai Vg. Cu Mong Vg. Trich Vg. Ong Dien Vg. Xuan Dai Vg. Ro Vg. Co Co
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62
Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Moi tru-ang bien. Tap XIV
STT 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
Viing, vjnh (theo hai do ti 1| 1:100 000) V. Ben Goi V. Van Phong Vg. Cai Ban Vg. Binh Cang- Dam Nha Phu V. Nha Trang V. Hon Tre V. Cam Ranh V. Binh Ba V. Phan Rang V. Pa-Da-Rang Vg. Phan Ri V. Phan Thilt Vg. Bai Van Vg. Dam Vg. Con Son Vg. Dong Bae Vg. Dam Tre
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3.2. Gid tri tdi nguyen vi the theo viing dia ly
Dua tren ket qua phan tich co the danh gia gia tri tai nguyen vi the theo cac vung dia ly
• Viing 1: vung bd bien Bdc bo (Quang Ninh-Ninh Binh) cac vung, vinh trong vung cd gia tri tai nguyen vi the rat cao, trong tdng sd 7 vung, vinh cd 4 cdi c6 gid tri cao-(A) va 3 cai cd gia tri trung binh-(B): Tien Yen-Ha Coi (A), Bai Tu Long (A), Qudn Lan (B), Ha Long (A), Cd Td (B), Lan Ha (B), Cua Luc (A).
• Viing 2: vung bd bien Bae Trung bd (Thanh Hoa-Thua Thien Hue) cd tdng sd 5 vdng, vinh cd gia tri tai nguyen vi the khdng cao (4 vung, vinh gia tri tai nguyen vi the trung binh (B) dd la: vg. Nghi San, vg. Quynh Luu, v. Dien Chau, vg. Ang va mdt cd gia tri tai nguyen vi the cao-(A) dd la v. Chan May.
• Viing 3: •vung bd bien Nam Trung bd (Da Ndng - Binh Thuan) c6 so lugng •viing, vinh phan bd nhieu nhat, gdm 30 •viing, vinh, trong dd cd 7 •viing, vinh cd gid tri tai nguyen vi the cao-(A) va 16 viing, vjnh cd gia tri tai nguyen vi the trung binh-(B) va 7 viing, vinh c6 gia tri tai nguyen vi XM thdp-(C).
• Viing 4: ven cac dao ldn d Nam bo c6 tdng sd 5 viing, vinh nam chu yeu d 2 ddo ldn la Cdn San va Phu Qudc, cd gia tri tai nguyen vi thd trung binh va thdp: 1 trung binh- (B) va 3 thdp-(C)
63
Bui Van Vifong, Tran Dire Thanh, Nguyln Hi?u Cu', Nguyen Thi Kim Anh. Hoang Thi Chien
IV. KET LUAN
Tai nguyen vi the dugc hieu la nhung gia tri ve vi tri dia ly va cac thugc tinh khdng gian lien quan ddn cau true, hinh the son van va canh quan sinh thai cd the su dyng cho cac myc dich phdt trien kinh td-xa hoi, dam bao an ninh, qudc phdng va chu quyen qudc gia dugc cdu thanh bdi 3 deu chi: (l)-Vi thd dia ty nhien, (2)-Vi thd dia kinh te va (3)- Vi thd dia chinh tri. Gia tri tai nguyen vi the ludn van ddng va bien ddi.
Kdt qua nghien cuu cho thay nhdm cac viing, vinh thugc Bae bd cd gia tri tai nguyen vi thd cao nhdt, sau dd ddn nhdm cac vung, vinh Nam Trung bd, rdi den nhdm cac vung, vinh Bdc Trung bd va sau cung la nhdm cac viing, vinh ven cac dao ldn phia Nam.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Bo Tai nguyen va Moi tnrdng va Tdng Cue thong ke, 2004.
Dien tich. ddn sd cdc tinh, thdnh phd, trong Atlas Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban ban do, xuat ban nam 2007.
2. Le Van Hiru, Phan Phu Tien, Ngo Si Lien va nnk, scan thao (1272 - 1697).
Dgi Viet sic ky todn thu. Ban dich cua Vien Khoa hgc Xa hdi Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Khoa hgc Xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 1993.
3. Vii Hong Lam, Tdi nguyen dia chinh tri ciia Viet Nam.
http://saigontinies.com.vn/tbktsg/de...oTT=9&sotrang=l.
