Dai thang iWlua xuan 1975:
Th^ng loi cua sir lanh dao
cua Dang Cpng ssm Viet Nam va tu tu-ong Hd Chi Minh
• Dt^i td NGUYi:N V A N MINH
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ube t i n g tid'n cdng vk nd'i d i y oanh lidt mua xuin 1975 Ik mdt trong hai su kidn lich sii vl dai nhi't cua n h i n d i n Viet Nam trong the' ky XX. CM tirong 57 ngky ddm (4-3 den 30-4) tien cdng vk nd'i day, q u i n va d i n ta d i d i p tan dpi q u i n tay sai My ddng hon mdt trieu tdn, d i n h dd' cMnh quyln Nguy da timg ton tai 21 nim, giai phdng hokn tokn mien Nam.T h i n g lgi to Idn nky d i khdp lai mdt giai doan lich su cMa cat di't nudc, mb ra mdt ky nguyen mdi cho n h i n d i n Viet Nam: Ddn tdc dugc dgc ldp, Td qudc dugc thdng nhdt, hda binh, tru&ng ton, di lin chd nghia xd hgi.
Viet Nam, mdt nudc nho va ngheo, danh bai cude cMdn tranh x i m lugc quy md Idn vk Men dai ciia mdt sidu cubng la dd'qud'c My, lkm chin ddng dia d u , Ik su kidn chua timg cd, kMe'n cho nudc My bang hokng, the' gidi kinh ngac.
My chua bao gib thim n h i n chung thua, nhung khi ta giai phdng hokn tokn miln Nam trong miia x u i n 1975 dai thang, thi Nfch Xon, mdt trong n i m Td'ng thd'ng Hoa Ky, ehua chat thii nhin: "Tin tham kich Viet Nam d i lkm td'n thuong nudc My, lam td'n hai
chiing ta trong con mat ban be nudc ngoki, ha thi'p chiing ta trong con m i t dd'i phuong. Nhung nd lkm td'n thuong chiing ta nhilu nhi't b trong nude. Su that bai cua chung ta b Viet Nam lam ho then mdt nudc mk khdng miy kM that bai" Vk ngky nay "nudc My dang trong con dau dii ddi cua Hdi chiing Viet Nam"(l).
Ngubi chid'n thing, ke thua t r i n da dupe minh dinh ro rang, chii khdng phai chi Viet Nam tuyen t m y l n la minh chidn thing.
Cd dilu la Ik ke thua khdng bid't vi sao hp thua, vi sao Viet Nam cMd'n thing? C i u hoi nky cho dd'n nay van cbn bb ngo dd'i vdi mdt sd' nha cMnh tri, quin su, chuyen gia My.
Cupc chid'n tranh xam lupc Viet Nam Ik cupc chid'n tranh phi nghia, trai han vdi n h i n dao, ddi lip vdi nhan dan. Da pM nghia tM nhiing cMe'n lugc gia My dii cd thdng thai, tki ba dd'n d i u cung khdng the' giup cho chfnh quyen Oasinhton vach ra dugc mdt chid'n lupc, mdt kd' hoach diing dan. Vi hp ludn duy y cM, khdng nam dugc quy l u i t khaeh quan cua chid'n tranh vk hi quy Mat ay chi phdi, t i c ddng, khidn binh lfnh My b chid'n trubng ludn ludn bi ddng, phai hknh ddng theo su dieu khidn
T U Y E N G I A O S 6 4 - 2 0 1 2 ? 3 1
Nghien cuTu - trao ddi cua dd'i phuong, phai danh theo each danh ciia dd'i phuong trong sud't cude chien tranh. Song, yd'u td' nko, nguydn n h i n nko dua n h i n din, d i n tdc Viet Nam den chien t h i n g ve vang mang t i m vdc thbi dai vk y nghia qudc td to Idn dd?
Su l i n h dao sang sud't cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam vk Chu tich Ho Chf Minh Ik n h i n td' chfnh tao nen siic manh Viet Nam vk cung la nguyen n h i n quyd't dinh nhi't cua chid'n t h i n g cupc khang chidn chdng My, Cliu nudc ndi chung, chidn t h i n g 30-4-1975 ndi ridng.
