Tgp chi Khoa hgc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn SoJ/2Qh
THONG BAO KHOA HOC
TINH HINH KHAI THAC, SlT DUNG VA BIEN PHAP PHONG TRANH MOT SO LOAI CA BIEN CO GAI D O C 6 NHA TRANG - KHANH HOA
STATUS OF EXPLOITATION, UTILIZATION AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF SOME VENOMOUS SPINE FISH SPECIES IN NHA TRANG - KHANH HOA
Le Thi Hong Ma', Trhn Van Mng Ng4y nfa^ bii: 06/9/2013, Ngiy phan bi|n thong qua' 09/01/2014, Ngay duy^ dang: 10/3/2014
T O M TAT
Moi ndm nu&c ta cd hdng trdm vu ngQ dpe thuc phdm lien quan din cdc lodi sinh vdt bien mang dgc to. Nghiin cib duac thuc hi4n tit ndm 201! den ndm 2012 nham cung cdp nhung thong tin ve tinh hinh khai thdc vd su dung mpl sd lodi ci bien mang dpe id. nhom cd co gai dpe tai Nha Trang - Khdnh Hda. Cdc mdu cd doc dugc thu gom tgi cdc cang vd cdc chg ddu mdi, cdc bdi triiu ven bien vd lu cdc ngu ddn khai thdc quanh vung bien Nha Trang vd dugc phdn logi thong qua cii tdi lieu phdn logi cd hifn hdnh trong vd ngodi nude DSng thdi. ket hgp vdi phuong phdp ddnh gid nhanh nong than (RRA) vd phuang phdp diiu Ira quaphiiu (SQ) nham tim hiiu vi tinh hinh khai thdc vd su dung cdc lodi cd dpe. Ket qud diiu tra cho thdy, sdn lugng cd mang dgc id dugc khai thdc vd sudung hdng ngdy Id rdt ldn (150 kg/ngdy/hp). Ngodi 10 lodi ca noc dpe da dugc cong bd Iru&c do. cdn co 14 lodi cd co gai dpe thudng dugc nguai ddn khai thdc vd su dung ldm ihifcpham, ldm cdnh vd thuc an chdn nuoi. Nhin chung, cdc thong lin vd hiiu biet cua ngudi ddn ve cdc lodi cd dgc ndy con hgn che.
Nghien cuu cung de xudt nhung gidi phdp nhdm hgn che nguy ca ngp dpe tir viic khai thdc vd sir di^ng cdc lodi cd nay.
Tit khoa: cd mang dpe to, gai dgc, khai thdc, phong chong ngp dpe, sir dung ABSTRACT
There are hundreds of cases of food poisoning related to exploitation and utilization of poisonous marine animah.
This investigation was conducted from 2011 to 2012 to provide information about the status of exploitation and utilization of some venomous fish in Nha Trang -Khanh Hoa. Venomous fish samples were collected in fishing ports, wholesale markets, coastal areas and fiom fishermen exploited around Nha Trang coastal areas and then identified by common classification materials at home and abroad The survey methods of rapid rural appraisal (SRA) and questionnaires wen earned out to learn al)oul the status of exploitation and utilization of venomous fish. The result showed that a large amoum of venomous fish were daily exploited and utilized (150 kg/day/household). Apart from 10 poisonous puffer fish speda published in the previous paper, there were also 14 other venomous fish species commonly exploited and utilized fty inhabitants and then used for food, ornament and feed for animal husbandry In general, the information and inhabitants knowledge of venomous fish species were still limited. This survey also put forward a great number of solutions lo redact the risk of food poisoning related to exploitation and utilization of venomous fish.
Keywords, exploitation, poisoning prevention and treatment, udlization, venomousfish, venomous spine
I. DAT V A N o e C i c vung bien node ta da ghi nhfin 39 loii sinh v*
Hai s i n ndi chung v i e i bien ndi rifing l i logi d|e hgi. cd k h i nang gay chet ngofri bao gim 71 tiiyc phim daye nhilu ngoiri oa chufing bai g i i trj loij c i , 10 loii ran biln. 1 loii myc tuOc, 2 iodi 6c dinh doang eao v i mui vj tham ngon cOa chung. c6i, 3 loii cua hat va 1 loii sam [7]- Trfin thi gidi Ji Tuy nhifin, nhilu loii hii sin dope biet din cd mang thing kfi dope ft nhit 1 200 loii c i biln mgng Stf.
dpe to g i y chit ngodi [7].t9].[12],[15],[19],[20],[22]. t l [13].
