p chi Khoa hpc Truang Dgi hpc Cdn Tha p54S6 6D(2018) 233-238
Tap chf Khoa hoc Tru'dng Dai hoc Can The?
Phan D: Kinh t e vd Phap lu$t website: sj.ctu.edu.vn
DOL 10.22144/ctii.jvn.2018.116 Q U Y D I N H P H A P L U A X V E H A N H V I S A I S O T T R O N G Y K H O A
D O I V 6 l B A C S i TAX B I V A A N H N g u y i n Thi B a o A n h '
Khoa Gido due chinh Iri - Phdp 'Ngudi chiu trdch nhiim ve bdi
lugt, Trudng Cao ddng Cdn Tho
viet: Nguyen Thi Bdo Anh (email: ntbanh 114(aigmail com)
Thong tin chung:
Ngdy nhdn bdi. 13/12/2017 Ngdy nhdn bdi sua: 02/03/2018 Ngdy duyit ddng: 31/08/2018
Title:
The legislations on medical malpractice of doctors in Belgium and England
Tii khda:
Bdi ihudng thiit hgi, boi thudng thiit hgi khong cdn chirng minh loi, loi cdu thd trong khdm vd chira benh, nghia vg khdm chira binh, thiit hgi, viphgm nghia vu khdm chua benh
Keywords:
Breach of duty, compensation for damage, damage, duty in diagnosis, and treatment, medical malpractice in diagnois and treatment, no- fault compensation
ABSTRACT
Health practitioners who give diagnosis and treat treatment - called doctors in Ihe scope of this research - are highly clarified among the noble proefessions. However, similar to olher professions, if they negligently cause omissions, they must be responsible for the damage. Medical malpractice is defined as any act or omission by a physician during treatment of a patient that deviates from accepted norms of practice in the medical community and causes an injury to ihe patient (translated from the definition of Medical malpractice, abbrreviated MM). MM is a problem occurring all over the world in different levels. In this study, on Ihe basis ofthe general provisions ofthe MM generally applied in the Member Slates ofthe European Union, the study IS to focus on analyzing and comparing Ihe two legal systems of Belgium and England Whereby, the following contents will be studied on negligent omissions, the elements which establish doctor's liability, Ihe common negligent omissions, and systems of compensation for damage. The research shows that although the Belgian and English legislations have similarities, there are differencies to adjust the malpractice ofthe doctors.
TOM TAT
Ngudi hanh nghi khdm vd chira binh — duoc ggi chung la bdc sT trong pham vi nghiin cuu ndy — dugc tdn quy trong so nhung ngudi hdnh nghe cao quy.
Mdc dii vdy, khong khdc nhirng cd nhdn Idm viic cd chuyin mon khdc. hg cUng phdi chiu trdch nhiem doi v&i hgu qud tir saiphgm md hg gay ra. Saisdtyle dugc dinh nghia la bdt ky hdnh dgng hoac su bo sot ndo ciia bdc si trong qud trinh dieu tri binh nlidn lich khdi cdc quy Idc duoc chdp nhdn ve thuc hdnh trong cgng dong y ti vd gay ra thiit hai cho binh nhdn (dugc dich tie Dinh nghia Medical malpractice, viel lat MM). MM Id mdt vdn di xdy ra khdp nen Iren thi gi&i vdi nhung mirc do khdc nhau Trong phdn nghien ciru ndy, trin nin idng nhiing quy dinh chung cua MM dugc dp dung tai cdc nirdc