Khi Chu tich Ho Chf Minh ndi: "Khdng cd gi quy hon ddc l i p , t u do", "Danh cho My cut, danh cho Nguy nhko" Ik Ngubi d i van dung bai hpc lich six chdng ngoai xim cua dng cha ta tir ngkn xua de' huy ddng siic manh cua tokn d i n tdc vko cupc k h i n g chidn vk ciing vdi Dang, Ngubi de ra du&ng ldi giuang cao hai nggn c& dgc
ldp ddn tdc vd chd nghia xd hdi, tiin hdnh ddng th&i hai ehiin lugc cdch mgng & hai miin: Cdch mgng ddn tdc, ddn chd nhdn ddn & miin Nam vd cdch mgng xd h0i chd nghTa & miin Bdc do mdt Ddng ldnh dgo, mdt Nhd nu&c diiu hdnh thdng nhdt.
Dd Ik su sang tao die sic v l Dubng ldi khang chid'n chd'ng My, ciiu nude cua Dang ta, d i n tdc ta. Tiep thu nhiing kinh nghiem cua ngubi xua, c h i t loc, tim ra cai mdi diing vdi quy l u i t duoc ca x i hdi vk ban be tren
the' gidi ding tinh ung hd, d l dua su nghidp chd'ng M^, Cliu nudc di tir t h i n g lgi nky dd'n t h i n g lgi khic, cud'i cung hdi tu siic manh chid'n thang ngky 30-4-1975, lkm ndn mdt md'c son chdi lpi trong lich su Vidt Nam, Ik mdt su sang sud't ri't khdng don gian. Tir trong dubng Id'i chung dd. Dang ta mk t i p trung Ik Bd Chfnh tri, Q u i n uy Trung uong d l ra ngh$
thudt cda cude khdng ehiin Id tiin hdnh ehiin tranh nhdn ddn, todn ddn, todn di$n; thdng dich tiing bu&c, qudn su, chinh trj, song song trin ba vdng ehiin lugc, kit hgp nhi^m vu gidi phdng ddn tdc v&i nghia vu qudc ti, ddnh M^, nhung phdi bdo vi hdu phuang ehiin luge miin Bdc vd phe xd hdi ehd nghia...
Su ldnh dgo cda Ddng vd Chd tich Ho Chi Minh Id nin tdng cda mgi thdng lgi trong cude k h i n g chid'n chd'ng My, Cliu nudc. Khdng cd cii n i n tang dd thi khdng cd chien thang ngky 30-4. N i n tang dd d i giao due, ddng vien tokn d i n tdc dokn kd't thd'ng nhi't, p h i t huy cao dp npi luc, t u nguyen k h i n g chien chd'ng giic ngoai xim, diet trir ndi phan, vi mdt le sd'ng cbn: Ddc l i p d i n tdc, thd'ng nhi't T l qud'c. Cung cai n i n tang i y d i tao ra sue manh ciia h i u phuong miln Bac x i hdi chu ngMa vk h i u phuong tai cho m i l n Nam, huy dpng dugc siic manh qud'c td'vk siic manh thbi dai ke't hgp vdi siic manh d i n tdc thknh siic manh td'ng
hgp de chid'n thang giic My.