' ThS. Lfi Th| HAng Mcr. =ThS Trin VSn Dung' Vi#n Nufli tr6ng thOy sin - Trodng Dgi hpe Nha Trang
52 • TRUdNG DAI HOC NHA TRANG
Tgp chi Khoa hgc - Cong ngh4 Thuy sdn So 1/2014
Nguin goc dfic t l v i phoang thi>c g i y dfic cuaeie loii c i mang dOc t l r i t da dgng. C i c chit ddc cd t h i do ban t h i n c i c loii ca mang dfic ho^e do an phii nhCrng loii sinh vat khic ed chCra dfic t l nho t i o , vi khuin v i nguyen sinh d$ng vfit [15]. Con ngodfi ed t h i bj ngfi dOc thdng qua eon do&ng i n uing (ei n6c, c i trfch, ca ehinh, e i moi dod'ng, c i hong,...), bj chung ein/ehich (ei mao tifin, c i m§t quy. c i dull, c i ngit,...) hogc c6 t h i bang c i hai each ti^n (ca chinh, e i noc,...) [7]i[15]. B i n chit eua eic logi dpe t l d' c i chO y l u thufic nhdm ehit dfic thin kinh thad'ng g§p l i tetrodotoxin, hay mpt s l e h l t d f i e e l bSn chit l i protein,... Hau h i t ehung l i nhO'ng chit dOe r i t nguy hilm cd the gay to vong bang thd'i gian ngin it lieu lopng thip. Ngod'i bj nhilm dfic, tuy theo moc dp nang nhp, cd t h i bilu hifin dau d i u . chdng mit, ndn di, r l i logn than kinh, CO gifit, lifit ca, hogi to, hdn me, tryy tim mgeh vg chet [2]. C i c ca quan mang dpe to d' e i eung rit da dgng, chung c6 t h i nam trong npi tgng, tuyin sinh dye, ca, da. xoang, tia vay hay cae gai dpe I4],[61.[9].[15].[191.
Trfin t h i gidi cung nho trong node, nhieu traang hpp ngp dpe do vd tinh hay c l y tilp xue vd'i cic loii c i cd gai dfic d i dope bio cio, v i nhilu trodng hpp nhiem dfic n$ng v i ti> vong d i dirpc ghi nhgn [7], [17], [23]. Sy thilu hyt cie thfing tin nghifin cou, cinh bio, nh|in bilt cQng nha eic bifin phip phdng trinh nhCrng loii c i ed mang dfic to niy l i mfit trong nhCrng nguyfin nhin chfnh lim gia ting cic tn/d'ng hpp ngfi dfic. Dieu tra ve tinh hinh khai thic. 5i> dyng v i d l xuit mot so bifin phap phdng trinh ngfi dfic g i y ra do cac loii e i dfic, dac bipt l i nhdm c i cd gai dfic, l i rit can thiet gdp phan ning cao y thirc ngod'i d i n v i hgn c h l nhu'ng trad'ng hpp ngp d$c cd Mfin quan.
II. VAT Lieu VA PHU'aNG P H A P N G H I E N CO'U Nghifin ei>u dope thye hifin tCr nam 2011 d i n nim 2012 tren c i c loii e i dde tgi vung bien Nha Trang - Khinh Hda. Cie m i u c i dfic dope thu tgi eic eing c i v i chp d i u m l i , cie bai trieu ven biln v i tCr eic ngo d i n tgn b i t quanh khu vye vdng biln Nha Trang - Khinh Hda. Trong q u i trinh dieu tra, tiln hinh phdng v i n trye tiep ngaCri d i n v i thfing qua trS Id'i eie b i n c i u hdi (phoang phip dinh g i i nhanh nfing thdn - RRA v i phoang phip dieu tra qua philu - SQ) nhim tim hilu v l tinh hinh khai thic.
c:he biln va sO dyng c i c loii e i dpe; each nhgn bilt cac bfi phan v i ca quan co chCra doe to, phoang phip logi bo eie logi dfic t l dd. Cie m i u c i dope thu, phin tieh v i djnh logi thdng quan cie t i i lifiu phin logi c i bien thdng dyng [15], [16]. C i c m l u c i dpe dope lou giu' tai Bao ting Thuy sinh v$t - Tnj'd'ng Dgi hpe Nha Trang phyc vy edng t i c tuyfin truyin, giang dgy v i tham quan.
