NGHIEN Ci/U - TRAO 001
NHONG Difcl M 6 I Q B A N TOpNG TDONG P H ^ THlJ NAM C G A DO HJAT D A N &^ HAM 1
TRAN MINH NGC Tdm tdt: Bo ludt ddn su dugc Qudc hgi khod XIII thon^ qua Igi Id hgp thi 10 ngiy 24/11/2015%
nhiiu diim mdi quan trgng, trong do cd nhiing quy djnh ldn ddu tUn dm,c ghi nhm 'diPhan thu,$
ve "Phdp ludt ap dung ddi vai quan H dan su cd yeu to nuac ngodi". Bdi viel phan tich tei cau,^
goi cia Phdn Ihii nam, nhOng ngi dung mdi trong nhdm cdc quy djnh stia dot ca ban Igt Phan n ^ | idm ro mtic dich ciia nhiing quy dink do.
Tir khod: Bg lugt dan su. diim mai quan trgng; phdn Ihu nam.
Nhgn bdi: 07/3/2016 Hodn Ihanh biln lap: 06/7/2016 Duyil dang: 22/7/2at Abstract: The Civil Code which was passed by the National Assembly XIII atthelOth session « November 24th, 2015 has many importam new provisions including the first introduced proasum*
Pan Von "the law applicable to civil relations involving foreign elements". The paper analyses M structure and Ihe name of Part V and the new contents of Ihe essentially amended provisions o/fte Part and clarifies Ihe objectives of those provisions.
Kevwords: The Civil Code: Pan V: imponani new provisions.
Received: March A 2016 Editing completed: July ff", 20M Acceptedfor publicalion: My22r, 2016
1. Ket cau va ten ggi cua P h 4 n thir n a m Bo lu^t d a n s u n a m 2015
Phin thli bay Bg luat dan sir (BLDS) nam 2005 vh quan he dan su co ySu to nuac ngoM bao g6m 20 diSu luat quy dinh lin luot v& quan he dan su co yeu to nuoc ngoai;
nguySn tic chtmg ttong viec ap dtmg phap luat dihu chinh quan he dan su c6 yfa to nuac ngoai; mot s6 quan he nhan than co yeu to nuac ngoai; rapt s5 quan he tai san co yeu to nuac ngoai; thoi hieu lihdi kien doi vcri quan he dan su co y l u to nuac ngoM v.v..
Phin thli nam BLDS nara 2015 ve "Phap luat ap dung d6i vcri quan he dan su co yeu t6 nuac ngoai" bao g6m 25 dilu luat, nhieu han 5 dilu so vol Phin thli bay BLDS nam
2005 va da co nhimg thay d5i v l ba cue, 4 | x i p thanh 3 chucmg ro rang: Chucmg XXV*
"Qoy dinh chung", bao g6m 9 dilu luat ftS Dilu 663 d i n Dilu 671); Chuong XXV1» I
"Phap luat Sp dung d l i vcri ca nhSn, p l ^ nhto", bao gdm 5 dilu luat (tit Dilu 672 ffl Dilu 676), Chuong XXVH - "Phap luat ft dung d l i vcri quan he tai sto, quan h6 nlift thto", bao g i m 11 dilu luat (tir Bieu e'ff din Dilu 687).
Theo tac gia, viec thilt k l P h i n thu i # thtoh 3 chuong vai ten goi cua tung c h u i ^ nhu vay la hap h', phu hop vcri npi dung ciB
* Ti^n sT luat hoc, giang vien Tni&ng Dai hPC L"^* Ha Noi
TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 6/201S
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timg chucmg, dl theo doi, tham chi§u, tim hieu va ap dung. Ngoai ra, viec kSt cdu thanh 3 chucfng nhu vay con dam bao sir phii hop vol ket cau trong cac p h ^ con lai cua Bp luat.
Tat ca 25 dieu luat deu co su thay doi, hoac la tach, gop, bo sung, bo npi dung hoac la x§y dung cac quy dinh moi hoan toan, tuy theo dieu luat thupc nhom sua doi nao.^'^
Nhin chung, npi dung cua 25 dieu luat kha hien dai, tuong thfch voi tu phap quoc t§ tren the gioi, tuy nhien, mpt so npi dung vin con nhiing y kien khac nhau.
Ve ten gpi, neu nhu Phan thu bay ciia BLDS nam 2005 co ten la "Quan he dan su CO yeu to nuac ngoai" thi ten gpi cua Ph4n thli nam BLDS nam 2015 da dupc bo sung cum til "Phap luat ap dung doi voi" vao truoc cum tu cu "Quan he dan sir co yen to nuac ngoai". Viec dat ten gpi moi cho Phan thli nam co y nghia quan trpng nham xac dinh ro Phfin nay chi thiet ke cac quy pham phap luat xung dot de chpn luat dieu chinh quan he dan su co yeu to nuac ngoai ma khong CO cac quy pham thuc chat dieu chinh true tiep quyen va nghia vu giira cac ben tham gia quan he.
2. Nhihig n$i dung moi troi^ nhom cac quy djnh sua doi ccr ban t^i Phan thir nam
2.1. Diiu 663 vi "Phgm vi dp dung"
Quy dinh nay ma dau cho Phan thii nam BLDS nam 2015 voi mpt so diem moi quan trpng sau:
Thic nhdt, Dieu 663 bo sung khofin 1 vcri npi dung: "1. Phdn ndy quy dinh vi phdp lugt dp dyng ddi vdi quan hi ddn su co yeu td nudc ngoai.
Trudng hap lugt khdc cd quy dinh vi phdp ludt dp dung ^oi vdi quan he ddn su cd
yeu td nudc ngodi khdng trdi vdi quy dinh tic Dieu 664 din Biiu 671 cHa Bd lugt ndy thi lugt do duac dp dung, niu trdi thi quy dinh cd lien quan cua Phdn thic ndm ciia Bd ludt ndy du(rc dp dung ".
