TAPCHlCOIinnKllNB
TO CHlfC BO MAY
TAM QUYEN PHAN LAP Cf NHAT BAN VA MOT VAI GIA TRI VE DAN CHU
• PHAN TUAN LY
Bai viet da giai quyet mot so van de nhif xac dinh va dUa ra each hieu cd ban ve dan chu (tir san); Nghien ciJu cd ca'u to' chtfc bo may tam quy^n phan lap d Nhat Bin; Due k6t cic gia
tri dan chu til viec to chiJe bo may nha nrfdc. ^ ' Thdng qua viec iS ehtfc bo may nha nifde tam quyen phan lap, ngifdi dan c6 the tham gia
vao viec ki^m sodt quyin IiTc cua cac cd quan lap phap - h^nh phap - tiT phap. Dan chu trong t6 ehiJe b6 may nha nUde the hien qua 2 n6i dung: (1) eae cdquan nha ni/dc kirn che - d6i trong lan nhau de' ki^m soat viec thi/c thi quy^n li/c; (2) ngUdi dSn triTc tie'p tham gia vac viec kiem sodt cac cd quan nay.
TU khoa: Tam quyen phan lap, dan chu Nhat Ban, b6 miy nha ni/dc Nhat Ban.
1. D $ t vfl'n d c
Nhat Ban la quoc gia phat trien kinh te bac nhat d Chau A. Di ciing vdi s\i phat trien kinh te'.
miJc do dan chu cung luon diTde the gidi danh gia cao. De xay di/ng mot nen chinh tri dan chu nhir vay, Nhat Ban da su" dung ra't nhieu bien phap va phifdng thiJc khiic nhau. Trong so' do. i6 chiJc bo may nha nu'dc la mot trong nhiJng phu'dng thu'c hiJu hieu hang dau de ghi nhan eae gia tri dan chu.
Hien chifa c6 nghien eiJu cu the va rieng biel \ e
\ e cac gia tri dan chu bi^u hien trong to chi?c bo may lam quyen phan lap. Bai viet phan lich ve
"to chi'rc bd may lam quyen phan lap d Nhat Ban
\;i mpl vai gia Iri dan chu" nham giai quyet va'n de \acdinh va dUa ra each hieu cd ban ve danchij
(tii san); nghien cu'u cd ca'u to chtfc b6 may tam quyen phan lap 6 Nhot Ban; diic ket cac gia tri dan chu tiy irong viec to chiJc bo may nha ni/de.
2. Ly luSn v^ dSn chu
Dan ehu la mot pham tria chinh tri - xa hoi, tdn tai rat lau ddi, ti!r khi hinh thanh nha ni/dc va phap luat. Dan chu va ti/dola hai khai niem khongthe taeh rdi. Bai viet da trinh bay mot so' khai niem v€ dan chii, c6 the diic ket cdch hieu ca ban ve dan chu lam nen tang ly luan cho nghien cu'u to chu"c bo may nha ni/dc Nhat Ban
Theo tif dien. "dan chu" (deniucracy) dUdc hieu la "niem tin rSng moi ngi/di • no ni6t quoc gia deu c6 quyen ba> to >' kici -nmh va quyen life d6 phai diTdc nam gia bdi , ;, . ,- ., ,^(^•^
So 14-Thdng6/2020
LUAT
difdc blu hoac mot he thd'ng chinh phu difdc hinh thanh di^a tren niem tin nay" (Tuf dien Cambrigde Online, Anh quo'c). Nhif vSy, "dan chu " ghi nhan cac gia tri: quyen du'dc noi cua ngifdi dSn difdc ton trong; quyen lUe nha nu'dc thu6c ve nhan dSn va difdc hien thtfc hoa bdi nhffng dai dien cua ngifdi dan.
O phuTdng Tay, nhieu hoc gia cung da xuat ban hang loat tac pham ve "dan chu ", nhifng khai niem "dan chu" van la mot khai niem cd nhi^u t^ng y nghTa va diTdc su" dung trong nhieu ngff canh khac nhau, tham chi noi ham cua khai niem ci/c ky da dang khi the' gidi btfdc vac the ky XX (David Held, 2008, tr. 125).