III. K^T QUA NGHIEN CLTU VA T H A O LUAN 1. Trinh dp cua ngod'i tham gia khai t h i c va sis d^ng mot so l o i i ca mang dpe to
Ket qua dilu tra cho thiy: Hiu h i t c i c nga dan khai thic va sir dyng nguon e i bien mang dfic t l dope dilu tra c6 trinh dp van hda rit han c h l . Da phin c6 trinh dfi v i n hda elp II chilm 69,44%, trong khi s l ngod'i hpe d p 111 ehi chilm 13,89% thip han ea s6 ngoai hpe elp I (16,67%).
2. C i c hinh thiJc khai thae v i IIFU giir c i mang d $ c t d
B i n g 1. Phtrang thi>c khai t h i c va liru gKr c i mang doc to (n = 36) STT
1
2
Chi tieu di6u tra Hinh thijc khai thae - Gia cdo - Lan bat -Li/di -Cau - Hinh thijc khdc Hinh thi>c liru giu' - Lfap lanh - Gio s6n9 - Khong uop lanh
T1I«(V.)
47,22 11,11 13,89 19,44 8,33
22,22 25,00 52,78
So nguM H^ IM
17 4 5 7 3
8 9 19 C i c hp ngo d i n so dung nhilu phoang tifin khie nhau d l khai thic cae loii e i mang dpe to nho:
gia eio, lan bat, lodi, eau v i cic hinh thoc khic.
Trong do, hinh thirc khai thie bing gia eao l i pho bien nhit chiem 47,22%. San lopng khai thie toing binh dgt 150 kg/ngiy/hfi bao gom nhilu loai ea khic nhau. Sau°khl khai thae, c i c loii c i ed gai dpe niy dope lou gio song (25%) hoge toai bang eich odfp Ignh (22,22%) ho|c khdng (52,78%). Hogt dpng khai thic cae loii c i niy thodng diln ra quanh nam tnJ nhOng thing maa bio lan, tfip trung chu yeu tO thing 1 d i n tiling 10.
TRUONG DAI HOC NHA TRANG • 53
Tgp chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thdy sdn SS 1/2014
3. C i c l o i i ca mang doc to thudng d u v c ngirfi'l d i n s o dung
B i n g 2. C i c l o i i ca mang d$c t l thircmg d u y c ngirm dan si> d^ing STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ten tlir>g vi$t C i duoi bing mom nhpn C i dull bdng loi Ca duoi bing dudi v i n Ca dull bong mdm tu C i bp egp ed gai d dau C i ngat Ca mao tifin C i mit quy x i m C i mgt quj rgn san hd Ca bong V i n May Ca dia chim C i dia vfit ving C i dia den G i dia spc C i dia d l i vgch
Ten khoa h9c Dasyatis zugei Muller & Henle, 1841 Dasyatis bennettH Muller & Henle. 1841 Dasyatis kuhlii Muller & Henle, 1841 Dasyatis variden Carman, 1885 Scorpaena hatizyoensis Matsubara, 1943 Plotosusanguillaris B\och, 1797 Dendrochius zebra Cuvier & Valenaennes, 1829 Inimicus idactylus Pallas, 1769
Synanceia verrucosa Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Yongeichthys nebulosus Forskal, 1775 S/ganus javt/5 Linnaeus, 1766 Siganus orgamin Bloch & Schneider 1801 S/ganusfuscescens Houttuyn, 1782 S;gant/sgt/rta(t/s Bloch, 1787 Siganus virgatus Valenciennes, 1835
Si> dgng Thye phim Thye pham Thoc phim Thye phim Thye phim Thye pham Thye phim, lim cinh Thye pham, lim einh Thye pham, lim cinh Thye phim Thye pham Thye pham Thye phim Thye pham Thye phim Kit q u i nghiSn eCru cho thiy: cd 15 loai c i dpe
thufie 8 giong thad'ng dope ngodi din khai thic v i sir dyng. Trong s l n i y ea dia ed so lopng loii nhilu nhit vdi 5/15 loii, tilp theo l i e i duoi vai 4/15 loii. Trong cac loii k l trfin, c i mgt quy, ca mao tifin, c i bp egp ed gai d' d i u , l i nhirng loii dde nhat, c6 t h i giy chet ngod'i. Cic tradng hpp nhiem dfic giy chit ngodi lifin quan den eic loii ca niy da dope b i o c i o 6' nhilu nai tren t h i gifri [14],[18],[21]
4. Cich che b i l n v i sir dung c i c l o i i c i mang d$c to B i n g 3. Caeh che biln, sir dyng v i
So vdl nghien cou v l thinh phan c i nde dOc trudc do (10 loii), nhdm e i niy cd dfic tinh kfim hon, tuy nhien v i n tilm an nhilu nguy ea giy ngfi dpe cho ngod'i khai thae v i sir dyng dge bifit l i khi tiip xiJc vai Chung [4]. Sau khi ehuyin v i o ben eing, h^u h i t cic loii e i niy, dge bifit l i nhu'ng e i t h i c6 kfdi thade Id'n, dope eie thoang l i i mua ngay dCing lam thoc phim. Mfit s6 loii c i dpp dope giO' s6ng di nudi lim einh nho ca mao tien va c i m|t quj.
