VE KHAI NIEM SlT KIEN BAT KHA KHANG VA TftOf NGAI KHACH QUAN
Tie&ng Duy Luang
Tdm tat: Bai viet nghien cuu tim hieu ngi hdm cua hai thuat ngu phdp ly: "sir kien bdt khd khdng " vd "trd nggi khdch quan " nham tgo ra sir nhan thirc dUng ddn trong qua trinh dp dung phdp ludt.
Abstract: This article studies the contents of two legal concepts, namely "force majeure" and "objective obstacles", to establish an appropriate understanding in enforcement of relevant laws and regulations.
Bat van de
Sy kien bat khd khang va trd ngai khach quan dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 161 Bd ludt Dan sy nam 2005; dd la hai can cir d l xdc dinh thdi gian khdng tinh vdo thdi hieu khdi kien khi xuat hien cdc su kien do. Tuy nhien, khi xem xet cac vu an da hit thdi hieu khdi kien cho thdy, hai cdn cir ndy chua timg duge ap dung. Trong khi dd, eae su kien nay lai duge dp dung rdt phd biln trong nhilu vu an khi danh gid ldi ciing nhu trach nhiem bdi thudng trong cac vy an dan su, kinh doanh thuong mai... Thyc te, viee hieu vd dp dung hai cdn cii nay ehua thdng nhdt.
Khodn 1 Dieu 161 Bp luat Dan sy quy djnh hai trudng hgp khdng tinh thdi hieu khdi kien: Mot Id, ngudi cd quyen khdi kien gap sy kien bat khd khdng; hai la, ngudi cd quyen khdi kien gap trd ngai khach quan.
Hai loai sy kien nay khdng chi ap dung eho van de thdi hieu, ma edn dugc ap dung khi xem xet, giai quyet ndi dung eua tranh chap trong nhieu loai quan he phap luat khac nhau nhu: tranh chap v6 hgp ddng trong Luat Bao hiem, trong hgp ddng ddn sy, trong hgp ddng thuong mai, trong quan
Nguyen Phd Chanh an Tda an nhan dan tdi cao.
he phdp ludt hang hdi..., vd frong quan he bdi thudng thi$t hai ngodi hgp dong. Dilu 161 Bd lu$t Ddn sy mdi chi neu ra dugc khai niem rlt chung chung, trim tupng; day ed le Id trd ngai Idn nhdt khi mudn xac dinh su kien ndo do la sy kien bit kha khang, trd ngai khaeh quan khi ap dung quy dinh ve thdi hi?u. Chinh vi vdy, tren thye t l cac luat su, thdm phan, kiem sat vien, cac nha nghiSn ciiu... dang hilu va gidi thich thuat ngu" nay frong cdc quan he phap ludt cy thi rdt khac nhau. Cdc van bdn quy pham phap lu$t, vdn bdn huong dan dp dung phap luat ciing it gidi thich cu t h i hai khai niem do.
Ddi vdi cdc van ban quy pham phap luat cd giai thich cy t h i hai thuat ngii tren thi ndi dung cung rdt khac nhau. Chdng han nhu Nghi quylt sd 05/2012/NQ-HDTP ngdy 03/12/2012 cua Hdi ddng Thdm phan Tda an nhan ddn tdi cao vd Nghi dinh so 58/2009/ND-CP ngay 13/7/2009 ciia Chinh phu giai thich thuat ngii "trd nggi khach quan".
Tai di6m b khodn 3 Dieu 14 Nghi quyet sd 05/2012/NQ-HDTP dd giai thieh v l '%d ngai khdch quan" nhu sau: "Tra nggi khdch quan la nhOng tra nggi do hodn cdnh khdch quan tdc dong nhu: thien tai, dich hoa, nhu
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VE KHAI NIEM SI/KI$N..
cdu chlin ddu, phuc vu chiin ddu,... lam cho Tod dn khong thi gidi quyet dugc vu dn trong thai hgn quy dinh". Sy kien bit kha khang khdng duge giai thich trong Nghi quyet nay.