Quy dinh nay co hai muc dich: Mdt la a doan thli nhat da chi ro, Phin thii nam cua B6 luat chi gom cac quy pham phap lu^t xung dot nh5m chpn luat di^u chinh quan he dan sir co ySu t6 nuoc ngo&i; hai Id a doan thli hai luang truoc kha nang trong cdc v&i ban quy pham phap luat co liSn quan nhu:
Luat thuang mai, Luat hang khong dSn dung, B6 luSt hang hai, Luat dau tu v.v. ciing CO quy pham xung dot chpn luat giat quyet quan he dan su co yeu to nuac ngoai hoac trong tuang lai co the xay dung them nhiing quy pham xung dot moi trong nhung van ban phap luat nay thi thii tu uu tien dp dung truac het thupc luat chuyen nganh neu khong trai voi cac quy dinh tir Dieu 664 den Dieu 671 BLDS,*^^ sau do moi ap dung quy pham xung dot cua Phan thii nam.
Thic hai, khoan 2 Dieu 663 sira doi cac tnrang hop co yeu to nuoc ngoai trong quan he dan sir nhu sau:
"Quan hi ddn su cd yeu td nudc ngodi la quan hi ddn sv thude mdt trong cdc trudng hgp sau day: a) Cd it nhdt mdt trong cdc bin tham gia la cd nhdn, phdp nhdn nudc ngodi;
b) Cdc bin tham gia diu la cdng ddn Vi$t Nam, phdp nhdn Viet Nam nhicng viic xdc lap, thay ddi, thuc hiin hogc chdm diet quan hi do xdy ra tgi nudc ngodi; c) Cdc bin tham gia diu la cdng ddn Viet Nam, phdp nhdn Viet Nam nhung ddi tugng cua quan hi ddn su dd d nudc ngodi"
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d trucmg hap nSu tai dilm a, chu the fliam gia quan h? da dupc fliu gpn bao gora:
ca nhto, phap nhto nudc ngoM (gom c4 phap nhto cong va phip nhto tu), chil the li nguoi Vi$t Nam dinh cu a nuac ngoM da dupc loai bo. Viec quylt dinh fliu gpn chu Oil nhim hai muc dfch: Mgt la dtoi bao sv tuong thich vcri cSc quy dinh vl cS nhto vh phap nhto ttong cac phin con l?i ciia B6 luat; hai Id loji b6 chil thi tham gia quan he dto sv li nguai Viet Nam dinh cu a nudc ngoai do con nhilu cdch giai thi'ch khdc nhau vl trucmg hpp cong dto Vi?t Nam "cu Irti, Idm dn, sinh sdng lau ddi d nuac ngodi"
flieo quy dinh tai khoto 3 Dilu 3 Luat quoc tich ntoi 2008. Hi$n nay khong co quy dinh phip luit giai tMch thi nao li cu tni, lam to
"Idu did" is nuoc ngoai nSn gip vuong mac khi ap dung dilu khoan niy. Tmong hpp nguai Viet Nam dinh cu o nuoc ngoai li nguoi glc Viet Nam nhung da mang qu6c tich nuac ngoii hoie vfo li cong dto Viet Nam thi di dupc xem x4t a dilm a vi c khoto 2 Dieu 663.
6 n^ang hpp nSu tai dilm b da bl sung quy dinh "thtfc hi^n... quan hf do xdy ra tgi nuic ngodi" vi thuc tiln vi ll luto deu cho thiy, khong chi c6 cic quan he dto sir dupc diilt lap, fliay dli hay chim diit gitta cdng din Viet Nara vol nhau xay ra a nuac ngoai mi con cd trucmg hpp thuc hien quan h? d6 a nuoc ngoii. Ngoii ra, diem b da bo ttil&ng hpp "xdc lap, thay ddi, chdm diit quan he ddn su theo phdp lugt nuac ngodi"
nhu quy dinh tai Dilu 758 BLDS nim 2005.
Bcri VI, xet vl mit If luan, quan h$ dan su muon chiu su chi phoi cua phap luat nuac
ngoii flii phai cd ylu to nudc ngoii (i chil the, dli tupng...).
6 trudng hop n6u t?i dilm c, cym tft; i.mm tugng cia quan h( ddn stf do d rrudc ngoi dupc fliay flil cho cvun tit "tdi sdn liin qi din quan h$ dd d nudc ngodi" ttong BlM nim 2005. Thay dli niy nhim md rpng tupng cia quan he dto svr d nudc ngoii hudng khdng chi l i tii sto n ^ cdn cd thi- cic hinh vi flute hi^n d nudc ngoM (liM thuc hien cdng viec d nudc ngoai). '^
2.2. Biiu 664 vi "Xdc dinh phdp m$
dp dung doi vdi quan hf ddn su cd yeu to nu&c ngodi"
Thuc chit, Dilu 664 l i quy pham du?re tach ra til Dilu 759 BLDS ntoi 2005 nhung cd siia doi, b l sung cho ro rtog, hpp H hon.
Khoto 1 Dieu 664 quy dinh: "Phdp lugt dp dung ddi vdi quan hf ddn stt cd yeu to nu&c ngodi dugc xdc dinh theo dieu u6c qudc ti md Cgng hod xd hgi chu nghia Vi?l Nam la thdnh viin hogc lugt Viet Nam". Vol npi dung niy, khoto 1 da nhin manh tfl nguyto tic chung trong viec xic dinh ph%
lujt ip dung dli vdi quan he dto sv cd yeu tl nudc ngoai l i dieu udc qudc tl n^ Vi?t Nam la thinh vito hoie cac luat ciia Vie|
Nam. Quy djnh niy chi rd nguin chiia dtrng quy p h ^ xung dot la dilu udc qudc te ni Viet Nam li fliinh vien va cic luat. Ngoii la, quy dinh niy cdn hudng tdi muc tieu t^
tiling xay dung quy pham xung dot ttong cfc luit chit khdng phai li cac vto bto phip lu5t c6 hif u luc phip h' fliip hem.