thdnh vien trong khoi Liin Minh Chdu Au. nghien cuu con tap trung phdn tich vd so sdnh hai he thong phdp lugt cua Bi vd Anh. Theo do, nghiin ciru cdn lap trung gidi thiiu nhiing ndi dung chinh sau: loi do sw cau thd, nhiing yeu to cdu thdnh trdch nhiem cua bdc sT, mdt so loai hdnh vi viphgm pho biin vd hinh thirc bdi thuang thiit hgi Qua nghiin ciru cho thdy, tuy hai hi ihdng phdp luat Bi vd Anh CO nhirng diim luong ddng nhung cUng co nhimg quy dinh khdc nhau di diiu chinh hdnh vi sai sol cua bdc sl
Trich ddn. NguyenThi Bao Anh, 2018. Quy dmh phdp luat vg hdnh vi sai sdt ttong y khoa ddi vdi bdc sTtai Bi va Anh. Tap chi Khoa hpc Trudng Dai hpc C i n Tha. 54(6D): 233-238
Tgp chiKhoa hpc Tru&ng Dai hpc Can Tha Tdp 54. Sd 6J.' :
1 D ^ T V A N D E
Bac Sl la mpt nghe bao ve, duy tti va ndng cao siic khde mdt cdch tot nhit cho benh nhan thong qua viec xac dinh, chan doan va dieu tri cho ngudi benh bang vigc sii dyng kign thiic khoa hoc va chuyen mdn cao. Nhiing tigu chi co ban khi ap dyng kiin thiic khoa hpc ttong ngdnh y bao gdm: kien thiic khoa hpc da dupe thua nhan, su dyng va dp dung rdng rai; kign thiic khoa hpc phai ludn dupe nghien cihi d hudng ngay cang hoan thien va phdt trien hon, kien thiic dugc sii dung phai tuan thii nhimg quy dinh v i y diic; hanh nghe y ludn ludn nham muc dich cai thien nhu cau sue khde va cung cap phuc lpi tai cdng ddng va benh nhan (Rodriguez, 2012).
Hanh vi sai ttai ttong boat ddng nghe y xdy ra khi cd mdt hanh dpng cau thd hoac thigu sdt ciia dpi ngG cung cdp dich vy y tg (ttong phan nghign cuu nay, ddi tupng nghien ciiu la bac si) gay thiet hai cho benh nhdn. Nhiing thiet hai dd bao gdm thigt hai ve thi chit va tmh than, la h$u qua tir Idi vd y ciia bdc sT do khdng tuan thii nhiing tieu chuan chung ttong khi hanh nghi (Nathalie, 2011).
Phap luat didu chinh vg nhiing hanh vi sai sdt do loi cau tha ciia bac sT cd nen tdng phat ttien kha lau ddi d cdc nude thanh vien trong khdi lien minh Chau Au. Nhiing quy dinh phap luat hoac an ig' giiia cac nude cd sy tac dpng Ian nhau tao. Vi le do, mdt sd nude thanh vign cd nhirng quy dinh phap luat tuong ly nhau nham didu chinh hanh vi sai sdt do loi cdu tha ciia bac sT. Dac biet, tai Bi va Anh, medical malpractice (MM) dupe dieu chinh chu ygu dya bdi Tori Law (Tam dich Tort Law: Id ngdnh Ludi quy dinh vi quyen, nghia vu vd cdc biin phdp dugc dp dung bdi cdc Toa dn trong to tung ddn su de ho tro nhirng ngudi bi thiit hgi tir nhiing hdnh vi sai trdi cua ngudi gdy lhi0l hgi). Rd rang, trach nhigm dan sy la loai ttach nhiem didn hinh dupe dp dyng khi tmy ciiu ttdeh nhigm ciia ngudi gay thigt hai. Mac dii vdy, Bi va Anh ciing ap dyng Lu^t Hinh sy dg ttuy ciru ttdch nhiem ciia ngudi gay thiet hai. Nhung ttong trudng hgp MM, ttach nhiem hinh sy khdng dupe dp dyng mpt cdch phd bien. Xac dinh dupe cac yen td cau thanh hanh vi sai ttai do lau cau tha ciia bac sT gay ra ddi vdi bgnh nhan la digu kien bat budc d i bgnh nhdn cd t h i ygu cau bdi thudng.
