Quan sat | Observation \sia-Pacific h^cononiK Hn1cv.
Thach thuc cua
"cong xuong the gioi"
T r o n g ba t h i p nifin duoc hudng di^u kien kinh t e qudc t e t h u i n lai, Trung Q u o c da t a o ra m d t h$ thdng san xuit t o a n cku phijc hop chua tung cd ve quy m d va d d phiic t a p .
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hung gid diy, c i c nha hoach dinh Tmng Qudc dang phii ddi dien vdi ba thach Ihiie ddng thdi dang didn ra, bao gdm eude khiing hoang no chiu Au Ian rdng, sy phuc hdi cham chap tai My v i sy suy giam tang trudng trong ban than ndn kinh te Tmng Qudc. C i ba thich thiie trdn ed mdi lidn hd vdi nhau v i bit ky sai lam eiia bOn n i o cung deu ed thd nhan ehim ndn kinh te toin c i u v i o mdt cude suy thoii mdi.De danh gii e i c nii ro v i lya chpn cua Tmng Qudc va the gidi, can phai hieu he thdng s i n xuit
"Xuit xu the gidi" (Made in the World) cua Tmng Qudc, vdi bdn tm edt khac nhau nhung phy thupe lan nhau.
Dau tien hong ba try edt niy la
"cdng xudng the gidi" ddng try sd tai Tmng Qudc, phan lan dupe tao nen bdi eac tap doan da qudc gia nude ngoai va cic n h i eung cap v i nhi thau phu nude ngoii ciia hp, vai viec xu ly va lip r i p dirpc tien hanh bdi eic doanh nghiep viia va nhd ed khi ning tiep cin tryc tidp vdi thi hudng the gidi thdng qua mOt mang ludi phiic tap e i c hcrp ddng. Bit d i u khidm tdn tai c i c
khu vyc duyOn hii va dac khu kinh le, chuoi cung cip "cOng xudng the gidi" da md rOng ra khip Trung Qudc, sin xuat mpi thu tii thii nhdi bdng eho tdi miy tinh bing iPad.
"Cdng xudng the gidi" chic hin se khd hinh thinh neu khOng cd try cot thii hai: "mang ludi co sd ha tang Tmng Qudc", dupe xay dyng v i hoat dOng ehii yeu b(ii cic doanh nghiep nha nude thdng nhit theo chieu dpc trong cac nginh hiu cin, nang lupng, giao thdng van tii v i vien thdng. Try cOt nay dya nhieu vao cac hoach dinh, diu tu cd dinh quy md Idn, va cic kidm soit hinh chinh; dong thdi chit luong, quy mO v i hieu qui tumig ddi eiia nd ed tam queUi trpng chidn lupc ddi vcn tinh egnh tranh vi nang xuat ciia Tmng Qudc.
Try edt thii ba l i "ehudi eung ling tii ehinh Trung Qudc", cung cap nhiing khoin tii chinh can thiet cho xay dyng va duy tri mang ludi CO sd ha ting. Chudi cung niy cd dae trung li su tiidng tri cua ngan hing nha nude, ty Id tiet kiem h-ong nude eao, thi hudng tii ehinh phit trien tuong ddi thap, v i mot tii khoin vdn ddng.
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KINH T^ CHAU A - THAI BINH DUONG So 374 (8/2012)Try edt cudi ciing li "ehuPi cung ling dieh vy chinh phii", Uieo dd eac quan ehtic tmng uong va dia phuong cd i n h hudng tdi mpi mdi lien he sin xuit, hiu can, va c i c mang ludi tii ehinh thOng qua quy dinh, thud khda, hay giiy phdp.
Da sd eac nha quan sit nude ngoii thudng bd qua quy mO vi chidu siu etia nhung doi mdi the che va thii tuc trong chudi eung niy, bdi nd da dat dupe k h i nhieu tidn bd vd b i o ho quydn sd hiiu tri tud, hgn che ehi phi giao djch, va tdi thidu hda nii ro bing each gin ket eac djch vy ehinh phii vdi Ipi ich thj hudng. Don eii, eac chinh quyen dja phuong Tmng Qudc da trd ndn rit gidi trong viOe thu hiit vdn diu tu true tiep nude ngoii (FDI) thdng qua eung c i p nhiing djch vy eo sd hg ting vi hd trp h i p din tao thuin Ipi cho vide md rdng ehuOi s i n xuat toan ciu.
Vdi vide xiy ra khiing hoing toin eiu va nhOng thay ddi Idn lao trong huyen thOng xa hdi, nhin khau, dd thi hda va han che ve tai nguyen, c i bd'n try edt niy dang gap phii nhung khd khin. Chuoi sin xuat diing trudc thich thiic thieu hut lao dOng, chi phi luong tang va nguy co chuydn sin xuat sang e i c nude cd miic chi phi thap hon. Trong khi dd, c i e nhiu dau tu qudc td cOng dang td ra nghi nggi ve khi nang tri np ciia cae chinh quyen dia phuong.