Khoto 2 quy dinh: "Truang hap diiu uk qudc ti md Cgng hda xa hgi chit nghta Vi$
Nam Id thdnh viin hodc ludt Viet Nam ci
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quy djnh cdc bin co quyin l\ea chgn thi phdp lugt dp dgng ddi vdi quan h? ddn sic cd yiu to nudc ngodi dugc xdc dfnh theo lua chgn cua cdc bin". Day Ih quy dinh hoan t o ^ m6i, c6 tinh nguygn tac, 1 ^ dau tiSn dupc xay dung trong BLDS. BLDS nam 2005 chi cho ph6p cdc ben co quySn lua chpn iu|it Ap dyng doi vai n^i dung hop d6ng dSn su c6 yeu t6 nuac ngoai, quy^n sa httu d6i voi t ^ san la dpng san tren duong van chuySn;
trong khi d6, cac dieu 678, 683, 687 BLDS nam 2015 da mcr rpng quyen lira chpn phap luat khi cho phep cac ben co quy6n lira chpn p h ^ luat dieu chinh quySn sa hiiu d6i voi tai san la dpng san trSn ducmg van chuyin, hinh thiic, npi dung hpp dong, cung nhu vin dh bfii thuang thiet hai ngoai hpp d6ng (trir trudng hpp ngoai le).
Khoan 3 quy dinh: "Trudng hgp khdng xdc dinh dugc phdp lugt dp dyng theo quy dinh tgi kkodn 1 vd khodn 2 Diiu ndy thi phdp lugt dp dung Id phdp ludt cua nudc co moi liin he gdn ho nhdt vdi quan he ddn si^
cd yiu td nudc ngodi dd"-
DSy la quy dinh het siic mem deo nham giup CO quan nha nuac co tham quyen cua Viet Nam fim kiem ca sa phap If giai quyet vu viec khi kh6ng xac dinh dupc phap luit ap dung do con thieu quy pham xung dpt.
Thuc te kho c6 thS xSy dung dupc he thdng quy phgm xung dot de giai quyet duac mpi quan h$ phat sinh. Do d6, trong truong hop khSng CO quy pham xung dot thi giai phap ap dung phap luat cua nudc co moi li6n he gan bo nhat vcd quan he la phil hpp hem ca, boi suy dhn cung, viec thiet ke cac he thupc trong m6i quy ph?«n xung dpt truac tien phai
xuat phat tir viec xSc dinh xem h$ thu6c nao c6 m6i Uen hp gan b6 nhat v<M phin pham vi (quan he can dieu chinh).*^*
2.3. Diiu 666 vi "Ap dung tap qudn quocti"
Di^u 666 la quy pham dupc xay dung nham khic phuc su khong ro rang trong Dieu 759 BLDS nam 2005 ve vi?c cac b6n Hpu c6 the lua chpn ap dung tap quan qufic te de dieu chinh quan hp gifta hp hay khfing trong trucmg hpp hp co quySn l\ra chpn phap luat ap d\ing? DiSu 666 quy dinh: "Cdc bin dugc l\ca chon tgp qudn qudc ti trong trudng hgp quy dinh tgi khodn 2 Diiu 664 cua Bd ludt ndy. Niu hgu qud cita viic dp dmg tgp qudn qudc ti do trdi vdi cdc nguyen tdc ca bdn cua phdp ludt Viet Nam thi phdp lugt Viet Nam dugc dp dung". Voi npi dung nay, Dieu 666 da khang dinh tap qudn quoc te dupc xem nhu phap luat cua cac quoc gia va cac ben c6 quySn lira chpn tap quan quoc te de dieu chinh quan he giua hp (neu quan he do dupc Bp luat cho ph^p dieu chinh bang phap luat do cac ben lira chpn) voi dieu kien la hau qua cua viec ap dung tap quan quoc te do khong trai vai cac nguyen tic ca ban cua phap luat Viet Nam.*'*^
2.4. Diiu 668 ve "Phgm viphdp lugt dugc ddn chieu den "
Dieu luat n^y duoc xay d\mg de khic phyc sir khong ro rang tgi Dieu 759 BLDS nam 2005 cung nhu nham quy dinh cu the hon ve xac dinh pham vi phap luat cua nuoc dupc quy pham xung dot dan chieu toi. Dieu 668 CO 3 diem mai ca ban sau:
Thu nhdt, truang hpp cac b8n c6 quyen lira chpn phap luat ap dung theo khoan 2
TAP C H ! LUAT H O C S 6 6/2016
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Dieu 664 (vi du: cic bto cd quyln Ivia chpn luat ip dung cho hpp ding dto su cd yeu to nudc ngoii...) flii phip luSt mi cic bto Ivia chpn la quy djnh ve quyln, nghia vu cHa cic bto fliam gia quan he dta su, khdng bao gom quy dinh vl xic dinh phip luit ap diing (die li chi chpn phip luit npi dung, khdng bao gim quy pham xung dot). Dieu niy ciing cd nghia, Brong tiirdng hpp niy khdng cd din chilu ngupc va din chilu din phap luat ciia nudc flni ba. Quy tic vl loai tiit dto chilu nay dupc ghi nhto khi rpng rai tiong ta phip quic tl tten flil gidi.'" Quy dinh niy nhim bao dam cho y chi fliuc cua cic bto ttong viec chon lu$t ip dung dupc fliuc hito ttto fliuc tl. He thing phap luit do cac ben lua chpn sa dupc ip dmg ma khdng hi din chilu ngupc hay dan chilu tdi phip luat cua nudc thli ba tic ddng.