"Dan chu khong chf ddn thu^n la mot loat the che quan ly cu the. D§n chu di^a tren nhom gia tri, quan diem va thtfc tiln da di/dc nhan thiJc ro.
Tat ca cac gia tri, quan diem va thifc tiln do difdc {\\i hien du"di nhiJng hinh thu'c khac nhau tuy theo nin van hoa va cac xa h6i tren the gidi. Cac nen dan chu phai diTa tren nhiJng nguyen tac cd ban chiJ kh6ng phai nhij'ng thifc tiln tho'ng nhat" (Bo Ngoai Giao Hoa Ky, tr. 5).
Quan diem cua chu nghTa Mac, "Difdi che'do dan chu, khong phai con ngifdi ton tai vi phap luat, ma phap luat ton tai vi con ngu'di,... Dau hi6u dac trifng cd ban cua che do dan ehu la nhif vay" (C.Mae & Ph.Angghen, 1995, tr.350). Dan ehu di/de the hien difdi hai khia canh: mot la, dan chu la hinh thitc t6' chrfc bo may nha nu'dc, ma d do quyen li/c thu6c ve nhan dSn; hai la, dan ehu la gia tri tien bo xa hoi (Le Thi Thu Mai, 20!8,tr.33).
Tu' nhiing khai ni6m cd ban tren, c6 the riit ra m6t s6'dac diem chung de nhan dang "dan chu"
irong mot the che chinh tri: (1) Quyen li/e nha nifdc phai thupc ve nhSn dSn trong nen chinh tri dan ehu; (2) Nguyen tac da so quye'tdinh thieu so' diTde tuan thu trong che dp dan chu; (3) Bao ve quyen con ngiTdi la nhiem vu trong tam ciia dan ehu; (4) Thffa nhan quyen tham chinh la mot ph^n cua quyen con ngu'di. Nhdng dac trihig nay se dUdc diing de soi chieu dSn ehu trong to chiJc bo may nha niTdc Nhat Ban.
3. Td chu'c bd may tam quyen phan l$p d Nh^t Ban hien nay
Tam quyen phan lap theo mo hinh cua My difdc ap dung trong to chifc bd may nha nifdc Nhat Ban. Theo cac nha khoa hoc phap ly d Nhat Ban, quyen lire nha nu'dc drfdc phan thanh 2 linh viTc rd ret: ITnh vifc chinh tri (bao gom Quo'c hpi va Npi cac) va ITnh vi/e phap ly (thupc ve Toii an). To chu'c bo may nha nifde tam quyen phan lap diTpc xay di/ng di/a tren nguyen tac "phap quyen" (hounoshihai hoac rule of law trong ti6'ng Anh), gom 3 cd quan. lap phap, hanh phap va tuTphap.
3.1. Cdquan Iqpphdp
Quo'c hoi la cd quan quyen life eao nhat va cd quan lap phap duy nhald Nhat Ban, la cdquan do nhan dan bau ra thong qua tong tuyen cur. Vdi tu"
each la cdquan quyen life cao nhat, Quoc hpi bau ra Thu lu'dng cua Npi cac. Nghi sT Quo'c hpi do nhan dan bau ra theo phifdng thiJc bau ci> pho thong. Nghj sidu'dc bSu ra bang phu'dng thtfc lieu khu hoac theo li le dai dien. Trong Hi6'n phap Mmh Tri, Quo'c hoi la cd quan mang tinh "than phan" (mibunsei gikai, con difdc gpi la quo'c hpi
"dang tpc - touzoku gikai" hoac "tam bo h6i - sanbukai") (Higuchi Youichi, 2010, tr. 322), cd nghia la nghi sT la dai dien cho chinh khu vifc minh dUdc bau ra hoac gidi thieu. chtJ khong phai dai dien cho nhan dan ca nifdc. Ching han trong Quo'c hdi dang tpc cua chau Au trifdc day, gom nhiTng thanh vien xuat than tijf 3 "than phan".