Kd't hgp siic manh d i n tpc vdi siic manh qud'c td vk thir dai Ik mdt yd'u td' ma nei thid'u nd thi cupc khai^
chien cua n h i n d i n ta si g i p mudn vkn khd khai khdng d l vugt qua. Chfni trdn cii n i n tang i'y ma Bi Chfnh tri, Q u i n uy Truni uong d i l i n h dao, cM d^
tokn d i n , tokn quin n i l viing t u tuong chid'n linp tid'n cdng, danh bai did tung budc, di'y lui chanj timg p h l n de tao ra nhm^
thbi CO mdi cd lpi cho cu6 k h i n g chien. N i m 1972, sat khi danh bai q u i n chu lu Nguy Ski Gbn b Quang Tn, D i e Td - T i n Canh, Loc Ninh vk d i n h thang cuoc t i p kfch dubng khdng bang B52 cua My vko Ha Npi - Hai Phbng, budc My phai ky Hidp dinh Pari, ta d i tao ra tinh the' cich mang true tiep ri't t h u i n lgi. Bd Chinh tii vk Q u i n uy Trung uong chu truong tidp tuc cupc tien cdng, d i n h chie'm Thupng Diic (Quang Nam) vk Phude Long, qua dd ren luyen bo dpi ta, t h u siic quin chu luc Nguy, t h i m db t h i i dp cua My khi t a d i n h Idn. Cuoc tid'n cdng Thugng Due va Phude Long thang Idn, tao ra thbi CO mdi, Bd CMnh tri va Q u i n uy Trung uong quyet dinh n i m l i y thbi co tien cdng vk nd'i day giai phdng m i l n Nam trong hai nam
1975, 1976; mb d i u danh a T i y Nguyen, muc tidu then chd't Ik Budn Ma Thudt. Nho quye't dinh vk hanh dpng dung thbi co, nen chi trong
3 2 I TUYEN G I A O SO' 4 - 2012
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Dong bdo cac ddn tpc Toy Nguyen bieu dien Cong Vhieng tai Le hpi Cd phi Tdy Nguyin
Anh: Trdn Viet
33 tid'ng dong ho tir ngky 10 dd'n 11 t h i n g 3, ta d i giai phdng Budn Ma Thudt - mdt tnmg t i m chfnh tri, q u i n su cua My, Nguy b Cao nguyen Tnmg phln.
Hai ngay sau giai phdng Budn Ma Thudt, q u i n ta tidp tuc tien cdng dich tir ngay 14 dd'n 17-3, q u i n ta tidu diet Su dokn 23 Nguy, giai phdng tinh D i k Lik.
Nguy quyln, Nguy q u i n Ski Gbn hoang mang, dao ddng cue dp, vdi v i n i t chay khoi Tiy Nguyen, mb d i u budc suy sup mdi cua dich. T r i n Budn Ma Thudt t u thang lpi ciia mdt cMe'n dich trb thknh t h i n g lpi chid'n lugc. Ngky
18-3, Bd CMnh tri, Q u i n uy Trung uong quye't dinh bd' sung phuang dn gidi phdng mien Nam trong ndm 1975 thay cho phuong an giai phdng miln Nam trong hai nam trudc d i y vk ra lenh
tid'n cdng Hue', Dk Ning.
Ngky 25-3, ta giai phdng Hue', Tam Ji^, Quang Ngii;
ciing trong ngky nky, Bd Chfnh tri, Quan uy Tmng uong bo sung quyd't t i m gidi phdng miin Nam tru&c mda
mua 1975. Bd'n ngky sau giai phdng Hud', ta giai phdng Dk Ning. Cac ngky 30, 31 t h i n g 3 vk ngky 1, 2, 3 t h i n g 4 ta giai phdng cac tinh Binh Dinh, Phu Ydn, Khanh Hba, quin cang Cam Ranh. Dai di't miln Trung tir Thira Thidn Hue ddn Ninh Thuin vk Tiy Nguydn sach bdng quan thu, lkm thay dd'i h i n so sanh luc lugng chien lugc hoan tokn cd lgi cho each mang m i l n Nam. Dich sa siit vk tan r i Idn. Ta ckng d i n h ckng manh. Cupc chidn tranh each mang d i budc vko giai doan phat trie'n nhay vpt mdt ngky b i n g 20 nim.