Thir hai, khoto 3 Dilu 668 da ghi nhto Men tiipng din chilu din phip luat cua nudc flni ba,'^' hien Wong mi ttong cic hpc fliuyet tit phap quic tl coi la vin dl rit cto bto. Cu till, khoto niy quy dinh: "Truang hgp ddn chiiu din phdp lugt ciia nu&c thit ba thi quy dinh ciia phap lugt nu&c thti ba ve quyen, nghia vu ciia cdc bin tham gia quan he ddn stf dttgc dp dung"
Thil ba, ngoii tiudng hpp quy dinh tai khoto 2 Dilu 664 (da phto ti'ch d trto), khoto 1 Dilu 668 quy dinh, din chilu ciia quy pham xung dot tdi phip luat cua mot nudc li dto chieu toi toin bp phip luat nudc dd, bao gira ca quy dinh vl xac dinh phip luit ap dung va quy dinh vl quyen, nghta vu ciia cac bto tham gia quan he dto su (ca quy pham xung ddt vi quy pham thuc chat).
Hien nay m phip qudc tl tirSn till gidi i hai cich quy djnh vl vin dl nay, cich tl nhit gilng nhu khoto 1 Bilu 668, trong fc cich thii hai chi fliiia nhto din chilu tdi c | quy dinh vl quyln vi nghia vu cia cic 1 ^ fliam gia quan h$ dto su (quy ph?m thuc chit)."' Trong qui ttinh xSy dimg BLDS^
nim 2015 cimg c6 nhttng ^ kiln khic i vl vigc nto quy dinh theo cich nio. Tra dilu kien Vi?t Nam hito nay, khi viSc I dung phap luit nudc ngoai hiu nhu khdi dupc toi to flitic hien, cich quy djnh ( nhit di dupc lira chpn.*'
2.5. Diiu.670 vi "Cdc tmcmg hgp I
dp dtmg phdp lugt nu&c ngoai" •»
Dilu 670 ciing li mdt trong nhflng M luit nhim khic phuc nhttng han che, bit csp tai Dilu 759 BLDS nam 2005 vl cic ttucmg hpp khdng ap dmg phap luat nudc ngoii Dilu 670 cd mpt sd ndi dung mdi sau: -'
Thir nhdt, dilm a khoto 1 Dilu 670 qif dinh vifC phip lnat nudc ngoii dupc d^l.
chilu tdi se khdng dupc ip dung nlu h|n qua ciia viec ip dung phap luit nudc ng<^
ttii vdi cic nguySn tic ca bto cila phip top i VietNam. ^ I
Nhu vay, khac vdi quy dinh tai Dilu 75|
BLDS nim 2005,'" dilm a khoto 1 Di%
670 BLDS nara 2015 chi quy dinh vift^
khdng ip dung pMp 1"*' ^"""^ °SO^ *"•-•
din chilu din neu hau qua ip dung phap l i # nudc ngoii dd dupc dv kiln la ttii vdi c ^ nguyen tic co bto ciia phap luat Vi|t Naitf Mac dil phip lujt cic nudc cd ndi dung kh*]!
nhau, tiitoi cM la miu diuln nhau song nhj • ciu ip dung phip luat nudc ngoai ttong t | phip quic tl li tit ylu khach quan, vi viy
TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 6120^4
NGHIEN CUU-TRAO DOI
kh6ng thg lay If do vipc ap diing phap lu^t nuac ngoai trai voi cac nguySn tic co ban ciia phap luSt ViSt Nam dk tir choi ap dung phap luat nuoc ngoai dupc.
Thic hai, di6m b khoan 1 DiSu 670 quy dinh thSm trucmg hpp khong ap dung phap Mt nuac ngoM duac dSn chiSu tdi neu da ap dung cac bien phap cdn thiet theo quy dinh ciia phap luat t6 tung ma v5n khSng xac dinh dupc nfii dung phap luat nuac ngoai. Quy dinh nay nham xay dung co so phap li co quan nha nuoc co tham quyen tir choi ap dung phap luat nuac ngoai de giai quyet vu viec nSu khdng thS xac dinh duac npi dung phap luat nuoc ngoai dupc din chieu toi. DS tranh viec lam dung quy dinh nay nham loai bo ap dung phap luat nuac ngoai tuy tien, Dieu 481 Bp luat to tung dan su nam 2015 da quy djnh kha cu the vS quySn, nghTa vu ciia duong su ciing nhu trach nhiem cua ca quan nha nuoc co tham quySn doi voi viec xac dinh va cung cap phap luat nuac ngoai dupc din chiSu tdi trong qua trinh toa an giai quyet vu viec.'"''
Thie ba, khoan 2 DiSu 670 du lieu vS cac truang hop phap luat nuac ngoai khdng dupc ap dyng theo quy dinh t ^ khoan 1 DiSu nay thi phap luat Viet Nam duoc ap dung.
Giai phap ca quan nha nuoc co tham quySn ciia Viet Nam ap dung phap luat Viet Nam dS giai quySt vu viec phat sinh dupc xem la kha thuan tien, dS triSn khai.
2.6. Diiu 676 ve "Phdp nhdn"
Day la diSu luat c6 mdt so npi dung moi so vdi quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2005, cu thS:
Thu nhdt, khoan 1 DiSu 676 da quy dinh ro diu hieu xac dinh qu6c tjch cua phap nhan
iam co so phan biet phap nhan nu6c ngoai voi phap nhan Viet Nam, phap nhan cdc nuac vai nhau. Theo d6, "qudc tich cua phdp nhdn dugc xdc dinh theo phdp ludt cua nudc noi phdp nhdn thdnh lap". BLDS n5m 2005 cung nhu cdc luat co lien quan nhu:
LuEtt doanh nghiep nSm 2014, Luat diu tu nam 2014, Luat thuong mai nSm 2005 deu khSng CO quy dinh nhu vay.