2 N G H C T N G YEU T O CAU T H A N H HANH VI SAI S 6 T CUA BAC Si
Cd nhiing y i u td cau thanh hanh MM cua bdc si cd khd nang dp dyng chun^ ttong cac vu kien khi benh nhan yeu ciu bac sT bdi thudng. Do la: bac sT cd nghia vy va vi pham nghia vy va mdi quan hg giiia vi pham nghia vy va thiet hai. Nhiing y i u td nay thudng dugc tdm lit ttong nhung can hdi sau:
- Phap luat cd thira nh^n nghia vu cua . ddi vdi benh nhan va cd phdi bac si da vi pham n^ i.
vy b i n g vigc khdng tuan thii nhiing nguyen tac ti onu kham chiia benh khi thyc nghia vy?
Bgnh nhdn cd bi thigt hai?
Cd m i l quan he giiia thigt hai va hanh vi pham?
Trudc khi xac djnh ba yen td cau thanh MM, xac djnh Idi Id van dg quan ttpng. Neu khdng c6 yeu td Idi thi khdng thg truy ciiu ttdch nhiem ttong trudng hgp MM (Markesinisand Deakm, 1999).
2.1 Loi
Loi ttong nganh y dugc xem Id vigc khdng tuan thu nhiing lieu chuan ttong ITnh vuc Y te ttong vide cham sdc, chin dodn vd digu tti sdc khde cho benh nhan. Cd thg xera dd la nhiing hanh vi sai sdt ngodi y mudn (su cau tha/tac ttach) lam tdn hai den benh nhan va vi pham chudn muc ciia ciia xa hdi. Ldi duoc xem nhu la mdt yen td bat budc ttong vigc xac dinh vd truy ciiu ttdch nhiem theo quy dinh hen quan (Tort law). Tren thuc tg, Idi dan gidn chi la tuygn bd v i sy bit Ihudng tir hdnh vi ciia mdt ngudi ndo do vd van chua cd mpt chuan mye do ludng tuyet ddi nao, ngay cd ttong ITnh vyc y te. Tuy nhien, ttong tung trudng hpp cu thg, Idi dugc xem xet, ddnh gid va ket luan dua tten tinh hinh thyc td tai thdi digm dd (Calan, 2007).
Sau khi xdc djnh dugc hdnh vi cd ldi cua bdc sT, CO ba yeu td tiep theo benh nhan can phdi chung minh de yen can bdi thudng: (I) NghTa vu ciia bdc sT ddi vdi bgnh nhan (Duty), (2) Vi pham nghia vy {Breach of duly), (3) Thiet hai {Damage) vamdi lien quan giiia vi pham nghia vu va thigt hai do hanh vi cd ldi gay ra {Causation).
O Bi, MM chua duoc quy dinh tap trung d mpt bd luat nhdl dmh. Tuy nhien, mdt ttong nhirng quy dinh lien quan den MM dugc quy dinh lai Dieu 1382 cua Bd Luat dan sy ciia Bi la quy dinh ve ttdch nhiem ddi vdi ldi do minh gay ra: "Bdt cir ai co hdnh vi co loi md hdnh vi do gdy thiit hgi cho ngudi khdc thi phdi co trdch nhiim boi thudng cho su thiit hgi do " Theo dd, loi la su vi pham nhirng quy dinh dupe lap thanh van ban hoac khdng bang van ban Ldi la mpt khai niem cd the hieu mdt each linh boat theo timg thdi digm va dia digm khac nhau Ndi cdch khdc, ldi cd thg dugc vien din nhu la hanh vi vi pham nhiing chuan muc dugc xa hdi thira nhan.
Tuong tu nhu khdi niem chung vg ldi, d Bi, ldi cd the bao gdra ldi do sy cau tha hay cdn gpi la tac trach (Bocken and Bondt, 2001).
Trong khi Bi sir dyng nhirng quy dinb -• "
dupe quy dinh ttong hg thdng phap lui' didu chinh ldi thi Anh sir dyng an le (S^
Tgp chi Khoa hoc Tnrang Dai hpc Cdn Tha Theo quy dinh cua Anh hdn quan dgn ttach nhigm bdi thudng, ldi ciing la mpt trong nhirng yen td bat budc (Widmer, 2005). Hau het benh nhdn d Anh (dupe dieu ttj theo hg thdng ciia Y te qudc gia) khdi kien bac si chan dodn va/ho^c digu tn hp vi pham do su cdu tha (Stauch, 2008).
