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O ThS. PHAM VAN KHANH*
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hd cdp gido dye (PCGD) Id biSn phdp quan Trong thye t l , d cd'p THCS mudn thye hien dugc trgng nhdm thye hien myc tiSu ddn tri. Ddn cdng tdc PLHS Idnh mgnh, dung hudng thi phdi tri Id tiln d l d l tdng trudng kinh t l , phdt thye hien tdt GD hudng nghiep eho HS. GD huy ddn chu vd tien bd xd hdi. Vi vdy, ddn trf hudng nghiep vd PLHS song hdnh vdi nhau. Vl ludn duge coi Id mdt trong nhung myc tieu chiln vdy, trong phgm vi bdi ndy, cd t h i xem xet luge cOa cdc qudc gio dong phdt triln. Trong thye hudng nghiep vd phdn ludng Id mdt ve cua vdn te, qud h-inh ndng coo ddn trf cdn thye hi§n ddng d l (ggi tdt Id PLHS sou THCS).bd vdi vi§c phdt triln GD-DT thi ddn trf mdi thye Vi ban chat: PLHS Id sy phdn hod theo nhdm sy trd thdnh nhdn td cho phdt triln kinh te - xd hdi. Idn ddi vdi HS sou THCS. Dd Id nhung nhdm HS Dd cung Id kinh nghiem cuo nhilu nude trong thye cd cung djnh hudng, cung nguyen vgng sou THCS.
hien myc tieu ddn trf cuo minh. Suy cho cung, myc Ve muc tieu: PLHS sau THCS nhdm phdt huy tieu ddn trf khdng ehi vi ddn trf md phdi dugc ndng lye cuo ngudi hge tdt nhdt theo khd ndng, chuyin hod thdnh nhung ndng lye cuo dd't nude, hodn ednh, d i l u kien md hg ed duge.
Ddng thdi vdi ddn trf vd sou ddn trf Id phdt trien Viy nghTa: PLHS sou THCS Id bien phdp thye kinh te, ddn chu vd tien bd xd hdi. Vi vdy, viec gdn hien hgp If hod xu hudng phdn hod cua HS sou kit giua PCGD vdi gido dye hudng nghiep (GDHN) THCS tren co sd ndng lye hge tdp, nguyen vgng phdn ludng hge sinh (PLHS) sou trung hge eo sd cua HS vd nhu cdu xd hdi.
(THCS) Id vdn d l cdy nghTo thye te hien nay. Trong Tgi sao phdi thuc hien PLHS sau THCS:
dd, hudng nghiep PLHS sou THCS Id bien phdp, Phdn hod trong GD Id xu huang fat yeu trong ddng lye thuc ddy edng tdc PCGD ndi chung vd viec phdt trien ndng lye, hinh thdnh nhdn cdch PCGD THCS ndi rieng, PCGD Id tiln 6e, dilu kien cua HS sou mot qud h-inh GD, ren luyen. Trong eho hudng nghiep vd PLHS sau THCS. GD phd thdng, sou mdi Idp hge, cdp hge, sy phdn 1. Hudng nghiep vd phdn ludng trong GD hod se chia HS thdnh nhung nhdm khdc nhou ve
Theo Tu dien Tieng Viet, huong nghiep Id hge lye, ve sd thfeh, nguyen vgng, xu hudng nghe
«Thi hdnh nhung bien phdp nhdm bdo ddm sy nghiep. Nhiem vy cua GD Id Idm sao ddp ung phdn bd tdi uu (cd chu y tdi ndng khieu, ndng tdt nhdt cdc yeu cdu khdeh quan dd. Dgy hoc lye, t h i lye) nhdn ddn theo ngdnh vd logi loo phdn hda, thye hl§n phdn ban vd PLHS Id nhung ddng" (1). PLHS sou THCS Id vige lyo chgn, sdp cdch thuc de gidi quyet vdn de. Tuy nhien, phdn x I p mong tfnh xd hdi 6e HS sou khi tdt nghiep ludng khdc vdi phdn hda. Ddi vdi HS sou THCS, tilp hjc dugc GD vd DT theo nhung khuynh hudng pbdn hdo giup eho phdn ludng dugc da dgng vd ngdnh hge khdc nhau phu hgp vdi nguyen vd cy t h i hon. Phdn ludng vd phdn ban Id cdc vgng, ndng lye HS vd nhu cdu xd hdi hodc tham g'di phdp thye hien dgy hge phdn hda. Trong gio lao ddng sdn xudt (LDSX). HS sou tdt nghiep f"di ludng cd sy phdn hda theo ludng, vi dy:
THCS dugc phdn chia theo bdn ludng khdc nhou: ^rong ludng hiing hge phd thdng (THPT) cd trudng GD phd thdng (ludng ehfnh); GD thudng xuyen; THPT chuyen, h-udng «khdng chuyen", cdc frudng gido dye nghi nghiep (GDNN) vd tham gio LDSX " ^ " 9 khieu khde nhau hodc phdn hda nhd hon (cdc ludng phy). Xu the hien nay cdn gidm HS (*^60 nhdm mdn hodc theo mdn hge ty chgn) vdo ludng chfnh den mdt ti le phu hgp, tdng ti le '^^^ cdc ban khoa hoc h/ nhien, khoa hge co HS cdc ludng- phy d mue cdn thiet, trong dd, ^^> ^^°° ^9^ xd hgi nhdn vdn... trong h-udng ludng LDSX gidm thilu cdng nhilu edng tdt. * Sd Giao due va Bao tao fien Giang
. Tap chi Giao due so 2 6 4 (ki 2 6/2011)
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THPT «phdn ban" Trong GDNN cd trudng trung cdp chuyen nghiep (TCCN), trudng trung cdp nghe, so cd'p nghi vdi nhilu ngdnh, vd hdng trdm nghi DT khdc nhou. Trong gido dye thudng xuyen (GDTX) cd hinh thuc hge tdp trung, vua hge vua Idm, ty hge cd ddng kf, hge theo Idp
phd cdp...