giao chiJc (ngifdi cua Ki to giao), gidi quy tpc va gidi tif san giau cd (Katsuta Antsune, Mori Seiicht, Yamauchi Susumu, 2012, tr. 221). Tuy nhien, theo Hien phap hien hanh, nghi sT khi da triingciJ, hp khong phai chi dai dien cho tieu khu hay dang phai chinh trj cua hp, ma se trd nen doc lap vdi tieu khu da bau va ngay ca dang phai chinh tri trife thupc. Hp hanh dong vdi lif each nghi sT theo lifdng liim cua ban than ho, dai dien cho nguyen vpng cua toan the nhan dan. Day la ehiJc nang dai dien cua Quoc hoi.
Ngoai ra, Quoc hpi con thifc hien hai chu'c nang khac. la cd quan quyen life toi cao (chiJc
So 14-Thong 6/2020 9
TAP CHi CONG THIfOiNG
nang nSm giu' quyen life nha nifdc) va lap phap duy nhat (chifc nang lap phap) cua Nhat Ban (Dieu 41 Hien phap). Quoc hpi du'dc trao cho chifc nang la "cd quan tap phap duy nhat". Cd quan lap phap duy nhat difdc hieu la hoat dpng lap phap thifc eha't phai do Quo'c hpi thifc hien mpl each doc lap bang nghi quyet (nguyen tac Quo'c hpi ddn doc - Kokkai landoku Rippou no Gensoku) (Higuchi Youichi, 2010, tr. 347). Tu\
nhien, chifc nang tap phap nay khong tuyet doi d Nhat Ban. Chu'c nang lap phap d Nhat du'dc hieu.
Quo'c hpi la cd quan xem xet va cong nhan cac dif thao phap luat da phan do Chinh phu de xuat.
Chinh VI vay, chu'c nang lap phap cua Quo'c hpi Nhat Ban ve ban eha't chi la chifc nang "kiem soiit" linh d^n chu ciia Chinh phu irong hoat dong thifc ihi quyen life nha nu'dc (Takaha.shi Kazuyuki, 2010, tr. 324).
Qud'c hoi Nhfit Ban difdc id chiJc iheo mo hinh lifdng vien, gom Thu'dng vien (sangiin) va Ha vien (shuugiin). Nhiem ky ciia Ha vien la 4 nam va Thu'dng vien la 6 nam. irong do 3 nam lien hanh bau ciJ lai mot niJa so'nghi vien. DiJng dau m6i Vien la Nghi tru'dng, difdi Nghi trifSng cd Pho Nghj tru'dng. Ben trong cac Vien deu difdc ihilnh tap eae Uy ban (iinkai) gom hai nhom: Uy ban thu'dng trifc (jounin iinkai) va Uy ban dae biel (tokubelsu iinkai). DiJng dau cac Uy ban la Trifdng Uy ban (iinchou). Thu'dng vien va Ha vien cd quyen han ngang nhau va binh dang vdi nhau. Tuy nhien, de tranh sif "do'i lap tuyet do'i"
irong viec quyet dinh cac va'n de quo'c gia thi Hien phap ghi nhan s\i "ifu lien" ciia Ha vien so vdi Thu'dng vien.
3.2. Cdquan hanh phap
Dieu 65 Hien phap thifa nhan rang "Npi cac la cd quan nam giif quyen hanh phap" Vdi tu' each la cd quan thifc hien chu'c nang hanh phap trong quyen life quo'c gia, Noi eae \a Quo'c hpi la haled quan "ihd'ng in" trong ITnh vifc chinh tri'. Va.
Irong linh vife chinh tri. Chinh phu la tru cot trung tam. ChiJc n.lng thif hai cua Chinh phii la nam giif quyen hanh phap. Dat trong moi quan he vdi quyen lap phip va iif phap thi, quyen hanh phap difdc hiOu la quyen thifc Ihi (shikkou). Chinh phu
lam hien ihifc hoa phap luat cua Q^oc "9' ircn ddi sd'ng cua ngifdi dan. Va viec "ihi/c thi nay khong pha i la mot hoat dpng thu dpng ma phai la mot hoai dong "chu d6ng va tich cifc". Chu'c nang thif ba ciia Chinh phii la chi hiiy, giam sat cac cd quan hanh chinh (gyousei kakubu) (Dieu 72 Hien phap). DiJng dau cac ed quan hanh chinh la cac Bp tru'dng, la nhifng thanh vien ciia Chinh phii. Thi/c hien lot 3 chu'c nang nay la cd sd de hinh thanh mot nen dan chu tif,san hien dai.