Thic hai, khoan 2 Dieu 676 xac dinh ro pham vi diSu chinh cua phap luat ma phap nhan mang quoc tich gom: "Ndng li^c phdp ludt ddn su ciia phdp nhdn; tin goi cHa phdp nhdn; dgi dien theo phdp lugt cua phdp nhdn; viic td chiec, td chiec lgi, gidi the phdp nhdn; quan h? giica phdp nhdn vdi thdnh viin cua phdp nhdn; trdch nhiem cua phdp nhdn vd thdnh viin cua phdp nhdn ddi vdi cdc nghTa vu cua phdp nhdn dugc xdc dinh theo phdp ludt cua nudc md phdp nhdn cd qudc lich". Quy dinh nay co npi dung kha hien dai, tiSp can dupc vai tu phdp quoc te trSn thS gioi.'"* BLDS nam 2005 chi quan tam diSu chinh van de nang luc phap luat dan su ciia phdp nhan nuoc ngoai,'^^' trong khi ving bong nhieu van de quan trpng khac ciia phap nhan nuac ngoai dupc dS cgp 6 khoan 2 DiSu 676 BLDS nam 2015.
2.7. Diiu 681 vi "Dichiic"
Thu nhdt, diSm moi noi bat ciia quy djnh vS di chiic la ban che kha nang vo hieu doi voi hinh thiic cua di chuc, tao thuan loi cho qua trinh giai quySt thira kS bing each xay dung them nhiSu he thupc co thS ap dung cho hinh thirc di chiic. Theo do, hinh thiic cua di chiic dupc cong nhan la hop phap tai Viet Nam nSu tuan theo mot trong cac he
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 6/2016 55
NGHIEN COU-TRAO DOI
tiidng phip lu?t sau: phip luit cila nudc nai di chile dupc lip, phap luit cila nudc nai ngudi l?p di chuc cu tiii t?i flidi diem 1 jp di chuc hoie tsa flidi dilm ngudi l|p di chiic chet, phip luat ciia nudc noi ngudi lip di chiic cd quoc tich tai flidi dilm lip di chiic hoac t?i ttidi dilm ngudi lip di chiic chet, phip luit cila nudc noi cd bit dpng sto nto di sto ttiiia kl li bit dpng sto."" Quy dinh nay nhto dwc nhilu su ding tinh ttong ca quan chu tii soan flito vi ciing phil hpp vdi til phip quic tc tien the gidi.'""
Thli hai, khoto 1 Dilu 681 quy dinh rd vl ap dung h$ fliupc lujt quic tich ciia ngudi thuc hien hinh vi vio thdi dilra thuc hien hinh vi dl dilu chinh ntog luc thuc hito hanh vi cia hp. Quy dinh nhu viy nhim khic phuc nhttng ttanh Into tttmg vi$c xic dinh luat nio li luat quic tich cila ngudi fliuc hito hinh vi khi BLDS nara 2005 khdng quy dinh rd vl thdi dilm xic dinh qudc tich cila ngudi thvtc hien hinh vi.
2.8. Diiu 683 vi "Hgp ding"
Tuong t\l nhu nhilu dieu luit khac teong Phin thli nam, Dilu 683 da tiep thu kinh nghiem M phip quoc tl cua nudc ngoii"^' de lim mdi hiu hit cac npi dung quy dinh USn quan tdi lu^t ip dung dli vdi hpp dong theo hudng hito dai. Dilu 683 cd nhito dilra radi ti'ch cue so vdi cic quy dinh ve hpp ding cd ylu tl nudc ngoai ttong BLDS nim 2005:""
ThA nhdt, khoto 1 Dilu 683 sft dvmg nguyto tic "Lex voluntatis" (luat do cac bto lira chpn) la nguyto tic chung dl giai quyet xung ddt phap luat Hi quan he hpp dong cd ylu tl nudc ngoii (ttft nhirng trudng hpp
ngoiii 1?), NguySn tic luit do cic bto 1?^
chpn khdng nhflng dilu chinh ndi dung h p ^ dong mi cdn dilu chinh ci tfnh hpp phap d o ^ vdi Unh fliftc hpp ding. Tu phip quic tl cua ' da si cic nudc hito nay tisn thi gidi deu su dvmg nguyto tie "Lex voluntatis" dl xi^JJ dinh luat dilu chinh ci hinh ttiftc vi ndi dungfr.
efta hpp ding."" 1 I M hai, khoto 1 Dilu 683 cung dvr li?ii
trudng hpp cic bto khdng cd thoi flniSn • ^ • phap lu$t ip dung thi phdp lu^t cua n u d e r » mil lita h? gin bd nhit vdi hpp dong Salt . dupc ap dvmg thay thi. Giai thich ve ph%i luit cd mil lito h? gin bd nhit vdi h?p ding, khoto 2 Dilu 683 di sft dvmg phuong phip h?t k6 dl chi ra nhttng hj thong ph%
lu?t dupc cho li cd mii lito he gto bd nh&
vdi hpp dong flieo tilng tiudng hpp cviflil.'l' \ Nguyto tic sft dvmg luat cd mii lito he gSi j bd nhit vdi quan he dl dilu chinh hpp dong ] cung duac sft dvmg rdng rai tixmg hi ph^
quic tl ttto till gidi.""
Thi ba, Dilu 683 quy dinh hai tnicnt hpp ngoai lp khdng ip dvmg nguyto tic "Lex voluntatis" dd la:
Trudng hpp 1: Khi phip luit do cic bto Ivia chpn teong hpp ding lao dpng, hpp dosg tito dung cd inh hudng din quyen lpi &
thilu efta ngudi lao ddng, ngudi tito da^
flieo quy dinh efta phip lujt Viet Nam tU phip luit Viet Nam dupc ip dimg (khoto 5).