loai bo d$c td c i c loai c i dpe (n = 36) STT
1
2 3
Chl tl6u aiku Ira Ngu^i si> dung cd - C6 sO dgng ca d$c Cdch phong trdnh bj ngO doc - Kh6ng de bj ddm, chich bo'i gai d$c Cdch che bl^n, sO dung - Nl/(!rng - Canh chua - Chien, kho, hap, sot - U m do my nghe, Idm canh - Ldm thiJc dn nufii thuy san
Tll«(%)
100
100
44,44 25,00 19,44 5,56 5,56
S6 nguM t r j IM
36
36
16 9 7 2 2 Hiu h i t cic loii c i mang dfic to tnang nghifin
cou niydludopesirdynglimttiyc phim (88,89%).
Cich che bien, so dyng cie logi c i niy toang ty
54 • T R U O N G D A I HOC NHA Tf?ANG
nho nhCrng loai c i ttiong thad'ng vd'i cic cich ch6 biln nho: numig, canh ehua, chifin, hip,... M$l so loii c i hinh dang dgp dope sO' dyng lim canh
Tgp chi Khoa hgc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn So 1/2014
(ci mao tien, ca mit quy). NhDng ea till cd kidi ttnrocnhd, g i i til kinh te ttilp ttiirlng dope so dgng cCing vd'i ea tgp lim thoc an nudi thiiy sin hay ctiin nufii.
T i t c i cac \odi\ ea nay deu co kha nang gay dfic thong qua c i c gai, tia v i y hogc dull co mang dpe to. Trong qua tiinh khai thic v i sir dyng, d l trinh bj nhiem dfic. ngod'i d i n c i n trinh tiep xue trye tiep va khdng d l bj ehieh boa eac ea quan mang dpe to trfin.
Nhilu loii ca trong nghien cou nay oi) mui vj tham ngon, dope ngaai dan oa chupng v i bin tirong c i c n h i hing vd'i g i i k h i cao, d i e biet l i e i mat quy ed gia to 350 - 720 nghin dong/kg.
5. Cich nh^in b i l t c i c bp ph$n mang doc to a c i Bang 4. C i c h nhan b i l t cac bp phan
chira dpe to d' ca (n = 36) STT
1
2
3
Chiti«udl^tTa Khd nang nh$n biet dirp^c t)0 phdn chi>a doc to o cd - 0 6
- Khong
Cdc bg phdn chija dfic to - Cdc tia vdy sdo, nhon - Gai dudi, sSc nhpn Biet dmTc b$ phdn chi>a dfic t6 a cd qua - Nghe noi - Qua kinh nghiem - Qua tai li^u
T11«(%)
91,67 8,33
69,44 30,56
58,33 36,11 5,56
S^ngirM b ^ l M
33 3
25 11
21 13 2
Han 90% s l ngod'i dayc hdi nhfin biet dope bp phgn mang dpe t l a e i . Trong dd, hiy loii ea ma ea quan chira dpe to c6 ttil l i cie tia vay (69,44%) hay gai dudi (30,56%). Cac bp phfin hay eo quan choa dfic t l 6 ca doyc ngod'i dan nhgn bilt chii yeu qua nghe ndi tir nhong ngofin xung quanh (58,33%), cdn Igi tiling qua kinh nghifim cda ban than (36,11%). rit it ngod'i bilt thdng qua sach vd' hay tai lifiu (5,56%).