Chinh phu bao gom Thu lu'dng la ngifdi diJng dau va cac bo tru'dng (Dieu 66 Hien phap). Thu tifdng difdc Quoc hpi bo nhiem trong so cac thanh vien cua Quo'c hpi, ed the la thanh vien ciia Ha vien hoac Thu'dng vien. Thu lu'dng cd quyen bd nhiem. miln nhiem cac bp tru'dng mdl each tif do (Dieu 68 Hien phap). Thu tifdng lam viec theo che' do ihu trifdng, chiu irach nhiem irifdc Quo'c hpi. Bo trifdng la thanh vien eiia Chinh phii, do Thu lu'dng chi dinh. Qua ban so lifpng Bp tru'dng phai la thanh vien ciia Quo'c hpi (Dieu 68 Khoan I Hle'n phap). Hien nay, theo quy dinh ciia Luat To chilc Chinh phii, so' lifdng bp tru'dng vl nguyen tac la khong qua 14 ngu'di (Dieu 2 Khoan 2).
Trach nhiem ciia Chinh phii cung la mdt khia canh the hien hoat dong cua cd quan nSm giff quyen hanh phap. Trach nhiem d day difdc hieu la trach nhiem chinh tri, du trong trifdng hdp Npi cac long tif chu'c lai mang "mau sac ciia trach nhiem phap ly (Ashibe Nobuyoshi, 2004, tr. 299).
Chinh phii boat dpng difa tren nguyen tac "tho'ng nhat loan thanh vien" (zen-in icchi). Nguyen idc nay ddi hoi cac quye't dinh hoac hanh vi ciia Chinh phii deu phai difdc la't ea cac thanh vien thong qua. Ne'u c6 thanh vien khong thong qua, hanh vi hoac quye't dinh do se khong trd thanh y chi ciia Chinh phu.
3.3. Cdquan tUphdp
Nguyen tac phap quyen ghi n, ,,f ^^^ (gj cua he tho'ng cdquan thi? babe n e^nih he .Vnacd quan lap phap va hanh phap. Do he iiuiuo cd quan tu'phap-toa an.Toa anlhifc in^n^j^^j^ ^, tif phap. cd nghia la tn/c liep thifc i,,Cn quy^n tif
10 So 14 - Thdng 6/2020
lUAT
phap. Ra ddi trong bo'i canh va difdc dal vao mdt vi tri nhU vay trong he tho'ng quyen life nha nifdc, nen quyen tif phap phai thifc hien 2 chu'c nang cd ban sau: (1) cd quan trung gian dS ngan ngi^a sif lam quy^n va viec gia tang "cai toi" (jiko) trong qua trinh sii" dung quyen Itfc nha nu'dc ciia cd quan lap phap va hanh phap; (2) cd quan giai quye't cac tranh chap phat sinh trong qua trinh siJ dung quy^n life nha nifdc bang phan quye't "chung tham"; Tda a n d Nhat Ban difdc trao cho quyen tuf phap, vdi chu'c nang trung lam la "xet xiJ". Hien nay, he tho'ng toa an du'dc phan thanh 2 loai, gom Toa an T6'i cao (saikou saibansho) va Toa an cap difdi (kakyuu saibansho).