Cudi cd'p tilu hge, sy phdn hod chuo ddn d i n phdi phdn ludng. Cudi cdp THCS, HS chudn bj bude vdo tudi vj thdnh nien, tudi lao ddng, nen sy phdn hod hong HS cung do dgng vd du Idn 6e phdi tiln hdnh phdn ludng sou THCS. Dd Id nguyen vgng cua mot bd phdn ddng ddo HS, Id yeu cdu cua xd hdi.
Nhu vdy, PLHS sou THCS cung Id yeu cdu khdeh quan. Yeu to khach quan trong PLHS sau THCS la do tinh tdt yeu cua xu huong phan hod trong GD quy dinh.
PLHS sau THCS co Idm xoi mon. Met tieu cdc ca hgi hoc tdp cua HS sau THCS?
PLHS sou THCS Id phdn ludng sdm, tfch cue nhdm gidi quylt nhu cdu nguyen vgng cuo ngudi hge vd xd hdi. Khdc vdi PLHS sou THPT Id chi cd ludng GDNN vd tham gio LDSX, PLHS sou THCS ngodi GDNN vd tham gio LDSX, ngudi hge cdn cd ludng tiep hjc hge vdn phd thdng vdi muc do phu hgp vdi trinh do, d i l u kien cua ngudi hge theo chuong trinh GDTX. O nude to, n l u thye hien khdng tdt viec PLHS sou THCS cung cd nghTo Id chung to vd tinh ddy mdt bd phdn ddng ddo HS sou THCS yeu v l hge lye vd cd hodn ednh, d i l u kien gio dinh khd khdn, khdng dugc t i l p tyc hge md phdi nghi hge, tham gio LDSX, khdng cd n g h i qua DT. PLHS sou THCS Id tgo ra phuong thuc hge phu hgp vd co hdi hge tdp ed hieu qud, ft rul ro, ddp ung dugc nhu edu, nguyen vgng dugc hge, cd nghi nghiep cuo HS. Thye hien PLHS sou THCS Idnh mgnh, dung hudng, thdng thodng thye ehd't Id ndng coo hieu qijd GD vd hl§u qud xd hdi (mdt bdng ehd't lugng GD phd thdng dugc ndng len, eo cd'u nhdn lye dugc cdi thlen, trdnh dugc Idng phf xd hdi trong GD,...).
Nhu vdy, PLHS sau THCS chdng nhCrng too co hdi hge lgn md cdn do dgng hod phuong'thuc hge, ludng hge cho ngudi hge, tgo dilu kien thfeh hgp cho nhilu ngudl hge. N l u HS cd nhu edu, nguyen vgng vd ndng lye thi viec hge len cd nhilu eo hdi, nhu; hge lien thdng, lien kit, tu xa, vua hge vua Idm...
Tap ehi Giao due so 2 6 4 (ki 2 6/2011)
2. Thye trgng PLHS sou THCS d Tiln Giang hien nay
Nhin chung, viee PLHS sou THCS trong ngdnh GD tuy ed ehuyin biln tfch eye nhung vdn cdn nhilu hgn che nhu: phdt triln GD-DT khdng cdn ddi giua ede ludng, hieu qud xd hdi cuo phdn ludng chua coo, cdc ludng phy chuo thdng thodng.