Cdn theo dilm a, b khoan 3 Dilu 2 vl thdi hieu yeu cdu thi hdnh dn trong Nghi dinh sd 58/2009/ND-CP ngay 13/7/2009 cua Chinh phii Quy dinh chi tiet vd hudng ddn thi hanh mdt sd dilu ciia Ludt Thi hdnh an dan su ve thu tuc thi hanh an dan sy thi:
''a) Su kien bdt khd khdng Id truang hgp thien tai, hoa hoan, dich hoa;
b) Tra nggi khdch quan Id truang hgp duang su khong nhdn dugc bdn dn, quyit dinh md khong phdi do loi cua hg; duang su di cong tdc a virng bien giai, hdi ddo md khong thi gCri dan yeu cdu thi hdnh dn dung hgn; tai ngn, dm ndng din mire mdt khd ndng nhdn thuc, phdi dieu trj ngi tru hodc do loi cua ca quan xet xu, ca quan thi hdnh dn ddn su hogc ca quan, cd nhdn khdc ddn den viec duang su khong the yeu cdu thi hdnh dn dung hgn hogc duang su chit md chua xdc dinh dugc nguai thira ke; to chuc hgp nhdt, sap nhap, chia, tdch, gidi the, co phdn hda md chua xdc dinh dugc to chuc, cd nhdn mai cd quyen yeu cdu thi hdnh dn theo quy dinh cua phdp lugt".
1. Sir ki^n bat kha khang
Su kien bdt khd khdng Id mpt thuat ngii phdp Iy chi nhiing su kien xay ra mgt each khach quan, khdng the doan trude, ndm ngodi tim kilm soat hay ngdn chdn, khac phuc dil da dp dung mgi bien phap eIn thilt vd kha ndng cho phep ciia chit the tham gia trong quan he phdp ludt do.
Sy kien bit kha khdng se bao gom cac hien tugng ty nhien vd hien tugng xa hgi.
Nhiing hien tugng ty nhien do thien nhien
gay ra dugc coi la sy kien bat khd khang gdm cac loai thien tai nhu: bao td, lil lut, sdm set, sao bdng khi cd nhiing thien thach Idn roi xudng trai ddt gay nen hda hoan vd cac chin ddng tao nen tham hga; sy kien ddng ddt, sdng thdn, phun trao niii liia..., vd su kien dd tac dpng tryc tiep den cdc ehii the trong nhiing quan he phdp ludt nhat dinh.
Su kien bdt khd khang ed thi la nhiing hien tugng xa hdi, do chinh con ngudi tao ra, nhung ndm ngodi tam dy doan, kiem soat cua chu the tham gia cdc quan he phap luat do nhu: dich hpa, chien tranh, bao loan, ddo ehinh, ndi chien, khung bd, bao vay cdm van, thay ddi chinh sach eiia Chinh phii, hda hoan (trudng hgp nay do con ngudi gay ra), dinh edng, tpi pham gay ra (vdi dieu kien dd ap dung mpi bien phap phdng ngira, ngdn chdn md phdp ludt da quy dinh hoac thdng thudng phai dp dung, vi du:
tdu bi cudp bien tan edng), cac su cd ve ky thuat...
Nhu vay, cdc hien tugng trong the gidi ty nhien khi da dugc xdc dinh la sy kien bat khd khang ludn cd tinh khach quan vdi mpi ddi tugng, vdi mpi chu the. Song cac hien tugng xd hpi dugc coi Id sy kien bat kha khang se khdng hodn todn nhu vay. Nd se la chu quan ciia nhiing chii the tao ra sy kien dd, nhung la khdch quan vdi cac chii the khdc. Chi coi la sy kien bdt khd khdng vdi nhung ehu the da bi sy ki6n do tac ddng mgt each khdch quan; hoac su kien do diln ra mpt each khach quan, ngodi tam kiem soat eua con ngudi , do dd cd tinh khdch quan ddi vdi mgi chii the. Vi dy, sy kien xdy ra hoan todn do ldi vl ky thuat, edng nghe bdi gidi han ciia tri thiic, hieu biet cua con ngudi d thdi dilm do. Vi vay, dugc coi la sy kien bit khd khdng khi su kien dd thda man cd ba dieu kien sau:
NHA NlfdC VA PHAP LUAT so 8/2015
Mdt Id, su kien dd xay ra mdt cdch khdch quan.