2.2 NghTa vu va vl p h a m nghia vu NghTa vy cita bac si cd the phdt sinh ttong va ngodi hgp ddng. Trong trudng hgp nay, mdt ngudi nao dd den noi kham chiia benh (phdng kham, benh vien,.. cdng hoac/va tu) va dupe chap nhdn nhu la mdt bgnh nhdn, ngay liic nay bac bT bat budc phdi luan thii cung cap viec chara sdc, kham va chiia benh theo tieu chuan nhat dmh (Edward, 2015). Tigu chudn ttong viec cham sdc, kham va chiia benh se dugc phan tich chi tiet hon ngay ttong phan ndi dung sau (gpi tat la tigu chuan).
0 Bi, nghTa vy cung dugc dugc xem Id viec bat budc md bac sT phai thyc hign ttong hgp ddng hoac theo luat djnh (Raymond, 1998). Tuong ty nhu d Anh, theo phan quyet ttong vy kien "R v Baleman "
: "Ngay khi bdc sTdp dung ky nang, kien thiic trong viic chdn dodn vd chiia tn cho binh nhdn, thi dieu do Idm phdt sinh nghia vu cita bdc si doi vdi benh nhdn ".
NghTa vy ciia bac sT hiln theo nhirng quy djnh lign quan dgn lieu chudn cham sdc, chan dodn va digu tti duoc dp dung trong timg trudng hpp cu the.
De chiing rainh rang bac sT - ngudi gay ra thigt hai cho bgnh nhan, bgnh nhan can phdi chiing minh dugc rang ngudi gay thiet hai da vi pham tigu chuan khi thuc hien nghTa vy ttong trudng hpp cua benh nhan dd (Deutsch and Schreiber, 1985).
Van de ttpng digm d day la lam sao xac dmh dupe bac sT dd da vi pham tigu chuan trong khi thyc hign nghia -vu. Cf gdc dp phap ly, "tigu chuan" khi Ihuc hien nghTa vy ttong ITnh -vyc y ti, dugc thira nhan mpt each rdng rai nhu sau:
"Tieu chudn khi thuc hien nghia vu trong linh vifcy te Id viic dp dung vd thuc hiin trinh do hay ky ndng chuyen mon (vi du nhu khdm vd dieu tri benh) trong mgt trudng hop nhdt dinh (vi du: dieu tri lao phoi) doi vdi benh nhdn Tiiu chudn ndy dugc ddnh gid. so sdnh cdn cir dua tren cdch viec dieu tri tuong tu cita mot/mot so bdc si co trinh do chuyin mdn vd duoc phep hdnh nghi mgt cdch binh thudng khdc trong hodn cdnh tuong tir. " (John el al. 2002)
Tuong ty vdi quy dinh chung, d Bi va Anh, vi pham nghTa vu la viec bac sT khdng tuan thu diing nhirng tieu chuan trong chan doan vd didu tri O Bi, trong tieu chudn chan doan vd dieu tti, bac sT khdng bit budc phai diiu tri cho benh nhan trd ndn hoan toan khde manh, nhimg phai cd nghTa vy thyc hign
Tdp54.S6 6D(2018) 233-238 dung tigu chudn quy dmh Diiu nay cd nghTa la bac sT khdng dugc phep cd hanh vi thuc hien nghTa -vu dudi raiic chuan chung. Tieu chudn nay se dugc danh gid bdi nhiiu thanh vign ciia hpi ddng cd cung ky nang va trinh dp (Nys, 2010).