Nguyen nhdn co bdn Id: nhdn thue xd hdi v l phdn ludng chuo dung hudng, nhdt Id tdm If cuo phu huynh vd HS. Cdng tdc hudng nghiep trong trudng phd thdng cdn nhung y l u kem keo ddi, b l tdc. Cdc eo sd GDNN, GDTX chuo du mgnh di cd sue thu hut vd thue hien tdt chuc ndng nhiem vy PLHS sou THCS.
Bllu hien tdp trung nhd't v l cdng tdc PLHS sou THCS Id cdc ti le, so lugng HS theo hge ede ludng nhu bdng dudi ddy:
Bdng sd lieu HS khdi 9 todn tinh trong PLHS sau THCS qua 3 ndm hge:
—^...yamhoc Cdc chi s6 " ^ S d l d p 9
86 HS ldp 9 S6 HS TN
PLHS sau THCS trong banam hoc
THPT Tile GDTX Tile GDNN Tile
Bo hoc Tile
2007-2008 601 23.299 22.924 15.982 69.7%
1.387 6%
520 2,3%
5.035 22%
2008-2009 566 21.668 20.841 13.926 66,8%
2.585 12,4%
1.060 4,6%
3.270 16.2%
2009-2010 574 21.739 21302 13.895 65.2%
2.950 13.8%
1.605 7,5%
2.852 13,5%
Nguon: Phong KHTC, So GD-DT Tien Giang Nhdn xet: Bdng tren cho thdy, trdng 3 ndm qua, ti le HS sou THCS vdo hge THPT dd cd sy gidm thilu ddn tu d9,7%xudng cdn d5,2%;. Ti \'e HS vdo GDTX tdng ddn len tu 6% len 13,8%.
Ludng HS vdo hge GDNN tdng nhonh h> 2,3%
len 7,5% tdng hon 3 Idn. Dgc biet, 2 ndm hge 2008-2009 vd 2009-2010 ed nhieu eo sd GDNN di vdo hogt ddng. Ti le HS sau THCS khdng tilp hjc hge cung cd sy gidm thilu tuong ung h> 22%
xudng cdn 13,5%.
Nhin chung, viee PLHS sou THCS dd phdt Win dung hudng ed nhung ddu hieu tfch cye song chua b i n vung (vi vdn cdn dn chua nhilu yeu td doo ddng, nhung ddu hieu cd tinh hinh thuc nhu tl l§ cdc ludng khdc THPT cd tdng len nhung ti trgng giuo cdc ludng cdn qud chenh lech, ti le HS bd hge sou THCS cdn qud Idn).
3. Mdt sd de xud't
Ti le hgp li cho djnh hudng PLHS sau THCS a Tiin Giang:
Xem xet cdc ti le PLHS sau THCS tgi Tiln Giang trong 5 ndm quo vd cdc ti lg tdt nghiep THPT, trung tuyin DH, CD, thdy rdng: ti lg binh qudn HS sou THCS vdo hoc THPT Id d8%, ti If tdt nghiep THPT binh qudn Id 82%, ti le HS trung tuyin vdo DH, CD binh qudn hdng ndm Id 35%. Nhu vdy, ti le thye te HS sou THCS tdt nghidp duoc vdo THPT sou 3 ndm hge Id 55,7% (d8% x 82%), ti le HS sou THCS, sou 3 ndm hoc THPT vd trung tuyin vdo DH, CD Id 19,5% (55,7% x 35%). Nhin vdo cdc ti le tren, mdi thdy rdng mong mudn cuo phy huynh vd HS sou THCS vdi ti le hon 80% HS duge hge len DH, CD Id phi thye t l . N l u ddp ung mong mudn tren cuo phy huynh vd HS thi hdng ndm tinh Tiln Glong phdi tuyin vdo DH vd CD vdi sd lugng Id 10.000 sinh vien, ehu ki hge binh qudn Id 4 ndm, luu lugng sinh vign Id 40.000, tuong duong vdi 10 trudng DH vd CD vdi quy md 4000 sinh vien/trudng. Dilu ndy cung phi thye t l .
Tdm loi, v l If thuyet, hien nay chi cd khodng 55,7% HS sou THCS vdo tHPT Id hieu qud. V l mat tri lye, khdng phdi JHS sou THCS ndo cung hge theo hudng vdo DH, CD ngay dugc. Vdy, theo thdng ke ndy, nen chdng d i n ndm 2015 ti le PLHS nen theo dinh hudng: ludng THPT: dO%; ludng GDNN: 30%; ludng GDTX: 8%; ludng LDSX: 2%.