6. Cac logi d ^ to v i giai p h i p phdng tranh 6.1. Ca ch4 gay ddc va tri^u chung ng^ doc
Gai dfic tren c i e tia v i y hogc dudi daoc noi vdi tuyin dOc n i m ngay phia g i c m i l tia viy. Day la ca quan ty vfi va t i n cdng quan trpng cua c i e loii ea dfic [10]. Nhilu k l i i c i dpe, dgc bifit la e i mat quy, ca mao tifin hay c i bp egp ed gai d' d i u va ea dull, thoang ed k h i nang ngyy ttang rat tot titing eac rgn san h i , d u * ! eSt hay c i c hang, hoc d i [15],[16],[21 ] Vific khd nhgn biet c^ung khi tham quan, ttiim hiem hoic boi lOi l i m gia ting nguy ea in nhOng loii e i niy t i n cfing. Khi vfi tinh tilp xiic phii chung. tiiy i p lyc mgnh hay nhg, loyng dfic to phfing ra efi the
nhieu hay it [9]. C i c chat dpe se phong ra cung luc khi cac gai doc chich vao nan n h ^ . Ca quan bj nhiim dpe thuwng l i chan, tay, hoac cic ngdn tay do tilp xue trye tilp vai cie kiai c i nay.
Ban chat ciia cic chit dpe tren eae loii ea ed gai dpe thifOng la cie logi chat dfic than kinh, t » bin ehit la prcitein hoic cic dang peptide ton tgi a rit nhilu dang khie nhau tuy theo loii c i (crinotoxin, thromboxane, phosphodiesterase, verrucotisxin, sbanustoxin,...) [9]. Chting deu l i nhirng ehit cd dfic tinh cao v i cd ktia nang gay ti> vong trong trodng hpp nhifim ngng v i khfing cd cae bien phip xir ly kjp tiidi. Khic vdl Tetiodotoxin d c i noc, cie chat dpe cd bin etiit protein de dang bj phan hiiy bdi nhifit, tan trong node v i biln tinh hoan toin trong q u i trinh chl biln. Do v3y, moc dp nguy hilm gay rg lifin quan d i n cie loai ea cd gai dpe thodng tiiip htm eie nhom mang dfic to Tebodotoxin hay Ciguatoxin.
Trifiu ehong l i m sing Wii ngd dpc' Tiiy theo loyng dpe nhifim v i o ca the, sau v i i gid ngn nhan ed bieu hifin dau nhae. bam tim, da biln miu, song phil, b ^ nhiem, v l t song lan rpng xung quanh vung bi chich, hogi tir eye bfi. Trudng hpp nhp. eic dau hifiu se on djnh lai sau 12 - 24 gid nhilm dfic. Trong tiifdng hyp nhifim dpe nang, ngn nhin cfi bieu hifin dau nhae dCr dpi, khd thd, hg huylt i p , nhjp tim chgm v i r l i loan, suy tim, liet ca. Tn/dng hyp ngng han, ngn nhin ed bieu hien suy ho hip, eo giat liet toin ttian, hfin mfi v i chet [9].
6.2. Giai ph^p phdng tranh
De hgn etie nguy ca nhifim dfic trong qui trinh khai ttiac va so dung cic loai c i dpe cin cd so phoi tipp eua ngodi dan, ehinh quyen cac c i p va cae ea quan chirc nang. Hgn chl khgi thae va sa dyng eie loai c i cd gai doc. Tnsng budng hpp khai thic v i sir dyng, can trinh tiep xiic true tilp vdi chung khi cdn sing, trong qua trinh che bien, d n ed c^c dyng ey bao vfi nho ging tay [1]. Cin tim hieu v i nhgn bilt cie kiai c i cd gai dpe niy ttifing qug sich bio, t i i lieu va t^c phoang tifin tnjyen thdng dgi chiing de ed bifin ptiap tiao vfi khi tiep xue vdi chiing. 1^1 lgn tiat hoac ttiam quan phai b^ng bj day dii thiet bj bio vfi. Khong eim nim. tiep xiic cie loii hai sin co mang dpe to.