Thbi die'm mo cupc Td'ng tid'n cdng vko sao huyet cud'i ciing cua dich da chin muoi, Bd Chinh tri, Quan uy Trung uong ha quyit tdm gidi phdng Sdi Gdn - Gia
Dinh trong th&i gian s&m nhdt - chdm nhdt Id trong thdng 4-1975 khdng thi di chdm. Thuc hidn quye't t i m ciia Dang, ngay 7-4, Dai tudng, Td'ng Tu ldnh Vd Nguydn Giap ra mdnh lenh cho 5 cinh quin: "Thdn tdc, thdn tdc hon niia, tdo bgo, tdo bgo hon niia. Tranh thd tUng gi&, tUng phdt xdc t&i mdt trdn gidi phdng miin Nam. Quyit ehiin vd todn thdng'' Cac canh quin cua ta trong ddm 7-4 da t i n g td'c dp hknh quin ca ddm va ngky dd'n vi tri t i p ke't chid'n dich dung quy dinh. Ngky 9- 4, Quin dokn 4 bat d i u tid'n cdng dich trong thi xa Xuan Lde; dich phan kfch quyet liet, budc cac don vi cua ta phai thay dd'i chid'n thuat, n i t khoi Xuin Lde, danh vbng ngoai, diet dich b Tiic Trung, Kidm Tin, theo dubng 20 phat trie'n danh dich b n g i ba D i u Diy, cat dubng sd' 1 vl Ski Gbn. Ngky 14-4, canh quan hudng Ddng tid'n cdng vko tuyd'n phbng thu Phan Rang dd'n ngky 16 chie'm thi x i Phan Rang vk s i n bay Thanh Son, diet vk bat tokn bd quin dich b diy, giai phdng tinh Ninh Thuin.
Ngky 19-4, Quan dokn 2 giai phdng Phan Thie't vk tinh Binh Thuin, t h i n td'c tid'n vko Long Khinh, phdi hpp vdi Quin dokn 4 giai phdng Xuin Lde. Canh cua thep
TUYeNGlAOS64-2012 33
Nghien ciiTu - trao ddi hudng Ddng da mb. Trdn cac hudng Bac, T i y Bic, Ddng vk Tiy Nam, q u i n ta don dip tien cdng tieu diet cic su dokn chu luc dich phbng thii vbng ngoki, i p sat lire lugng vko viing ven dd. N i m viing thM CO vk hknh ddng dung thM CO thi sue ta mdt hda thknh mubi, thknh t r i m , danh d i u dugc dd, t h i n g nhu che tre. Cimg trong ngay 14-4, Bd Chfnh tri d i t ten cho chien dich giai phdng Ski Gbn Ik Chiin dich H6 Chi Minh, do Dai tudng Vin Tien Diing lkm t u ldnh, dong chi Pham Hung lkm chinh uy. Ngky 22-4, dong chi Le Dui'n, Bi t h u thii n h i t Ban chap hknh Trung uong Dang didn chi dao Bd Chi huy chien dich: "Thbi co quin su vk chinh tri de mb cupc Tong tidn cdng vko Ski Gbn d i chin muoi. Ta c i n tranh thu timg ngky, kip thbi phat ddng tidn cdng dich trdn cac hudng, khdng de chim. Ndu de chim thi khdng cd lpi v l q u i n su chfnh tri. Kip thM hknh ddng luc nky Ik bao dam chac c h i n nhi't de giknh t h i n g lpi hokn tokn. Nam viing thM co Idn chiing ta nhi't dinh tokn t h i n g " Vk Bd Chfnh tri ha quye't t i m giai phdng Ski (3bn-Gia Dinh trudc ngky 30-4-1975.
Giiia liic q u i n dpi, chfnh quyln Ski Gbn dang trong con hoang loan, thi phi cdng Nguyen Thknh Trung l i i chie'c m i y bay F5E cua My, ndm bom Dinh Ddc L i p vk sau dd anh d i n dubng cho phi dpi khdng q u i n ta dimg
5 m i y bay A37 ndm bom s i n bay T i n Son Nhi't. T r i n bom cua Nguyen Thknh Trung lkm tang thdm noi lo so vk rd'i loan ndi bd Mf, Nguy. Td'ng thd'ng My G.R.Pho l i p tuc huy bb chid'n dich di tan b i n g may bay cd cinh cd' dinh, chuyin sang di tan b i n g may bay Idn t h i n g mang m i t danh
"ngubi lilu mang" 5 gib 30 phut ngky 30-4, Bd Chi huy chidn dich ra lenh td'ng cdng kfch, danh chid'm 5 muc tieu then chd't d i lua chpn trong ndi dd: s i n bay Tan Son Nhi't, Bd Td'ng tham muu, Dinh Ddc Lip, Td'ng Nha canh s i t dd thknh, Bidt khu thii dd. Tir bd'n hudng Ddng, B i c vk T i y Bic, T i y Nam, q u i n ta dong loat tien cdng vko Ski Gbn phdi hgp vdi q u i n chiing n h i n d i n nd'i day, dd'n 11 gib 30 phut ta lkm chu cac muc tieu vk cim cb Mat t r i n D i n tdc giai phdng len Dinh Ddc L i p . Td'ng thd'ng Duong V i n Minh vk ndi cic cMnh quyen Ski Gbn tuyen bd' d i u hkng cich mang khdng dilu kien.