Toa an T6'i cao la cd quan cao nhat ciia he tho'ng toa an Nhat Ban, difng dau bdi Chanh an Toa an T6'i cao. Chanh an Toa an Toi eao do Chinh phii ehl dinh va difdc Thien hoang bd nhi6m (Dieu 6 Khoan 2 Hien phap). Tham phan Toa an To'i cao do Chinh phu bd nhiem (Dieu 79 Khoan 1 Hien phap) va du'dc Thien hoang cong nhan (Dieu 7 Khoan 5 Hien phap). Toa an To'i cao difdc giam sit bdi nhan dan thong qua chu'c nang "kokumin .shinsa" (tham tra cong dan). Toa an cap difdi (kakyuu saibansho) difdc td chu'c bao gom cdc loai tda an sau: Toa Ca'p cao (koutou .saibansho), Toa Dia phu'dng (chihou saibansho), Toa Gia dinh (katei saibansho) va Toa Gian ddn (kan-i saibansho). Tham phan cua Tda an e3p difdi difdc chia thanh 3 cap bac: hanji, hanjiho va kan-i saibansho hanji.
Che' dp tai phan vien (saiban-in) du'dc ban hanh vao nam 2004 va du'dc thifc thi tif thang 5 nam 2009. Day la ch6' dp "giao thoa" giifa che' dO "bdi tham doan" (baishinsei) va che' do
"tham tham" (sanshinsei). Theo do, tai phan vien la nhffng ngu'di blnh thifdng, khong phai tham phan chuyen nghidp, nhffng vSn tham gia xet xff vdi tff each la nhffng ngffdi bd sung phan ehffa du ciia cac tham phdn chuyen nghiep. Dffdi gdc d6 nay, tai phan vien cung la mpl cd eh6' de nhan dan tham gia vao quyen tff phap. gdp phan md rpng dan chii d Nhat Ban (Hirowatari Seigo, 2010, tr. 82).
4. Cac gia tri dan chu tuf mo hinh to chu'c bo may nha nUdc hien t^i
4.1. Ddn chu thehi^n qua kiem soat quyen IIJCC nha nitdc bang phUcfng thvtc "kim chi' - ddi trong "
Mot nen dan chii tff san hien dai Ihifc sff dffdc hinh thanh khi va chi khi quyen life nha nffdc dffdc thffc hien thifc sff vi Idi ich chung cua nhan dan. Quo'c hoi kim che' va do'i trong vdi Npi cac thong qua 2 quy^n nang: quyen bd phie'u bat tin nhiem ddi vdi Noi cac va quyen bau ra Thu tffdng. Trong trifdng hdp Ha vien thdng qua Nghi quye't ba't tin nhiem thi ta'l ca cac thanh vien Npi cac se bi bupc phai tdng tff chffe. Ngffpc lai. Npi cac cung dffdc ghi nhan cac quyen nhhm thffc hien kim che'va do'i trpnglai vdi nhanh quyin life lap phap. Cu the, Npi cac c6 quyen giai tan Ha vien va lien hanh tdng tuyen eff lai. Giai tan dffdc hieu la "hanh vi lam mat tff each 2 ciia nghi sT Irffde khi ke'l thue nhiem ky " (Ashibe Nobuyoshi, 2004, ti. 305). Npi cac cung cd quyen irieu tap Quo'c hpi khi can thie'l.
Quo'c hpi la chii the cd tham quyen tien hanh
"tai phan chi trich" (dangai saiban) do'i vdi cac tham phan cua he tho'ng loa an. Chinh phii cd quyen chi dinh Chanh an Toa an To'i cao va bo nhiem cac tham phan cua nhanh quyen life tff phap. Ngffdc lai, Toa an lai dffdc ghi nhan quyen
"tham ira vi hie'n" (iken shinsaken) do'i vdi cac dao luat cua Quo'c hpi va cac hanh vi hanh chinh cling nhffvan ban ciia cdquan thupc nhanh quyen life hanh phap. Quyen Iham tra vi hiS'n la quyen han ciia toa an "dffa ra phan quye't ve tinh hdp hie'n eiia nhffng thff nhff la van ban quy pham phap luat" cua cac ed cac cd quan cd tham quyen (Urabe Noriho, Ookubo Shirou, Mori Hideki, 2002, tr. 269).