Mlic dich efta quy dinh niy li nhim bto ve tit hon cho lpi i'ch cua ngudi lao ddng, ngudi tito dung (dupc xem la ylu flil hon tiong quan he).
Trudng hpp 2: Dli vdi hpp ding ed dli hipng li bit dpng sto flii phap luat ip dvmg
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NGHIEN cUu -TRAOOOl
d6i vdi viec chuySn giao quyen sd hihi, quyen khac d6i vdi tM san la bat d6ng san, thue bat d^ng san ho^c vi?c su d\mg bat d6ng san dS bao dam th\rc hien nghia v\i la phap luiit eua nuoc nai c6 bit d§ng san (khoan 4). Quy dinh nay nham tgo dieu kien fliuin lpi nhat cho cac quan he c6 doi tupng la bat dpng san boi quy chS phap If d6i voi bat d6ng san kha dac thti va thuang c6 nhung quy dinh dac biet is m6i n u ^ noi bat ddng san ton tai.
ThU tu, khoan 6 Dieu 683 cho phSp cac bSn hpp d6ng thay d6i phap lu|t ap dyng doi vai hpp dong voi dieu kien viec thay d6i do khdng anh hircmg tdi quyen, lpi ich hpp phdp ciia ngu6i thii ba dirac hucmg truoc khi thay
^ i phap luat ^ dung, trir tru6ng hptp nguoi thli ba d^ng y. DSy la quy dinh mem deo, thS bi$n sau sac hon su tdn trpng ciia Nha nudc
^ i vdi nguySn tic "Lex voluntatis", tgo ^Su kien thuan lpi nhat cho quan hp hpp dong giiia cac bSn. Quy dinh nay ciing dupc ghi nhgn trong tu phap quoc tS cua nhieu nuoc trSnthSgidi.^'
2.9. Diiu 687 vi "Boi thudng thiet hgi ngodi hgp ddng"
Npi dung va each tilp can giai quylt vin de o EHIU 687 khd hien dai, phii hpp vai tu phap qu6c tS tren the gjdi, ma n6i bat la nguyen tic "lugt do cdc ben lua chgn".^^^^
So voi dieu luat tuang iing trong BLDS nam 2005/^^ Dilu 687 co nhiing dilm mdi sau:
Thie nhdt, khoan 1 Dieu 687 ghi nhan nguySn tic chung trong viec giai quySt xung dot phap lugt til quan h? bhi thudng thiet hai ngoai hop d6ng la "ludt do cdc ben lua chgn". Trong qua trinh xay d\mg dieu luat
nay, c6 hai lu6ng ^ kiln tranh luan kha gay git, luong f kien thii nhit khSng dong -^
vi?c cho phSp cac bSn lua chpn lu^t ap dung do lo nggi anh huong bit lpi tdi ben bi thipt hai; trong khi do, lu^ng ^ kiln thii hai kiSn til bao v$ quan diSm cho phSp cac ben l\ra chpn lu|t ap dung vdi myc dich dua quy dinh ciia tu phap qu6c te Vipt Nam din tuong thfch vdi tu phap qu6c tl trSn the gidi dong thdi nhim phil hpp vdi nguySn tic chung ciia phap luat dan s\r la tdn trpng quyen tu do thoa thu^n cua cac bSn trong giao dich dan s\r, khdng vi pham dieu cim ciia phap luat.*"^
Thic hai, khoan 1 Dieu 687 d\r lifu trudng hpp cac bSn khdng c6 thoa thuan thi phap lugt cua nudc nai phat sinh h|u qua ciia su kien gay Ihiet hai dupc ap dung. Thdng thudng noi phat sinh hgu qua thuc tl va noi xay ra hanh vi gay thipt hgi la ciing mpt nai. Trong trudng hpp khdng cimg mdt noi thi tu phap qu6c te trSn thi gidi thudng uu tiSn ap dung lugt cua nudc noi phat sinh hau qua th^c te ciia hanh vi gay thiet hai hon so vdi lugt noi xay ra hanh vi gay tiiipt hgi,^^' bdi noi phat sinh h|u qua thuc te thdng thudng dS x^c djnh, con noi xay ra hanh vi gay thiet hai trong nhieu trudng hpp rit khd xac dinh (vi du nhu trudng hpp hanh vi gay thipt hai xay ra d nhieu nai). Trong qua trinh xay dung dilu khoan nay, co quan sogn thao ciing cho ring, lugt nai phat sinh hau qua ciia hanh vi gay thipt hai gin bd mat thiSt hon vdi quan hp b6i thudng thiet hgi, tgo dilu kien thugn lpi cho viec b^i thudng nhanh chong nhung thipt hgi da xay ra.
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NGHIEN COU-TRAO BOI
Thli ba, khoto 2 Dilu 687 quy dinh tiudng hop ngoai le (khdng tuto flieo nguyto tie giai quylt xung dot phip luit nSu d khoto 1) dd la khi bto giy flii?t hai vi bto hi flliat hai cd nod.cu Xiii (dli vdi ca nhto) hoie noi fliinh lap (dli vdi phip nhto) tai cung mdt nudc thi phap luat cua nudc dd dupc ip dvmg. Quy dinh niy cOng nhim tao dito kito cho viec bii thudng thiet hai diln ra nhanh chdng, fliuto lpi. Cich quy dinh cua khoto 2 Dilu 687 cung phil hpp vdi tu phip quic te cua nhilu nudc tren the gidi.