Cac chuydn gia Trung Qudc dang tranh lugn v^ mdt ciu hdi quin tri cd tinh then chdt: cau tnic thupng ting nao se cho phep nude nay theo dudi nhung eii eich e i n thiet de giai quydt nhung i p lye tu trong nude eung nhu qudc te. Nhi diu tu cung lo nggi v^ nhiing bien dOng eiia vdn chii sd hiJu Tmng Qudc, nil ro luit phip, vi nhang thay ddi ehinh sieh bit ngd, cung nhu nhung bit On bit ngudn tu sy trdi syt hon ciia gii tii sin, trong dd cd gii bit dOng sin, lii suit vi ty gia hdi doii.
Didu khien ngudi ta khd nim bit ve nen kinh te Tmng Qudc hon la mdi tucmg tac ngay cang phiic tap ciia ca bdn thanh td trong hO thdng s i n xuat niy vdi nhau vi vdi phin cdn lai ciia thd gidi.
Trudc het, didu kien thuin l<Di cho sy phat trien ciia "edng xudng the gidi" d i bat d i u bidn mit. Chi phi sin xuat - bao gdm lao dOng, tii nguyen, quy djnh, va co sd hg ting - d Tmng Qudc dang tang manh, trong khi bong bdng tidu diing d phuong Tiy da vo.
Thii heii, thinh cdng ban diu ciia "co sd ha ting Tmng Qudc"
dupe xiy dung dya tien dit dai, ngudn vdn vi lao ddng gii rd.
Nhung, mac du ed nhung eo sd ha ting hien dai, chi phi hiu can d Tmng QuOe van ehidm 18% chi phi sin xuit, so vcii ehi 10% o My, do nhiing sy thieu hieu qui bdn trong.
Thii ba, thanh edng ciia he thdng tii ehinh Tmng Qudc dupe xiy dyng dya tren nhiing khoin tii trp cua ngan hang nha nude eho eic dy i n eo sd ha ting vi nguon tii ehinh ben ngoai cho hing hda xuit khau thdng qua FDI vi thuong mai. He thdng tai chinh niy vin ehua giii quyet diy dii nhOng thich thu-e vd dO'i tupng dupe hudng l<Di tii chinh, dae biet li c i e lii trp cho doanh nghiep viia va nhd va khu vuc nOng ihOn, vi dang diing tiude nguy co sin xuit du thiia trong mpE sd nginh dupe coi la Erpng diem.
Chua het, ba try edt ed Ehe chic chin khd cd the duy tri diing vung nd'u khdng cd mOt eii neo ciia tm cot thu tu mang Igi. Cho tdi biy gid, thanh cdng ciia nd vin ed nen ting tii su canh tranh tieh eye giiia chinh quyen dia phuong vi cac bd nginh khic nhau, thd hidn qua nhiing chi sO hogt dOng nhu GDP va doanh thu tii chinh. Nhung thit trd trdu, dieu nay lai din tdi nhiing vin d^ ve binh ding xa hdi vi bdn viing mdi trudng, nhirng dieu can ed sy phdi hpp phiic tap giiia cac
eo quan quan lieu de vuot qua sy ein trd ciia nhiing Ipi ieh c i nhin cam dd.
Cd mOt sy thiia nhin vi dong thuan chung tai Tmng Qudc li con dudng eii eich ddi hdi phai Eai ciu tnic siu sic Eoan bd bdn try edt niy. Trudc het, chudi sin xuit phii chuyen Eu dya vio xuiE khiu sang dya chii trpng tieu diing trong nude. Sap xdp lai eo sd ha tang cua Trung Qudc nghia phii li nhan manh chit lucpng hon sd lupng, vi hgn che sd huu n h i nude, kiem soit gii e i ndn dd cho e i c lye luong thi trudng quydt dinh. Vai trd ciia nhi nude ndn Eap trung vao chdng tham nhiing, giam ttiieu ehi phi giao dieh, Uiiic diy canh tianh, hg Ehip e i c hang rio Ehud quan, va giii xda bd Einh trgng sin xuit du thiia.
Dd'i vdi chudi cung ung toan eiu, chia khda dd giii quyet nhirng nii ro hd Uidng vi hop ly hda cac uu dai de khuydn khieh n h i diu tu gdp siie tao ddng lye tang trudng thyc, thay vi tgo ra nhiing bong bdng tai san.
Sy thin ky Tmng Qudc duoc kien thiet bdi nhiing ddi moi ve thd che' vi thii tuc d moi cap eua chudi cung ling dich vu chinh phu. Tmng Qudc ddi hdi khdng gi khac ngoai mdt sy tai ciu true ErieE de hudng Edi mdt nen kinh Ee ein bang hon, binh ding x i hdi hon vi b^n vCmg hon. Qua trinh dd da biE diu vdi mpE vdng Ehii nghidm mdi Ehdng qua ba dae khu kinh td Hengqin, Qianhai, vi Nansha de din dudng cho sy hinh thinh mdt nen kinh te djch vy sing tao vi tri thiic.
Duong nhidn, mdt n^n kinh te nhu viy se dupe quyet dinh bdi chat lupng quin tri. Thich thiie thyc te cho e i c quan chiic Tmng Qudc la lam sao cin bing sang tao vi dOi mdi the che v(ji trit ty, qua dd d i m b i o tinh thdng nhat cua e i bd'n try edt kinh te tren.
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6 374 (8/2012) KINH T^ C H A U A - THAI BiNH DUONG