Kim che va do'i trpng giffa Chinh phu va Toa an dffdc the hien qua 2 khia canh: Thu Iffdng cd quyen chi dinh Chanh an Tda in to'i eao, cung nhff bd nhiem cac tham phan; ngffdc lai, Toa an cd quyen ihffc thi quyen tham tra vi hien. vi phap do'i vdi viec thffc hien chffe nang ciia Chinh phii.
Thu'c hien viec kim che va doi trpng giffa cac
So 14-Thang 6/2020 11
TAP CHi CONIi THIflfNe
nhanh quyen life la cd hoi de phai buy vai trd ciia nhan dan - ngffdi chii thffc sff ciia quyen life trong mot nen dan chii lien tien. Nhan dan luon la ddi tffpng ma ca Npi eae Ian Quoc hpi deu phai coi la trung lam ciia quyen life.
4.2. Ddn chii thehifn trongtochdc Quoc hQi Quoc hpi la cd quan do nhan dan bau ra bang con dffdng bau cii. Nhu' vay, dan chu trong td chtfc Quoc hpi dffdc the hien thong qua viec bo phieu trong cac cudc bau cff. Nhat Ban ap dung phu'dng thffc bau cff pho thong, binh d^ng. Ta'l ca cde cong dan tff dii 18 tudi trd len deu cd quyen tham gia bau cff, bat ke gidi tinh nam hay nff. De ffng eff can phai thoa man lieu chuan cao hdn ve do ludi. Hau bet cac cuoc bau cii tai Nhat Ban diu dat ra dieu kiSn ciia ngffdi ffng eff phai iff dii 25 ludi trd len. Rieng do'i vdi ffng eff nghi vien Thffdng vien va nghi vien ciia To-do-fu-ken (Do - Dao - Phii - Huyen)3 phai cd dp tudi Iff du 30 trd len.
Bau eff d Nhat Ban difpc thffc hien thong qua 2 phffdng thffc: Phffdng thffc bau theo khu/lieu khu (shosenkyoukusei) va phffdng thffc bau theo ty le dai hieu (hireidaihyousei). Phffdng thffc bau eff theo khu/tieu khu la phffdng thffc chia khu vifc bau eff, khu vffc bau 1 dai hieu la lieu khu (shoku), Iff 2 dai bieu trd len gpi la khu (ku).
Phffdng thffc bau eff dai dien la phffdng thffc bau cho dang phai chinh tri, rdi sau do phan bd so Iffdng dai bieu dffa tren so' phie'u cd dffdc ciia tffng dang phai. Bau eff pho thdng phai dam bao 3 nguyen utc cd ban. Blnh ddng - trffc lie'p - bi mat. Nguyen t^c blnh di1ng dffdc the hien thong qua viec moi ngffdi cd mot la phieu ngang nhau Bau eff dffdc lien hanh trffc lie'p cho ngifdi ffng eff. Va, la phie'u eiia eff tri se la la phie'u khong ghi ten hp (v6 danh hay bo phie'u kin). Viec kiem phie'u phai dam bao tinh nhanh chdng (hayasa) va linh chinh \ac (seikakusa). Tff nhffng phan tich ve quy dinh bau eff de c6 the td chffe Quoc hpi. cd the tha'y quyen lam chu ciia nhan dan dffdc phat huy toi da. Thong qua do. cac gia tri dan chu dffdc dam bao.
4.3. Ddn chu thi hifn iron.., ../ cAtfc Chinh phu
Chinh phii la Cd quan thffc Ihi quy^n hanh phap trong td chffe bp may nha nffde. Thu iffdng Chinh phu do Quo'c hpi bdu va cac Bp trffdng dffdc Thu tffdng chi dmh. Tff phffdng dien naycho thay, quyen lam ehii ciia ngffdi dan chi chu yeu thong qua viec bd nhiem Thu tffdng cua Quoc hoi. Nhffng Ihffc chat, con mot "phffdng tien"
cung het sffe hffu hieu trong viec truyen tai y chi eua ngffdi dan den cd quan thffc ihi quyen hanh ehinh, do chinh la "dif luan". Dac biel trong thdi dai bung nd cua truyen thong da phffdng Uen, dff luan dffdc xem la mot vu khi sac ben de kiem soat quyen Iffc eiia cd quan hanh phap (Iwabuchi Miki.2007,tr. 13).