Tdra lai, Phin thft nara BLDS nim 2015 ve "Phip luat ap dvmg ddi vdi quan he dto SII cd ylu td nudc ngoii" da ghi dau to dam net tiong qui tiinh phit triln cua tir phip quic tl Viet Nara, vdi nhilu dilm mdi ti'ch CIIC till hito d tto gpi, ket ciu cho tdi nhttng quy pham cu thi. Mac du con cd nhttng "hat san", se dupc tilp tuc nhit bd ttong thdi gian tdi khi Bd luit dupc tiiln khai tien thvtc te song vl ting thi, ndi dung cua Phin thft nim li khi hita dai, phft hpp vdi hi phip qudc te txin till gidi vi cd thi dap ung mpt each cto ban y to ciu dilu ehinh phip luat cic quan he dto svt cd yen tl nudc ngoii ttong tuong lai./.
(1). Co ba nh6m di^u klioan sira d6i: nh<im dieu khoSn sita doi ca bin, nh6m dieu khoin siia doi kh6ng co ban va nh6m dieu kho4n b6 sung.
(2). Day \k nh6m c5c quy dinh vg nguyen tic chung cho vi?c xSc dinh vl Sp dyng phSp lu$t dieu chinh quan h§ dSn s\r c6 yeu t6 nudc ngo^.
(3). Viec gi4i thi'ch p h ^ lu$t c6 moi lien h§ gSn b6 nhat vdi quan h? mdi chi duQC de c§p d6i vdi quan he hop d6ng bSng phuang phSp li?t ke tai kho^n 2 Dieu 683.
(4). Thuc tiln phap 1! o Vi^t Nam cho thiy, ngay ci khi chua c6 Dieu 666, cSc ben trong quan h? hop d6ng dan s,\f c6 ySu t6 nirdc ngo&i van thudng xuy6n
thoi thugn Sp dtmg t§p quin qu6c t^ dl dilu chinh n${
dung hop d6ng. Silu 666 ra StA dS ^ t nln mdiw phip It vftng chic hon, khing djnh ro ring quyln i j chon tip qufin qu6c tl ciia cie ben trong i tnijmg h^p lu^t djnh.
(5).Xem: Khoin 2 Diln 15 Bp luit tu phip qu&stl^
Thuy SJ nSm 1987, nguin: http://viww rwi u lehreforschung/alphabetisch/haasflehrveranstaltunj /fs2016/int-cormn-arb-bl-lp/PILA.pdf, truy cSp iM 01/02/2016; Mtic 187 Chuong 8 (H(7p ding) vl t^
do cic ben tham gia hop d^ng lua dipn, trong-Re«aaff«ffl j 0/ cimflicl of laws. Second, Vi#n luit Hoa Ky, 1971, nguon: www.columbia.edu/-nir2651/ecommeice3/2)ri/ i ..yResf2Confll87.doc, truy cip ngiy 01/02/2016 j (6). Thtrc ra Inriic diy khoin 3 Dieu 5 Nghi dmh ( ^ i Chinh phu s6 60/CP ngiy 06/6/1997 hudng d i n W l htoh cic quy djnh cia BLDS nim 1993 vl quan!J j dto su c6 yeu tl nudc ngoii da c6 quy dinh ve ^ chilu din phip luit ciia nudc thi ba. Tuy nhien, d^
BLDS nam 2005 l?i khdng cd quy dinh nay.
(7).Xem: Tnifirng D ^ hpc Lu$t Hi NOi, Gido (rinft fir ph^ qudc ti, Nxb. C6ng an nhin dan. Hi N$i, 2012, fr. # (8). Nlu quy dinh dieo cich thii nhit thi sB phit s ^ vin dl dan chilu ngupc vi nhu v§y lam ang ! « • ntog ip dtmg phip luit Vift Nam. ,f (9). Khoto 3 Dieu 759 quy dinh: "Trong tntdng Im BQ lu^l nay, cdc vdn ban phdp ludt khdc cua C^
hoa xd h(l chu nghta Viil Nam hodc diiu u&c quii!$
md Cong hod xd hgi chi nghia Vi(l Nam Id iW*
viln din chiiu din vi$c dp dyng phdp ludt nuac ngoS tid phdp ludt cia nuic M dugc dp dung, neu vile if.
dung h09C hgu qud cia viec dp dung khong trdi ^ cdc nguyen l^c ca bdn cia phdp luat C{5rtg hod xa W' chi nghta Viet Nam... ". _"- (10).Xem them: Dilu 481 BLDS ntoi 2015. ngupt^
http://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Quyen-dan-su/Bai3 luat-dan-su-2015-2962I5.aspx, truy cSpngiy ll/02/20lf (1 l).Xem: Dilu 17 Luit tu pMp quic tl Ba Lan nim2011;
nguin: http://pil.mateus2pilich.edh.pl/New_P0lish., PIL.pdf truy cip ngiy 11/02/2016; cic dilu 110. iB Bp luit ni phip qudc tl Vuong qu6c Bi ntoi 20(B., nguon: http://www.ipr.be/datam.WbIPR%5BEN*
5D.pdf, tmy cjp ngiy 11/02/2016; Dilu 155 Bp injt
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 6/2011
NGHIEN Ct/U - TRAO DOI
to p h ^ qu6c ta ciia Hiuy Sy nSm 1987.
(!2)JCera: Dieu 765 BLDS nam 2005.
(13) JCem: Khoan 2 D i k 681 BLDS nSm 2015, ngu6n:
hap://thuvienphapluaLvn/van-ban/Quyen-dan-su/Bo- liiat-dan-su-2015-296215.aspx, tniyc^n^y 11A)2/2016.
(14)JCaii: Difiu 1 CSng u6c LaHaye i^m 1961 ve xung dot phiip luSt iiSn quan tdi Mnh thiJEc di chiic, ngu5n:
httpsi/Avww.hcch.net/en^nstnunents/conventions/full -texl/?cid=40, tmy cap ngay 11/02/2016.