Ct Anh, rieu chuin ttong chin doan va digu tti bit ngudn tir phdn quyit ciia Toa an ttong -vy kien Bolam V Frien Hospital Management Company (McHale, 2003). Tigu chuin lien quan d i n viec chin doan va diiu tn dupe quy djnh nhu sau:
"Bdc si khong viphgm loi cdu thd neu bdc si do tudn Ihu viec chdn dodn vd diiu Iri luong tu nhu mgt bdc si dang thuc hiin nghia vu chdn dodn vd diiu tri tuong tu khdc trong ciing hodn cdnh vd dieu kiin "(Newman, 2012)
2.3 Thiet hai
Thdng thudng, cd hai loai thigt hai: thigt hai vi vat chat vd thiet hai ve tinh than.
Thigt hai ve vat chat bao gdra thiet dugc tinh tu thdi diera hdnh vi sai sdt gay ra keo dai den tuong lai. Nhirng thiet hai dd, thdng thudng la vign phi va thudc, khd nang tao ddng tao ra thu nhdp hoac la nhimg chi phi lien quan khdc. Thiet hai vat chat dugc linh toan thanh tien dua vdo thiet hai cd that.
(Newman, 2012)
Thigt hai tmh than cung dupe xem xet tir thdi diem do sai sdt gay ra vd hau qud keo ddi den tuong lai. Thiet hai ttnh than cd thg la sy lo lang, dau kho vg mat tinh than (Coppolo, 2004). Cy thi hon, do sai sdt trong dieu tti, bdc si vd y gay ra su khuygl tat vinh vign cho bgnh nhan. Vi dy, rapt chan ciia benh nhan cd the dugc didu tri, nhung vi sai sdt do sy cau thd ma chan ciia bgnh nhan phdi bi cat. Trong trudng hgp nay, tinh than ciia bgnh nhan -vira bi tdn thuang do ndi dau mat chdn gay ra, vira phai mang sy mac cam ttd thanh ngudi khuyet tat,
Theo quy dinh chung v i bdi thudng thiet hai d Chau Au, benh nhan cd dupe bdi thudng mdt each thda dang thiet hai v i vat chit va tinh thin. Thdng thudng, vigc tmh toan nhiing thigt hai khdng cd cdng thiic chung. Dg dua ra miic bdi thudng hpp ly, cdc tham phim ciia Tda an thy ly vu viec se ty xera xet dg quyet dinh tdng sd tiin bac sT phai bdi thudng.
Tdng sd tiin bdi thudng thigt hai dya ttgn thdng tin cho cdc ben cung cip va cd su tu v i n ciia cac chuyen gia cd chuyen mdn va kmh nghigm hen quan. Tuong ty, phap luat ciia Bi vd Anh cung phan chia thiet hai thanh hai loai nhu tten.
Viec bdi thudng thiet hai cho benh nhdn khdng nham muc dich la d i trimg phat hanh vi sai trai ciia bac Sl rad de bu dap cho nhimg m i t mat ciia bgnh nhan va ban che tdi da sy lap lai nhiing sai sot cua
Tap chiKhoa hoc TruangDai hoc Cdn Tha bac sT. Cd le, quan diem bdi thudng nay ciing xuat phat tir tinh nhSn van ttong lmh vuc y ti.
2.4 Moi Uen quan gifra vi ph?m nghia vu va thiet hai
Thiet hai dugc xem la hau qua ciia hanh vi sai sot do bdc sT gay ra khi thyc hien nghia vy. Ndi cdch khac, ngu nhu khdng cd thiet hai xay ra thi khdng the tmy cuu ttach nhiem ddi vdi bac sT ngay ca khi hp thyc hien nghia vu khdng man thu theo tidu chuin quy dmh. Vi vay, nhu la rapt dieu kien bat budc, hdnh vi sai trdi cua bac sT bi ttuy cim ttdch nhigm khi vd chi khi gay ra thigt hai cho benh nhan (Michael, 2003). Mdt ttong nhiing phuang phdp phd bien de xac dinh dupe mdi lien he giiia hanh vi sai ttai va hau qua do hanh vi dd gay ra la bien phdp
"hutfor". Phuang phdp nay nhdm kidm dinh rang bgnh nhan se khdng phdi gdnh chiu thiet hai neu nhu bach si khdng vi pham nghia vy (vi pham tigu chuan) khi thyc hign nghTa vy (Gmbb et al, 2010).