Chid'n "dich H i Chf Minh tokn t h i n g . Cimg vdi cude Td'ng tien cdng giai phdng Ski Gbn-Gia Dinh, q u i n ta danh chie'm, giai phdng cac dao vk q u i n dao b ven bien miln Trung vk Trubng Sa.
Q u i n vk d i n cic tinh mien Ddng Nam Bd vk dong b i n g sdng Cuu Long tien cdng vk nd'i d i y diet vk lkm tan ra Q u i n dokn 4 Nguy, giai phdng cac tinh Long An, Binh Duong, Tiy Ninh, C i n Tho, Trk Vinh, Sdc Tring,
Rach Gii, Bac Lidu, dao Phu Qud'c, Bk Ria-Vung Tau.
Ngky 1-5, ta tid'p tuc giai phdng cac tinh My Tho, Go Cdng, Vinh Long, Chuong Thien, Ck Mau, Long Xuydn, C h i u Dd'c, Kie'n Tuong, Sa Dec, Cdn Dao. Den ngay 1-5-
1975, tokn bd cic tinh, thknh phd' trdn di't liin va cac dao, q u i n dao b bien Ddng tren tokn miln Nam Viet Nam dugc hokn toan giai phdng.
T h i n g lgi to Idn, toan dien cupc Tong tien cdng va noi day mua xuin 1975, ma dinh cao Ik chien dich Hd Chf Minh dd' lai cho ta nhieu bki hpc kinh ngMem quy b i u , trong dd cd nhiing bai hpc sau diy:
M6t Id, xdy dtmg Ddng vttng manh, ddp iing vdi y&u cdu nhiem vu cua cu^c khdng chiin
Cupc k h i n g cMen chdng My, Cliu nudc ciia nhan dan ta d i l n ra vo cimg ac het, phuc tap tren nMlu mat q u i n su, cMnh tri va ngoai giao, trong nudc vk qudc te.
Ke dich cd tiem luc quan su, kinh te manh nhi't the gioi, chiing tid'n hknh cupc chien tranh "Ting cubng tu ban", su dung nhiing vu kM hien dai nhi't de' chd'ng lai nhan d i n ta. Trong hokn canh do, Dang t a d i binh tlnh, kien dinh muc tieu cich mang:
Ddc ldp ddn tdc vd chd nghia xd hdi, d i n h gii dung ke thu vk so sanh diing luc lupng ddi ben dd'i khang, ha quyet t i m cMnh xac, di ra ducmi ldi khdng chiin chien lugc va phuang phdp cdch mani
3 4 ; TUYEN G I A O S 6 4-2012
dung, sdng tgo phd hgp v&i cdc th&i kjr biin chuyin cda cugc chiin tranh. Dubng ldi, chid'n lugc khang chid'n vk phuong phap cich mang diing dan dd da d i n dat q u i n vk d i n ta di tur thang lgi nky dd'n thang lgi khac, cud'i ciing danh bai cude chid'n tranh x i m lupc cua My, thu giang son v l mdt mdi. De l i n h dao q u i n vk d i n khang chidn, trudc het vk tren he't, Dang ta ludn ludn trung thknh vdi chu nghia Mac - Ldnin vk t u tuong Ho Chf Minh, ludn ludn chinh ddn, td' chiic Dang, xiy dung Dang trong sach viing manh tokn dien ca v l t u tuong, cMnh tri, t l chiic, mk hat n h i n Ik x i y dung "cM bd 4 td't" (mien Blc), "3 td't" (miln Nam), xiy dung dpi ngu dang vien, d p uy cac cap trung thknh vdi su ngMep cua dang, cua din, d n cu, diing cam, sang tao, guong mau, gian khd' khdng ngai, ac liet khdng sbn, ludn ludn di d i u trong chidn d i u vk cdng tac, d i n d i t q u i n chiing noi theo. Dd la nhiing yd'u to' tao nen sue manh cua Dang lanh dao thang lpi cude k h i n g chid'n chdng My, ciiu nudc.