(15)JCem: TrSn Minh Ngoc, "G6p J hoan thifn P h k S cua Du thao Bo luSt din sif (sua doi) ve phSp luat ap difag doi vdi quan h$ din su cd y€u to nudc ngo^", Tgp cM bidt hoc, s6 3/2015. tr. 27 - 28.
(16)J£em: Dieu 769 va Dieu 770 BLDS nSm 2005.
(17)J£«n: Dieu 7, EHeu 10 Luat quy tSc chung ve Sp dung iu^ c6 hi«i luc th ng^y 01/01/2007 ciia Nhat Ban, ngi^n: h^7/www.piIaj.jpAextftsusokuho_eJitml, toiy c|p ngky H/02/2016; Di€u 25 LuSt v€ tu phap qu6c t^ Ba Lan nflm 2011, ngudn: http^/pil.mateuszpilich.
edLpl/New_PoUsh_PIL.pdf, Iruy c ^ ng^y 11/02/2016;
mha 11 Luat gidi thieu BLDS Due n^m 1896, nguon:
httpJ/www.gesetze-im-interaet.de/eng!isch_bgbeg/
englisch_bgbeg-pdf, tniy cap ngay 01/02/2016; Dieu 3 N ^ ^nh Rome I ve luat ap dung ddi vdi nghTa vy hop d6ng.
(18). "2. Phdp lugt cua nu&c sau day du^c coi la phap lugt cua nuac co moi liin h$ gan bo nhdt vdi hgp dong:
a) Phdp lugt cia mrdc nai ngudi bdn cu tru neu Id cd nhdn hogc nai thdnh lap neu Id phdp nhdn doi vdi hgp ddng mua bdn hdng hda;
b) Phdp ludt cia nu&c nai ngu&i cung cdp dich vu cu trU nhi Id cd lOtdn hogc nai thdnh lap niu Id phdp nhdn ddi vai hgp dong dfch vu;
c) Phdp lugt cua nu&c nai nguai nhgn quyen cu tni neu Id cd nhdn hogc nai ihdnh lap neu Id phdp nhdn dii vdi hgp ding chuyen giao quyin su dyng hogc chuyin nhugng quyin sa hiru iri tu?;
d) Phdp lugl cua nu&c nai ngu&i lao dong ihu&ng xuyen thuc hien cong viic doi v&i hgp dong lao dgng.
Niu ngu&i lao dgng thuang xuyen thuc hien cong vi^c tgi nhiiu nuac khdc nhau hogc khdng xdc dfnh dugc nai nguai lao dgng thuang xuyin thfrc hien cong vi4c
thi phdp lu^t cHa nuac cd moi USn h^ gan bd nhdt v&i hgp dong lao dgng Id phdp lugt cua nuoc nai nguai sic dyng lao d$ng cu tru doi v&i cd nhdn hogc thdnh Igp ddi vai phdp nhdn.
d) Phdp ludt cua nuac nai ngu&i tieu dUng cu tni doi v&i hgp dong tieu dUng.
3. Truang hgp chting minh dugc phdp lugt cua nu&c khdc vai phdp lugl duac neu lgi khodn 2 Dieu ndy cd moi liin h^ gan bd han v&i hgp dong thi phdp lugt dp dyng Id phdp lugt cHa nuac dff'.
(!9).Xem: Dieu 4 cua Nghi djnh Rome I v£ luat ap dyng d6i vdi nghTa vu hgp dong, nguon: ht^7/eur- lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?iiri=CELEX%
3A32008R0593, truy cJip ngay 11/02/2016; DiSu 8 Lu§t quy tic chung ve dp dung lu^t c6 hieu luc tCi ng^y 01/01/2007 ciia Nhat Ban; Dik 117 Bp luat tu phSp quoc te cua Thuy Sy nim 1987; Muc 188 Chuong 8 (Hpp ddng), trong: Restatement of conflict of laws. Second, Vi^n lu§t Hoa Ky, 1971, nguon:
http://www.kentlaw.edu/perritt/conflicts/restl88.html, truycSpngay 11/02/2016.
(20).Xem: Kho^ 2 Dieu 3 Nghj dinh Rome I vh luat Sp dung ddi vdi nghta vy hgp dong; Dieu 7 LuSt quy tic chung ve ap dung lu|t cd hi^u lyc tu ngay 01/01/2007 cua Nhat Ban; khoan 3 Dik 116 Bg luat tu phap qudc t& cua Thuy SJ nam 1987.
(21)Jfem: Cac dik 99. 100, 101 Bo luSt tu phiip qu6c te Vuang qu6c Bi n3m 2004 ; Dik 132, Dik 133 Bg lu^ tu phap qudc tS ciia Thuy Sy nSm 1987; Dieu 7 LuSt quy tSc chung ve Sp dung luat cd hi?u lyc t£r ngay 01/01/2007 ciia Nhat Ban.
C22).Xem: Dik 773 BLDS nSm 2005.
(23).Xem: Dik 3 BO luat dan su nSm 2015, Dik 4 BLDS nam 2005.
(24).Xem: Dik 17 Luat quy tSc chung ve ap dyng luat c6 hieu luc tCr ngay 01/01/2007 ciia Nhat Ban;
Dik 132 Bp luat tu phap quoc te ciia Thuy Sy nSm 1987, Dik 32 Luat tu phSp qudc ti cua Venezuela nam 1998, ngufln: htlp://www-refworld.org/pdfid/4c 45af962.pdf, truy cap ngay 01/02/2016.
(25).Xem: Dik 132 Bd luat tu phap qu6c ti cua Thuy Sy nam 1987; Dik 99 Bg luat tu phSp qu6c te Vuong quoc Bi nSm 2004.
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 6/2016