3 MOT SO LOAI HANH V I V I PHAM PHO B I 6 N
Khi thyc hien nghTa vu, bac sT thdng thudng vi pham mdt sd Idi sau day;
3.1 Chan dodn sai eiia bac si doi vdi benh nhan
Chan doan sai ttong ITnh vyc y te la mdt trong nhiing sai pham khd phd bien gdy tdn hai den cho benh nhan (Singh et al, 2006) Mdt sd nguyen nhan dan den viec chan doan sai nhu vigc ghi nhan lich su benh khdng day du, cau thd ttong viec kham tham kham, cau tha ttong viec dua ra nhiing ket luan dya tren dau hieu bgnh ddi vdi bgnh nhan (Michael, 2003). Cd rat nhigu vy kien bat ngudn tir chan doan sai hoac chan doan cham tre ddi vdi tinh hinh hinh bgnh va chan thuong ddi vdi bgnh nhan. Ldi ttong chan dodn cdn cd kha nang rat cao dan ddn viec dieu tri khdng chmh xdc, dieu tri cham tre. Hdu qua la siic khde cua bgnh nhdn se ttd ngn tdi te ban va tham chi cd thg ddn din hi vong (Michon, 2017).
3.2 Thieu sot trong viec trao ddi thong tin giua bac si va bgnh nhdn
Viec sai sdt cd thg la vigc bac sT khdng canh bao nhung riii ro dot vdi benh nhan (nii ro trong viec dung thudc, nil ro ttong phuong phdp dieu tti bgnh ciia bac sT ddi vdi benh nhan). Hoacbdc sT khdng hudng ddn cho bgnh nhan (hudng dan each dung thudc hoac ttong trudng hpp bgnh nhan cd thg theo doi nhiing b i i u hign ben ngodi ciia bgnh dg thdng bao din bdc sT.) (Smgh et al, 2006)
Tap 54 So 6D (2018): 233-238
3.3 Sai sot trong diiu tri benh cua bac si dii eho benh nhan
Sai sdt do ciu tha trong dieu tti benh cd nhieu loai khdc nhau. Viec sai sdt nay cd the bat ngudn tir viec thiiu kidn thdc chuygn mdn (vi dy nhu kign thirc ddi sy phan img thudc), cdu thd ttong qua giai phdu (bd quen dung cy nhu keo trong co thg benh nhan), hoac sai sdt ttong vigc dua ra phat do dieu t n (Michael, 2003),
4 BOI T H L T ^ N G THIET HAI Cd hai he thong boi thudng thiet hai chii yeu hien nay d Chau Au ciing nhu d Bi va Anh: bdi thudng dya tren yiu td loi va bdi thudng khdng can chiing mmh ldi nhimg chmig mmh su thiet hai.
4.1 Boi thudng thilt hai d y a tren yeu to loi Bdi thudng vdt chdt, cy the la nhung thigt hai ve thg chat va tmh than se dugc quy ddi tien cd the duoc xera la rapt each bdi thudng cd tir rat lau va phd bien nhat ttong quy dinh ciia Tort Law (Geisfeld, 2013).
De nhan dugc bdi thudng, benh nhan la ngudi cd nghia vy chimg minh cac yen td cau thdnh ttdch nhiem boi thudng cua bac sT nhu da dupe phan tich.
Bdc sT thdng thudng phai cd Bao hiem ttach nhiem nghg nghigp. Vi vdy, nhiing khodn bdi thudng cho thiet hai tir the chat ddn tinh thdn ciia benh nhan se dupe Bao hiem nghg nghiep chi tra (Danzon, 2014).
4.2 Boi thudng thiet hai khdng dua tren yeu to loi
Rdt nhiiu benh nhan khdng thg nhdn dupe su bdi thudng hoac dugc bdi thudng mdt each khdng thda dang do chua thda nhiing dieu kien luat quy dinh (bgnh nhan phai chiing minh dugc nhiing yeu cdu thanh ttach nhiem ciia bdc si) (World Bank, 2003)).