Sy khdch quan trong mdi quan he cu thi giira sy kien xay ra vdi chu the trong mdt quan he phdp luat. No cd mdi lien h% bi$n chiing vdi nhau, viia dap ling tinh chung cua sy khdch quan vdi ttnh cu the trong mpt moi quan he nhdt dinh, chii khdng phdi ludn la khach quan vdi mgi ehii the.
Nhiing su kien dugc coi Id bdt khd khdng cd ttnh xd hdi do chinh con ngudi gdy ra se khdng dugc coi la "khach quan"
vdi chinh chii thS do cd y hay do bit cdn da gay ra thdm hga cho chinh minh. Nhung nhiing doanh nghiep d lien ke, ngudi ddn cd nha, tai san lien ke noi xdy ra hda hoan ddn den thiet hai, thi trd ngai trong viec thyc hiSn quyen vd nghia vu lai Id su kien khaeh quan vdi cac ehii the do.
Tuang ty, khdng the coi la khach quan vdi chinh cae chu the dd gdy ra chien tranh, ndi chien, khiing bd hodc vdi Chinh phu da thay doi chinh sdch; nhung se dugc eoi la sy kien bdt khd khdng vdi cdc chii the khdc, vi du nhu: do cdc sy kien ndi tren diln ra dan din mpt ben da khdng the thye hien dugc quyen khdi kien trong thdi hieu; khdng the thyc hiSn dugc hgp ddng. Neu Chinh phii da thay ddi chfnh sach la mdt ben trong hgp ddng, thi khdng the vien dan sy thay ddi chinh sach la sy kien bdt kha khdng de lan tranh trdch nhiem thyc hien hgp ddng.
Ndi tdm lai, khong dugc coi la su ki?n bat khd khdng vdi nhihig chii thS cd loi cd y hay vd y gdy ra tham hpa, dii hp dd rdt no luc ngdn chan, nhimg se dugc cdng nhgn la sy kien bit kha khdng vdi cac ehu the khac, nhQng ngudi khdng hi cd l5i trong sy ki$n do.
Nhiing sy kien xay ra do l5i ky thi4t, loi cua nhd sdn xudt ma hp khdng the biet
thi cung dugc coi la su kien bat khd khdng vdi ehinh ngudi dilu khiln phuong ti^n, sii dung cdng ngh$, khoa hgc, ky thuat dd.
Hai Id, khdng th6 ludng trudc dugc.
Khdng thi ludng trudc dugc bao ham hai khia canh, dd la khdng th^ ludng trudc dugc su kien do se xay ra, vd khdng thi ludng trudc dugc hau qud.
Neu cd cdn cii xdc dinh mdt chu the co thi ludng trudc dugc hodc buOc phdi ludng trudc su kien dd hodc hau qud cua no, nhung vi chu quan, bdt cdn, thieu trdch nhiem... dd xdy ra, thi chu the nay se dugc coi la ngudi phdi chiu trdch nhiem ve su kiSn, hau qua do.
Do dd, dil la sy kien trong ty nhien hay xa hgi, thi viee khdng the ludng trudc dugc, khdng du doan trudc dugc, khdng buOc phai ludng trudc id mdt dieu kien rlt quan trgng dl xac dinh su kien bit khd khdng ddi vdi mdt chii the.
Ba la, khdng the khdc phuc dugc, m^c dii da dp dyng mpi bien phap eIn thilt.
Cd y kien dd nhdm Idn day chi la dilu ki?n v6 khdc phye hsiu qud cua sy kiSn dien ra. Nhdn thiic do la khdng dly du. NIU SU ki$n dd dien ra md chu thi la ngudi cd loi trong su kien dd, thi ehi cd y nghia giam nhe trach nhiem trong quan h? phap ludt ma chit the tham gia, chu khdng thi coi la chu the vd can, khdng phdi chiu trach nhiem.