4. Phan Huy Le, 1990.
Hoi An, lich sic vd hien trgng, trang 15-25, D6 dii cd Hdi An, Uy ban Qudc gia, Hdi Thdo qudc td vd Do thi cd Hoi An. Nha xuat ban Khoa hgc xa hdi, Ha Ndi nam 1991.
5. Vii Du-oTig Ninh, Nguyen Gia Phu, Nguyen Quoc Hiing, Dinh Ngoc Bao. 1998.
Lich sic vdn minh thi gidi. Nha xuat Ban Khoa hgc Xa hdi va Nhan van.
6. Tran ttvcc Thanh, Nguyen Hiru Cu- va nnk., 2006.
Ddnh gid hien trgng, du bdo bien dong vd de xudt gidi phdp sic dung hgp ly tdi nguyen mot so viing, vinh chu yeu ven bd bien Viet Nam, ma sd KC.09-22. Luu tai Vien Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng bien.
7. Tran Dire Thanh, 2008.
Xdc dinhnhu cdu xdy dung phuong phdp lugn dieu tra, ddnh gid tdi nguyen vi the, ky quan sinh thdi, dia chdt vung bien, ven bd vd cdc ddo Viet Nam. Bao cao chuyen de thugc Dy an s6 14. Dieu tra ca ban va danh gia tai nguyen vi the, ky quan sinh thai, dia chat vung bien va cac dao Viet Nam.
8. Tran Quoc Vu-ong, 1990.
Vi thi dia-lich sic vd bdn sdc dia-vdn hod ciia Hoi An. Tuydn tap cac cdng trinh nghien curu Hdi thao qudc td vd do thi co Hdi An. Trang 51-61. Nha xuat ban Khoa hgc xa hdi. Ha Ndi, nam 1991.
9. Bui Van VuoTig, Tran Dire Thanh va nnk, 2006.
Ddnh gid mot sd tiim ndng sic dung quan trong ciia he thdng viing, vinh ven bd bien Viet Nam dua tren cdc tieu chi hinh thdi - dong luc. Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly toan qudc ldn thu IL Tr. 433-454
64
Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Moi tru'dng bien. Tap XIV
10. European Environment Agency - bttp://glossary.eea.eu.int/EEAGlossary/) 11. Trung Quoc trien khai sire manh men. bttp://vietbao.vn/The-gioi/Trung-Quoc-
voi-viec-trien-kbai-Suc-manb-mem/65099748/161/.
12. My, nang suat lao d^ng cao nhat the gidi.
http://www.sggp.org.vn/SGGP 12b/2007/9/l 18929/.
Summary
SPACE RESOURECES OF BAYS, EMBAYMENTS SYSTESMS ALONG TO THE COASTAL ZONE OF VIETNAM
Bui Van Vuong, Tran Due Thanh, Nguyen Huu Cu, Nguyen Thi Kim Anh, Hoang Thi Chien
Space resources is a combination of values, advantages of geographical location, natural resources and economical space, political resources (national strategy, security, defense, force humanides, etc.) in once space, institutional, political context of and it always campaign, the structure of 3 criteria such as (1)- physical space (geography), (2)- economical space (geography) and, (3)-political space (geography).
Base on these criteria, using these methods. Space resource of bays and embayments in the coastal zone. They have been assessed value and classified into 4 areas with different levels:
Region 1: Coast of North (from Quang Ninh province to Binh-Ninh province) areas, in the Bay valued space resource is very high. Among 7 bays, 4 bays have high- value such as: Yen-Ha Tien Yen, Ha Long, Cua Luc, Bai Tu Long and 3 with the average value: Quan Lan, Co To, Lan Ha.
Region 2: North Central coast of Vietnam (from Thanh Hoa province to Thua Thien- Hue province) has a total of 5 bays and embayment, with valuable space resource is not high (4 bays and embayment have average - value such as: Nghi Son, Quynh Luu, Dien Chau, Vung Ang and a high-value is Chan May.
Region 3: South Central coast of Vietnam (from Danang city to Binh Thuan province) with the number of the Bays are most, including 30 bays and embayments, which 7 bays valued space resource is very high, 16 bays and embayments have average-value and 7 bays and embayments valuable space resource is low.
Region 4: In the coastal islands in the South has a total of 5 bays and embayments are located mainly in 2 large island Con Son and Phu Quoc, valuable space resource are average and low: 1 medium and 3 low.
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