Dff luin dffdc hieu nhff mot blnh thffc lap hdp tat ca cac y kie'n ciia ngffdi dan dffpe the hien mpl each Iff do (Oshi Yutaka, 2011, tr. 110). Muc dich eua viec tham do du' luan la de xac dinh thai d6 eua mot nhom ngffdi cu the ve nhffng van de can dieu tra. Viec tham do dff luan dffdc lien hanh mot each khoa hoc, the hien thdng qua 2 npi dung: Mpl la, cd quan tham do dff luan khong phai la mot cd quan lif ffng eff ma la mot cd quan difdc Iffa ehpn mang tinh dai dien (daihyousei);
Hai la, ngon iff difdc sff dung trong cac cau bdi mang tinh can doi (baransu). De cd the lien hanh mot each khoa hoc va mang tinh dai dien, viec tham do dff luan dffdc thu'c hien chii yeu thong qua 2 phifdng thffc lay y kien: Phffdng thffc lay mlu ngau nhien (musakui hyouhon chuushutsuhou) va phffdng thffc la'y m5u dffdc chi dinh (vi'ariate hyouhon chushutsuhou). Thong qua cac cupe tham do dif luan. Chinh phu \a cac ed quan hanh chinh nha nffdc se phai can nhic va dieu chinh hoat dong nhSm phii hdp vdi y chi va nguyen vpng ciJa ngffdi dan.
4.4. Ddn chit the hifn trong to chdc ca quan Toadn
Trong td chffe bp may. Hien phdp M Ban cung quy dmh ve quyen lam chii eiia ngi lan ddi vdi quyen tif phap thong qua che d . ,,ng
12 So 14 Thang 6/2020
LUAT
dan tham tra" do'i vdi cac tham phan cua Toa an To'i cao. Viec tham tra nay dffdc tien hanh thong qua mot cupc bo phie'u eua ngffdi dan. Cupe bo phi6'u nay dffdc lien hanh cung thdi diem vdi viec bdu eff Ha vien. Phffdng thffc cua cuoc bo phie'u dffdc lien hanh het sffe ddn gian, ngifdi dan chi can gach da'u [X] vao 6 ird'ng canh ten cua cac tham phan T6a an Toi cao dffdc in sSn. Ne'u so' Iffdng phie'u cd dau [X] nhieu hdn so Iffdng phie'u trdng thi tham phan do se hi bai nhiem. Nhff vay, thong qua boat dpng "tham tra" nay, quyen life ciia ed quan iff phap rd rang da bi kiem soat mOl each kha hieu qua. Tff do, dan chu trong td chffe cd quan iff phap cung dffdc dam bao.
5. K§'t ludn
Bp may nha nffdc Nhat Ban dffdc to chffe theo nguyen lac tam quy^n phSn lap ro net theo mo
hinh cua cac quo'c gia tff san phffdng Tay. Quyen lap phap dffdc trao cho Quo'c hpi, quyen hanh phap do Chinh phu nam giff va quyen tff phap dffdc Toa an thffc thi. Viec td chffe he tho'ng 3 cd quan nay nham Ihffc hien "kim che - doi trpng"
ISn nhau. Iff do giup che' ffdc quyen Iffe. Mo hinh nay nham han che sff lam quyen ciia cac chu the quyen life. Han che sff lam quyen la mot irong nhffng yeu cau ciia mot nen chinh tri dan ehu.
Khong chi vay, quyen lam chii cua ngifdi dan Cling dffdc the hien qua sff tac dpng den viec "td chffe" cac cd quan lap phap - hanh phap - lif phap.
Ngffdi dan cd dffdc quyen tham gia vao boat dpng chinh tri mot each iff do. Td chffe bp may nha nffdc ro rang da dam bao cho nen ehinh tri dan chii d Nhat Ban. giup hinh ihanh mot quoc gia phat trien va dffdc xem la dan ehu hang dau khu vffc Chau A •
TAI LIEU TRICH DAN:
'Chinh phu va Quoc hoi la hai chu the ihffc hien quyen life trong ITnh vifc chinh In. Toa an la cd quan phu trdch trong ITnh virc phap luat.