Khi khdng the khdc phye dugc, mdc du dd dp dung mgi bien phap dl ngdn chdn, han che hau qua cua nd, nhung vi siic manh cua su ki$n dd vupt xa khd nang, vugt qua mgi no lyc ciia chu thi, din din thiet hgi, anh hudng din viec thuc hi^n cdc cam kit vdi ddi tdc thi mdi duge coi la sy ki?n bit kha khdng ddi vdi chu thi do. Vi dy: su ki$n bao tl, khi nghe dy bao vl thdi gian, khdng
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VE KHAI NIEM S^ KIEN...
gian, cudng dp con bdo, chu thi da tudn thu day dii cac chi dan vl phdng tranh bdo nhu neo dau tdu diing noi, rang budc ky ludng theo ehi dan, da thue hien tit ca cac bien phap cdn thiet de ngdn chan hau qud, nhung sy cudng no cua con bao da manh hon tit ca mpi nd lye ciia siic ngudi, nen tdu dd hi lat, hang hda tren tau bi mat. Trudng hgp nay khdng the quy trdch nhiem thiet hai cho ben van chuyen, vi ddy la sy kien bit khd khang.
Trir trudng hgp cdc ben cd thda thuan khdc.
2. Trtr ngai khach quan
Thye te dang cd sy nhan thiic thilu ro rang, rach rdi giiia sy kien bit khd khdng vd trd ngai khdch quan. Theo nghTa chung vd rpng thi sy kien bdt khd khang ciing la mgt loai trd ngai khdch quan. Ddi vdi chii the bi tdc dpng thi sy kien bdt khd khang, trd ngai khach quan deu do hodn canh khdch quan tdc dpng tdi. Vi vay, viee phdn biet ndi ham hai thuat ngfl ndy khdng de dang, dan gidn.
Do sy giao thoa gi&a hai khdi niem, nen viec "khoanh vung", lam ro ndi hdm ciia mdi khai niem trong trudng hgp ndy la rat khd, nhung lai cd y nghTa vd rlt cin thilt trong thyc te ap dung.
NIU nhu sy bit khd khang dugc hieu la do siic manh to Ion, cd siic chi phdi tdc ddng tdi nhilu ddi tugng, nhieu quan he, nhieu chu thi, nd cd thi "danh bai", "can trd" mpi no lyc ma nd tae dgng tdi, thi ttd ngai khaeh quan chi tdc dgng d pham vi hep, trong mdt hoan cdnh cu thi, vdi nhiing ddi tugng, chu thi cu thi, 1dm cho hp khdng thi tiiyc hien dugc quyln khdi kien hoac cac quyen, nghia vy dan sy ciia mmh, hodc khdng the biet dugc quyln, nghia vu hi xdm pham.
Dugc coi la trd ngai khdch quan khi mgt ngudi di edng tdc dai ngdy tai hai dao, di lam nhi?m vu ddc biet, bi mat d xa td qudc; bi tai nan, dm dau ndng dot xudt den
miic lam mdt khd ndng nhan thiic; hodc nhiing ngudi than thiet (bd, me, vg, chdng, con) dm dau dot xudt nang, trong tinh trang nguy kich phdi ciiam sdc dac biet, 1dm cho nhung ngudi cd quyen khdi kien khdng thyc hien dugc viec khdi kien ndi ehung, khdi kien chia thua kl ndi rieng trong thdi hieu hodc thyc hien cdc quyen, nghTa vy ddn su eiia minh.
Ciing duge eoi la trd ngai khdch quan khi CO quan, to chiic ra quyet dinh hodc cd cdc hdnh vi gay thiet hai eho chii the cd quyln, igi ich, nhung chii the khdng th6 biet dugc dl thyc hien viec khdi kien ttong thdi hieu do khdng nhan dugc quyet dinh dd.
Tdm lai, do ldi eua co quan, td chiie khdng gui quylt dinh nen hp khdng the biet quyen, Igi ich cua minh dang bi xdm pham ...
Nhu vay, duge coi la trd ngai khdch quan khi thda man hai dieu kien sau:
Mgt Id, trd ngai do la khach quan ddi vdi ehinh ehii the bi tae ddng.
Trd ngai khdch quan cd the cd tinh hai mat: neu trd ngai dd do chinh eon ngudi gay ra thi nd se la chu quan cua ngudi gdy ra, tao ra trd ngai dd, nhung Id khdch quan ddi vdi ehii the bi tdc ddng. Do dd, neu ehinh ehu the ty tao ra trd ngai, "sap xep" eho trd ngai diln ra thi trd ngai do khdng cd tinh khdch quan, khdng dugc thira nhan de dp dung khoan 1 Dilu 161 Bd ludt Dan sy 2005,
Hai Id, khdng the biet dugc quyln, Igi ich bi xam pham hodc khdng thi thuc Men duge quyen hoac nghTa vu.