Dd Id mdt ttong nhirng ly do chinh cho vigc ngn cd mpt giai phdp thay thi hoac hd ttp cho benh nhan ttong trudng hgp khdng tihan dugc sir bdi thudng hoac sy bdi thudng khdng thda dang. Dd la su bdi thudng thiet hai ma benh nhan khdng cdn chiing minh yiu td Idi ciia bac sT fNo-fau!t compensation, viit tdt: NFC) (Vandersteegen et al, 2015), Bign phap bdi thudng ndy van dugc ap dung cho hanh vi sai sdt do sy can tha cua bac sT. Mac dii bgnh nhdn khdng cdn chiing minh loi ciia bac sT nhung van phai chiing minh thigt hai ciia ban thdn la hau qua ti: viec diiu tti cua bdc sT (Tancredi, 1986) Thay vi tim each chiing minh duoc su sai sdt ciia bdc si, bang phuong phdp bdi Ihudng nay, bdc sT dugc khuyen khich ket hgp va hd ttg cho benh nhan de xac dinh nguyen nhan ndo gay ra thiet hai cho bgnh nhan (Goldberg, 2011).
Tap chi Khoa hoc Truang Dai hpc Can Tha Nam 2010, Bi da chinh thiic fliyc thi Luat v i bdi thudng cho nan nhdn do tai nan ttong linh vuc Y tg khdng cdn cd ygu td ldi. Muc dich cua Luat nay nham hd tto benh nhdn nhan dugc co hdi bdi thudng ttong khodn thdi gian ngdn ma khdng can chiing minh ldi ciia bdc sT. Tuy nhien, benh nhan chi cd thd chpn lua mpt ttong hai each bdi thudng. (1) Tort law: Theo thii tyc khdi kign tai Tda an hoac (2) NFC:
ygu cdu Co quan phy ttach Quy Bdi thudng cho nhirng trudng hgp do tai bien ttong ITnh vyc Y tg (Fund for Medical Accidents, viit tdt: FMA). Nhiem vu cua F!VL'\ Id xdc dmh dupe thigt hai ciia bgnh nhdn cd phdi la ldi cua bac si hoac khdng. Benh canh dd, FMA cung se danh gia nhirng thiet hai va gia tri bdi thudng cho bgnh nhan.
Rigng d Anh, chinh phu ciing cd du kign ban hanh chinh sach bdi thudng cho benh nhan rad khdng cdn chimg mmh ldi cd ten la Dg an Bdi thudng Y t i Qudc Gia (The NHS Redress Scheme) (Goldberg, 2011). Tuy nhien, hign nay, Dd an nay vdn chua dupe ap dung mdt cdch rdng rai d Anh ( F a n e l l e / a / . , 2 0 1 0 ) .
5 K E T L U A N
Mdt each tdng qudt, phdp luat cua Bi va Anh cd nhiing quy dinh tucmg tu nhu phap luat cua cdc nude trong Ididi lien minh Chdu Au khi xac lap ttdch nhiem vd bdi thudng thiet hai ciia bdc sT khi thuc hign hdnh vi sai sdt. Ben canh dd, giiia Bi vd Anh ndi rigng, phap luat hai nude nay vira cd digm tuong ddng, vira cd nhiing net khac biet trong viec xac ldp nhung quy dinh truy ciiu trdch nhiera bdi thudng thigt hai ciia bac sT ddi vdi benh nhan, cac loai thiet hai va hg thdng bdi thudng thiet hai.
TAI L l E U T H A M K H A O
Bocken, H. and Bondt, D. W., 2001. Inttoduction to Belgian Law. BQuwer Law International Netherlands, 464 pages.
Case "R V Bateman" (1925) 19CrAppR8.
Available fromhttps://swarb.co.uk/rex-v- bateman-cca-1925/Case "Bolam v Fnen Hospital Management Company" [1957] 1 WLR583 Available from http./ZvAvw.e- lawresourcesco.uk/Bolam-v-Friem-Hospital- Management-Committee.php Calan, A., 2007. The Faull(s) in Negligence
Law .accessed on 7 September 2018. Available from
https.//papers.ssm.coni/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id
=975695Coppolo, G . 2004. Damages - Medical Malpractice, accessed on 2 February 2004.