-Ti/cdch d day du'dc hieu cd b^n la chu'c vu nghi si ciia thanh vien Ha vien.
-''To-do-fu-ken la ddn vi hanh chinh cao nha't d dia phu'dng cOa Nhat Ban. Xet ve ca'p do hanh chinh, To-do-fu-ken du'dc xem nhif ngang cS'p vdi cap tinh 6 Viet Nam. Tuy nhien. ve phan quyen hanh chinh va lap phap thi c6 nhieu net rieng biet.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAC:
[I] Bd Ngoai giao Hoa Ky (2020). Tom lu'dc Dan chu. Trang Thong Un dien tff cua Dai sff quan va Tdng lanh sif quan Hoa K5' tai Viet Nam. Truy xua't tff https://vnMsembassy.gnv/vi/ca'p nhat 22/5/2020.
[2] David Held (2008). Models of Democracy. UK. Polity.
[3] L6 Thi Thu Mai. (2018), NhOng diem tUOng dong va khac biet giSa Ddn chii xahoi chu nghia va Dan chii tUsan V nghTa doi vdi Viet Nam hien nay, Luan an Ti6'n si, Hoc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia Ho Chi Mmh.
[4] Ashibe Nobuyo.shi (2004). Luat Hien phap. ban thi'(ba. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, (Tam dich).
[51 Higuchi Youichi (2010). Luat Hien phap. ban ihiiba. Tokyo' Soubunsha. (Tam dich)
[6] Hirowatari Seigo (2010). Xa hoi cdng dan va phap hidl. Tokyo; Houso Daigaku Kyouiku Shinkoudai.
(Tam dich).
[7] Iwabuchi Miki (2007). Chinh U-i va Da phu'dng tien Tap chi Nghien cthi Giao iiep va Da phudng lien. 70, 5-15.
(Tam dich).
So 14-Thdng 6/2020 13
TAPCHlCONCIHIflfNG
[8] Kalsua Aiitsune. Mori Seiichi, Yamauchi SuMimu (20121. Kiwi lux lich sH pMp '""' Tay d,K U-kyo.
Minenjwa Shobo, (Tam dich). - DI, •
|91 Ooishi Yutaku (20111. DU luan Nhat Ban hien dai va Chinh Iri Iniyen thong. Tap chi Nghien ciMp ap ,.
Wt, CMn/i Iri, Xflfcoi. 84(6), 107-126. (Tam dich).
[101 Takahashi Kazuyuki (2010). Otii nghia lap hien rii Luat Hien phap Nhal Ban. Nhat Ban.
(Tam dich),
[111 Urabe Noriho, Ookubo Shrrou. Mori Hideki(20O2). Tap bai giing Uial Hi/n phap hien dai I. Tok; o: Hontsu Bunka Sha, (Tam dich),
Ngay nhan bai: 19/5/2020
Ngay phan bi$n danh gia va siJa chiTa: 29/5/2020 Ngay chap nh|in dang bai: 8/6/2020 Thong tin tac gia:
ThS. PHAN TUAN LY
Khoa Ngoai ngff Phap ly, Dai hpc Lu§t TP. Ho Chi Minh
SEPARATION OF POWERS IN JAPAN AND SOME VALUES OF DEMOCRACY
• LLM. PHAN TUAN LY Faculty of Legal Foreign Languages
Ho Chi Minh City University of Law ABSTRACT:
This paper address some issues of determining and presenting understanding of democracy (bourgeois), analysis of the structure of Japan's separation of powers and drawing democratic values from the organization of the stale apparams.
Through the organization of power-seperating state apparatus, the citizen can participate in controlling the power of the legislative - executive - judicial agencies. Democracy in the organization of the state apparatus manifests itself through two conlenLs: (1) state agencies suppress - counterbalance each other to control the exercise of power; and (2) people directly involved in controlling these agencies.
Keyword: Separation of powers. Japanese democracy, Japanese slate apparatus.
14 So 14-Thang 6/2020