Vi gidl phdp PLHS sau THCS: Trong bdn nhdm gidi phdp quon trgng thudng duge neu trong thye hien PLHS sou THCS nhdm gidi phdp tuyen truyln ndng eao nhdn thuc; nhdm gidi phdp ddu tu; nhdm gidi phdp chfnh sdch vd xd hdi; nhdm gidi phdp qudn If nhd nude), chung to nen chgn lyo cdc bien phdp (trong cdc nhdm gidi phdp tren nhdt Id gidl phdp ddu \u) phu hgp vdi mdi djo phuong vd thye hien triet d l theo hudng phdn ludng tfch eye, Idnh mgnh, dung hudng vd on djnh. Do se Id ddp sd, Id ldi gidi cuo bdi todn PLHS sou THCS dong ddt ra.
Tdm Igi, viec PLHS sou THCS dugc thye hien vdi nhung bign phdp tfch cye, myc tigu Idnh mgnh, ti le, sd lugng dn djnh, phdt triln dung hudng Id bien phdp quon trgng ndng cao hieu aud xd hdi cOa edng tdc phd cdp GD trong finh hinh hien nay. •
(I) HoJing Ptie. TOr di^n Ti^ng Vif t. NXB Khoa hge xa h^i - Trung tdm Tit dien hge, H. 1994.
T^i lieu tham khio
1. Nguygn van Lfi - Ha Th^ Truyen - Bui VSn Quan.
Mdt s^ vS'n d^ vS giio due huvng nghiep cho hpe sinh phd thdng. NXB Dai hpe supham, H. 2004.
2. NguySn Van HO (chu biftn) - NguySn Thi Thanh HuySn.
Hoat ddng giao due hmmg nghiep \k giing day Id thuSt trong truong phd thdng. NXB Gidoduc. H. 2006.
3. Dang Danh Anti. "Quan dilm mdi vS hudng nghiep trong uiidng ph6 thdng". Tgp chi Gido due, sd' 38/2002.
Dao dire nghe nghiep...
(Tiep theo trang 3j
he vdi ddng nghiep, vdi cdc bd phdn chuc ndng trong tod sogn, vdi Idnh dgo tod sogn vd vdi cdc don vj huu quon. Ddc biet, phdi thi hien rd edi tdm cuo minh ddi vdi tde gid bdi vllt, vdi sdn phdm khoa hge duge edng bd, v.v...
Thye tien Idm bdo chf khoa hge eho thdy, ndi dung vd hinh thuc dn phdm bdo chf cuo logi hinh ndyIchdng thi thodt li khdi tinh ehfnh h-j, tfnh khoa hoc - thuc tien vd tfnh vdn hod. Dd Id nguygn tdc md ngudi ldm bdo chf khoa hge cdn nhdn thik thudng tryc bgn minh; d l khdng bao gid phgm phdi nhung sai sdt, sal Idm ddng tiee. Dd cung ehfnh Id DD cuo ngudi Idm bdo.
Hien nay, cudc vdn dgng «Hgc tdp vd Idm theo tdm girong DD Hd Chf Minh" dang dugc tiep hjc triln khoi sdu hon trong todn xd hdi, theo Chl thj cua Bd Chfnh trj (khod XI) vua mdi ban hdnh (14/
5/2011). Khdng chi hge tdp, Idm theo Bde Id mdt
ygu edu coo hon, dong dot ro hien nay. D ^ vdi nhOng ngudi Idm bdo, ldm theo nhung en? ddn aja Bde v l DDNN cung nhu nhung viec Idm cu thi sinh ddng eua Ngudi khi Idm bdo. Id mdt vinh dy vd nllm h/ hdo. Bdi Bde Hd cua chung ta Id mdt nhd tu hidng, mdt nhd vdn hod ldn, dong thdi Ngudi cung Id mdt nhd bdo vT dgi md chung to phdi noi theo, bdng nhOng hdnh dgng thiet thuc cua minh. • (1) Trung tam lir diln hpe. Tur dien tieng Vi«. NXB Dd Ndng, 2007.
(2) HOru Thp. Milt sang, long trong, biit siic. NXB Gido due, H 2007.
(3) Bo Thdng tin Va TruySn thdng. Mdt stf vSn ban chi d^o v^ quin li cda Dang, Nha nuvc vi hoat ddng bao ehi. NXB Thdng tin va Truyin thdng, H 2010.
(4) H6 Chi Minh. Toan tSp, tap 4. NXB Chinh trri qu6e gia, H 2000.
Tai Hgu tham khao
1. Chl thi sd' 37/2006/CT-TTg cua Thu tudng Chinti phu vi viic thuc hiin liit ludn cua Bd Chinh tri vi mdt s6biin phdp tdng cu&ng lanh dgo vd qudn li bdo chi.
2. Cac Website: nhabaovietnam.com; nghebao.com;
vja.org.vn.