Available from
https./Zwww.cga. ct.gov/2004/rpt/2004-R-0002.htm.
Danzon, P . 1994 Ton Reform' The Case of Medical Malpractice. Oxford Review of Economic Pohcy. United Kingdom, 10(1). 84-98.
ivider's Tgp 54 So 6D (20 Deutsch, E. and Schreiber, H-L., 1985
Responsibility in Western of Europe " i "S^f- New York, 868 pages
Edward, S., 2015. What is Healthca- Duty ofCare, accessed on 6 Sep''- -""'•
Available from
https://www.natlawreview.conv a rticle/what- healthcare-provider-s-duty-care Geisfeld, M., 2013. Compensation as a Tort Nonn.
Oxford University Press 13-54.
Goldberg, R., 2012. Medical Malpractice and Compensation in the UK. Chicago-Kent Law Review. 87: 131-161.
Gmbb, A , Laing, J., and McHale, J., 2010.
Pnnciples of Medical Law. Oxford University Press UnitedSlates, p. 330.
John, B., Arthur, H., and Paul, J,, et al., 2002.
Determining the Standard of Care m Medical Malpractice: the Physician's Perspective. Wake Forest Law Review. United States, 37: 861-875.
Markesims, B. and Deakm, S., 1999. Tort Law, Clarendon Press - Oxford, 930 pages Michael, J , 2003 Medical Negligence, Third
Edition. Sweet & Maxwell. England, 966 pages Michon, K , 2017. Medical Malpractice:
Misdiagnosis and Delayed Diagnosis, accessed on 12Febmary20I7 Availiable from http s • //v/ww .eadiehill.com/medical- negligence/misdiagnosis-delayed-diagnosis/
McHale, J., 2003. Medical Malpractice in England - Current Trends. European Joumal of Health Law. 10(2)' 135-151
King, Y , 1992. No-fault Compensation Schemes for Medical Injury: A Review. Scottish Government Social Research. 8: 277-236.
Nathalie, D. F., 2011 Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer New York, 676 pages.
Newman, D , 2012. Medical Malpractice:
Background and Examination ofthe Issues before Congress. In: Braswell, V , and Mccloud, D (Eds.). Medical Malpractice: Considerations and Proposals. Congressional Research Service United States, 1-40.
Nys, H., 2010. Medical Law in Belgium. Kluwer Law Intemational United States, 200 pages.
Stauch, M , 2008. The Law of Medical Negligence in England and Germany: A Comparative Analysis, First Edition Hart Publishing United Kingdom, 208 pages.
Raymond, Y., 1998. English, French & German Comparative Law, Third Edition Routledge England, 701 pages.
Rodriguez, S., 2012. Definition ofthe Medical Professional, accessed on 12 December 2010.
Avaihable from
http://www.cgcomes/noticias/2010/12/10 12 13 _medical_professional ~ ~
Tgp chiKhoa hpc Tru&ng Dai hpc Cdn Tha Tgp 54 S6 6D (2018)- 233-238 Smgh, H , Petersen, L., and Thomas, J., 2006. Medical Malpractice System in Belgium
Understanding Diagnostic Errors in Medicine. A European Joumai of Health Law. 25. 481-491 Lesson from Aviation. QuaUty and Safety in Widmer, P., 2005. Unification of Tort Law: Fault.
Healthcare. 15: 159-164. Kluwer Law Intemational. New York, 391 pages Tancredi, L., 1986 Designing a No-fault Altemalive. Worid Bank, 2003. Medical Malpractice Systems
Health Law and Ethics. 49 (2): 277-286. around the Globe: Examples from the US-tort Vandersteegen, T., Mameffe. W., and Vandijck, D., liability System and die Sweden-no fauU System.
2015. Physician Specialists' Perception of the Document ofthe Worid Bank. 1-37.