Dieu kien thii hai gdm hai trudng hgp khdc nhau, nhung deu cd mdt dilm chung Id: quyen, nghia vy cua chit thi da xult hien. 6 tnrdng hgp thii nhlt, quyln vd Igi ich ciia chii the da bi xam pham, nhung chu
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NHA NUdc VA PHAPLUATSO 8/2015
khdng. Thdm chi, nhirng vy vide don gidn khdng chi dimg lai d nhung vy tranh chap cd gid nggch nhd md ngay cd nhiing ttanh chap Idn, neu cd dii ydu td rd rang vd ehiing cii, thdng nhdt ldi khai giira ben nguydn don, bdn bi dan la Tda an ed the quyet dinh md thii tyc nit ggn. Ndu vu vide dap ling dugc dieu kien dd xur nit gpn thi khdng cdn thiet phai dgt ra thu tuc phiic thim.
Tuy nhidn, dy thdo Bd lugt Td tyng Dan sy (sira ddi) vdn theo phuong dn thu tuc nit gpn bao gdm cd thu tue phiic tham, chi nit ggn thdnh phdn Hdi dong xet xu, thdi gian gidi quydt d cdp so tham, phiic thdm. Nlu quy dinh nhu vdy thi thu tyc nit gpn se khdng cdn can thidt vd khdng ed y nghTa.
Hidn nay, vide nit ngan thdi gian gidi quylt va nit gpn thanh phdn Hgi ddng xet xii dd dp dung cho thii tyc giai quyet cdc viec ddn
sy. Vi vdy, edn tidp tyc nghien ciiu de xay dyng md hinh nit ggn thyc su theo dung nghTa vd phu hgp vdi thdng le qudc td.
3. Ket luan
Vdi yeu cdu cua vide ddi mdi thii tyc tl tyng theo tinh thdn edi cdch tu phap, cdn xdy dyng md hinh td tyng dan sy theo hudng bdo ddm quydn tidp can cdng ly cho ngudi ddn; bdo dam cho Tda an nhdn dan thyc hidn quydn tu phdp; bdo ddm thyc hidn nguydn tdc ttanh tyng va cac nguydn tie tl tung duge ghi nhdn ttong Hien phdp ndm 2013, Lugt To chiic Toa an nhan dan ndm 2014 de mpt mat giiip ngudi dan dl ddng, thudn lgi hon ttong viee tidp cgn Tda an; va mat khdc tdng cudng nang luc vd hi$u qua xet xir cho cdc Toa an nhdn dan.
(Tiep theo trang 21 - Vi khdi niem str kien ...)
the bi xdm pham khdng bilt dl thyc hidn vi?e ty bao v$. Vide khdng bilt khdng phdi do ldi ciia chu the ed quydn, Igi ich bi xam phgm ma do hodn cdnh chi phdi, hoac do loi ciia ben thii ba, cua ehii thd khde.
CJ trudng hgp thii hai, chii thi bilt dugc quydn va nghia vu cua minh, nhung bi tdc dgng bdi cac ttd nggi md chu thi khdng thi vugt qua duge, nen khdng thye hien dugc quydn, nghia vu eua minh. Ndu ttd nggi dd khdng dil "manh" khien chii the khdng thi thyc hidn dugc quydn khdi kidn thi khong coi dd Id ttd nggi khdch quan.
Vide phdn bidt giira su ki?n bat kha khdng vdi ttd nggi khach quan vl mdt Iy thuylt tuy cd khd khan, nhung dl ddng hon so vdi phan bidt chiing ttdn thuc tl. Bdi 15, su kieii bit khd khang va ttd nggi khdch quan ddu tgo ra nhiing hoan canh cy thi tdc dpng tdi chii thd, sy tdc ddng do dlu cd tinh khach quan, giira chiing nhilu khi khdng de ddng phdn biet. Trdn thuc tl, khi xem xdl mpt vy vide cu thd nhilu trudng hgp quan didm rdt khac nhau... Do do, dl hgn che sai sdt cdn phai nghidn ciiu ky ludng, ddnh gid todn didn, dat chiing ttong hodn canh cu thi dd xem xet.