Khi bj ehic:h t>di cie loii e i cd gai dfic niy, c^n nhanh chfing tien hanh cac bifin phip sa ciru kjp thdi: roa sach vet thirang (node muoi, giam hay xa phfing), tim kiem va logi bd eie gal nhd. gal gay cdn sdt Igi xung qugnh v l t thoang; ngam phin bj t i n thoang trong node muoi i m 45 - 50''C (tiJy theo kha nang ehju dyng eua ngn nhan) hang ttidi gian khoang 3 0 - 9 0 phtit cho den khi diu hifiu dau nhoe giim bdt. De duy tri nhifit dp node khfing thip han 45"C,
TRUONG OAI HOC NHA TRANG • 55
Tgp chi Khoa hgc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn ^
c i n tiln hinh ttiay node I m <Inh kJ 10 phOt/lin [8], IV. K^T LUAN VA KI^N NGHj [11], [18]. Sau do, can doa ngn nhan din cic ca sd .j y^^^ j ^ ^ ^y t l g i n nhit ttode khi xuit hifin cie trifiu chLrng g ^ ^ |^^f,g ^ ^^gng dpe to dope khai thic vS nang han (dau nhoe du' dfii, song phCi, hogi to cue ^^ ^^^^ ^^^g ^g^y |^ ^^ i^^ (150 kg/ngiy/hfi). Cii bfi, r l i logn hfi hip, nhjp tim....) de doac dieu trj kjp ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^ gg, gg^, (hodng dope ngodi din kiiai thdi vdi cic bifin phip nho gay tfi, tiem thule giim ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ \^^ thye phim, lam canh v i thiic dau, thuoc gial dpe,... ^n ehan nufii, Tuy nhifin, hieu bilt cua ngodi din vl
Ngoai ra, chinh quyen cie c i p v i cie ca quan ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^ , ^^^^ ^^^
chirc nang (nginh Y te, Ndng nghiep v i Phat triln
nfing thon) cin phli hpp vdi nhau trong vifie tuyen 2. Kien nghj
tmyen ngodi dan v l tinh dpe hgi eda eae loii ea Cin tang codng rang t i c tuyen tmyln, nang mang ddc to. bifin phip phdng trinh, va giim s i t cao •^ thirc ngodi d i n ve moi nguy hilm va cic bian vific thye ttii eac chi tti| ve phdng chong ngfi dfic do phip phdng ehong ngp^dfic khi khai thie va sij dgng cie loii ea mang ddc to gay ra cac loii ca mang dfic to.
TAI L i f u THAM KHAO Tieng Vifi
I, BQ Thiiy s4n, 2003. Chi thj ve viec ngan chan ng? dgc c4 noc. S6: 06/2003/CT-BTS.
2 BQ Y te, 2002 Quy6t dtnh s6 354/QD-BYT ngily 06/02/2002 cila B$ truang 8 6 Y t^ v6 vi?c Huong din chin doan, xil tri va phong ngQ dQC cd n6c.
3 Dao Vift Hi, E)6 Thi Tuygt Nga, 2006 Dgc tinh Tetrodotoxin (JTX) cila ca b6ng van mSy (Yongeichthys nebulosus Foiskal, 1775) thu tai Khinh Hoa. T?p cW Khoa hgc C6ng ngh^ BiSn, sa 1 8 2 - 9 1
4 Le Thi Hong Ma, Trim Van Dung, 2012. Tinh hinh khai fliac va su dung m^t s6 loai ca noc dgc d Nha Trang - Khanh H6a, Tap chi Khoa hgc - Cong ngh^ Thiiy san, so 3, trang: 25 - 29.
5 D 3 liiy^t Nga, DJo Vi^t Ha, Pham Xuan Ky, Luu Thj Hii, Cao Phuang Dung, 2003. Xie dinh d^c t6 Tetrodotoxin trongm^t so loM c i n6c thu a Nha Tirang. Tuy§n tap Nghien citu bi6n, Vi^n Hai duang hgc Nha Trang, tap 13 215 - 224.
6 Lam Nggc TrSm, D 5 TbySt Nga, Nguyin Phi Dinh, 1999 Cic hgp chit ty nhien trong sinh vat biin Viet Nam NXB Khoa hgc vk Ky thuylt
7 Vo Sl Tuin, 2006. Khao sat va nghien cuu sinh vat mang dgc to co the gSy chit ngu6i 6 viing biSn Vi?t Nam. Tuyen % Nghi&i cuu biSn, tap XV. NXB Khoa hgc va Ky thuat
TlengAnh
8 Atkinsin P.R T, Boyle A., Hartin D., McAuley D , 2006. Is hot water immersion an effective treatment for marine envenomatioa!
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