Hai Id, dua vdo ddn, phdt huy site manh ciia todn ddn tgc, tien hdnh cude chien tranh todn ddn, todn dien
Dua vko d i n , phat huy lbng ydu nudc cua n h i n d i n de hokn thknh nMdm vu cua each mang Ik giai phdng mien Nam, tien tdi thdng nhi't nudc nhk vk di Idn chu
ngMa xa hdi Ik quan dilm co ban cua Dang vk Ho Chu tich. Cupc khang chien chd'ng My phiic tap, khd k h i n vk quye't liet tren nhilu mat, chi cd sux; manh ciia tokn d i n mdi vugt qua dugc. H i Chu tich ludn day chung ta b i t ky tinh hud'ng nko ciing phai bam chic l l y din, dua vko din. Dang ta dua vko d i n vdi nilm tin tuong tuydt dd'i "vide gi khd d i n lidu ciing xong" QuahM cupc khang chidn chdng Phap vk chd'ng My thang lpi da minh chiing hiing hon hieu qua cua siic manh tokn dan. Dua vko din. Dang ta da giio due, giic ngd chfnh tri cho nhan din, to chiic hp vko nhiing dokn t h l k h i n g chid'n, thuc Men phuong chim tokn d i n danh giac, tokn dien d i n h giic. Dong thM, Dang ta ludn chim lo boi duong siic din, lam cho dm sd'ng kinh td', v i n hda cua n h i n dan ngky cang n i n g cao. Quyln lam chu cua nhan d i n dugc phat huy trong mpi Hnh vuc: xay dung, cung cd' viing giai phdng, di'u tranh chfnh tri, di'u tranh q u i n su vk binh van. Trdn nhiing Hnh vuc di'u tranh nky, n h i n dan Ik nguOT s i n g tao, sang kie'n nhiing phuong phap di'u tranh hay, hidu qua, gdp vko truyin thd'ng danh giic giii nudc cua d i n tdc nhiing kinh nghiem quy.
Ba Id, xdy dung khdi dai dodn kit todn ddn vd tinh k^ ludt tu gidc cho todn qudn, todn ddn
Trong cude khang chidn
chd'ng My, Dang ta die bidt chii trpng xiy dung, cung cd' khd'i dai dokn ke't toan d i n trdn CO so lien minh cdng - ndng vk trf thiic. O miln Bac xiy dung Mat t r i n To qud'c Viet Nam, b miln Nam xay dung Mat t r i n Din tdc giai phdng. Tuy hai mat t r i n nhung chi la cimg mdt nhiem vu dokn ke't toan dan d i n h My, xiy dung miln Bac, giai phdng mien Nam.
Dang ta da t i p hpp dugc cac luc lugng ydu nudc vko mdt mat t r i n chung, khd'i dokn ke't lien minh cdng ndng trf thiic ludn phat trid'n, cung cd' viing chic, dap iing nhu c l u cua cupc khang chid'n. Tren cb so lien minh cdng - ndng vk trf thiic do Dang lanh dao, siic manh d i n tdc dupe phit huy cao dp da danh bai cac chidn lugc chid'n tranh cua My vk cud'i cung lam ndn mdt Miia Xuan 1975 dai thang. Qua trinh xay dung khd'i dai dokn ke't dan tdc thd'ng nha't, ding thm vdi mb rdng dan chu, lam cho moi ngubi t u giac chap hanh mdnh lenh, k^
luit. Nho tfnh ky luit tu giac dd, trong cupc Tong tid'n cdng vk noi day miia xuin 1975, cac luc lupng quan su, cMnh tri da phoi hpp nhip nhkng, an y, dung thbi gian quy dinh ndn da dua cupc Tong tid'n cdng vk noi day idiaiih chdng giknh thang lpi./.
(1) Richard Nixon - 1999:
Chiin thdng md khdng cdn chiin tranh, Nxb. Simon and Schuster.
TUYENGIAOSO'4-2012 ' 35
