ling dung cdng nghi sinh hpc
VMOT SO KET QUA iHVG DyNG CHE P H A M VI SINH
TRONG Xiy LY CHAT THAI NONG NGHIEP
THANH PHAN BON HUtJ CO
Tran Van Cirong', Nguyin Van Huan', Nguyin Hong Ngoc^Nguyen Quang Huy^ Pham Van Ngoc^ Phan Thf Lan Anh^ Ha Van Huan^
ThS. Tnmg tdm Phdt trien cong nghe Tdy Bac
^KS. Trung tdm Phdt trien cong nghe Tdy Bdc
^TS. Truang Bai hgc Ldm nghi?p
T O M T A T
Chat thai nong nghidp la cac loai chat thai dupc thai ra tii hoat dpng san xuat nong nghidp va xuat hien ngay cang nhieu tai cac viing nong thon trong khi kha nang diu tu cho xu ly, giam thilu 6 nhiem rit han chS. Do vSy, nguoi dan a nong thon dang hang ngay, hang gio doi mat voi tinh trgng 6 nhiem ngay cang tram trong.
Nghien cun n^y nhim myc dich l\ra chpn va img dyng cac thanh t\ru khoa hpc cfing ngh? trong xu ly chit thai nong nghi§p tai Phu Thp. Ket qua cua cac mo hinh trinh dien cho thSy, rcrm r^i sau xir ly co ham lupng OC 28,02%; N 1,87%; P2OJ 0,57%; K2O 1,53%; co mau nau den, spi ram mem, dc miin; phan Ipn sau xu ly c6 ham lupng OC 18,2%; N 0,91%; P2O5 0,21%; K2O 0,40%; c6 mau nau sam, khong co miii; san phim cua cac m6 hinh deu dat dp chin theo tieu chuin TCVN 7185 : 2002 va co thS sii dyng nhu mpt loai phan bon h&u co sinh hpc.
TCr khoa: Chat thdi, chi pham vi sinh, phan ban hiru ccf.
I. Di^T VAN DE
Xli ly chat thai va sii d\mg nguon phan bdn hiJu CO tao ra tic qua trinh xir ly vao tai san xuat ndng nghi?p la mong muon khong chi ciia ngudi nfing dan Vi?t Nam ma ciia tat ca nhung ng\xb\ lam nong nghi?p tren the gioi. Vi no khdng nhihig giai quySt du?fc van de ve moi trucmg ma con giai quyet dugc van de thieu phan bon huu ca chat l u ^ g cao hi?n nay. Vi?t Nam trong nhung nam qua da phat trien mgnh c6ng ngh? sinh hpc trong xu ly chit thdi chan nuoi va trong trgt, da six dyng hi^u qua cac ehe pham sinh hpc vira xir ly chat thai vita tao ra phan bon huu ca co chat lugtig tot phuc vu tai san xuat nong nghiep (Ph^m Bich Hien, 2012).
Cdng nghe xu Iy chat thai nong nghiep thanh phan bon hiiu ca b^ng ehe pham sinh hoc da dugc cac nuac phat trien ap dung tir nhieu nam v8 truac, cong ngh^ nay co chi phi dau tu va vdn hanh thap, phii hgp vdi cac ca sa CO di?n tich mat bSng rgng (Le Gia Huy, 2010).
Tir diu nam 2013 den nay, Trung tam Phat trifin cong nghe Tay Bac da ung dung thanh cong cong nghe vi sinh de xir Iy chat thai nong nghifp va sir dimg nguon phan him ca tao ra tie
T4.P CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE; LAM NGHI|F SO 4-2014 qua trinh xu ly phyc vy vao tai san xuat nong nghi?p tren dia ban tinh Phu Thg. Sau day la mgt so ket qua uiig dyng.
IT. V^T IA%\} VA PHU'ONG PHAP 2.1. vat lifiu
- Ram ra, phan chuong dugc thu gom tai cac xa Tien Phii, Ban Nguyen cua cac huyen Phil Ninh va Lam Thao, tinh Phu Thg.
- Che pham vi sinh va cac nguyen lieu khac do Trung tam Phat trien cdng nghe Tay Bac cung cap.
2.2. Phuong phap nghiSn cihi - Phuang phap xu ly ram rg;
Mo hmh gom 2 cong thuc:
CTI: Ram rg.
CT2: Ram ra + chd phdm vi sinh vat.
Ram ra dugc xii ly qua nudc vdi dg difiu chinh pH ve khodng thich hgp (pH = 6,5 - 7,0).
Ngam nudc sao cho dp am cua nguyen lieu dat 40 - 45%; Sau khi phoi trpn, danh dong u dimg nilon chiu nhiet phu kin dfing u. Sau u 7 ngay, tien hanh dao trgn roi tien hanh ii chin.
- Phuang phap xit ly chat thai chan nuoi Ign:
Mo hinh gom 2 cong thiic:
Ifng dung cdng nghe sinh hgc Dfii chimg: Phan Ign.
Cong thiic thi nghifim: Phan lon + ehe phdm vi sinh vdt.
Su dyng chdt dpn than bun va voi bpt dfi difiu chinh dp dm va pH ciia nguyen lieu, tifin hanh ii theo timg cong thirc trfin, dp am nguyen lieu khi u khoang 50-60%. Sau khi phfii trpn xong, danh dong u, dimg nilon chiu nhifit phu kin dfing u. Sau 7 ngay dao trgn ldn thii nhdt.
Ngay thii 15 dao trpn lan thu hai, sau do tien hanh u chin, khong dao trpn (trong 6-7 ngay).
- Phuang phap danh gia dp chin va an toan cua phdn u theo TCVN 7185: 2002.
- Phuang phap danh gia chdt lugng san phdm sau xir ly:
Thi nghiem dugc chia lam 4 cfing thiic:
CTI: 100% ddt;
CT2: 30% phan u + 70% ddt;
CT3: 50% phan u + 50% ddt;
CT4: 70% phan ii + 30% dat.
Mdu phan li dugc nghien nho va trgn voi dat.
Moi chau gieo 5 hat lua va nuoi trong nha ludi.
Xac dinh chieu cao cua cdy ma sau 14 ngay.
- Phuang phap xu ly s6 lieu: Thu thdp, xii ly va phdn tich cac so li?u dd co bang phan mfim Excel.
HI. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Ket qua iing dung ehe ph4m vi sinh trong xu- ly ro-m ra l^m phan b6n hiru cu
Nghien cuu da tifin hanh nghifin ciiu va iing dyng cong nghfi vi sinh vao xu ly ram rg tgi xa Ban Nguyen, huy?n Lam Thao, tinh Phu Thp.
Mfi hmh dugc xdy dyng theo phuang phap da neu a trfin.
Hinh 1. Xir ly ram rg bang ehe phdm vi sinh tfi Bdn Nguyen, Lam Thao, Phti Thp Sau khi phfii trgn, danh dong, dung nilon
chju nhi?t phu kin dong ii va tien hanh li chin. Sau 24 ngay xir ly da thu dugc mOt so ket quk sau:
* Thdnh phdn hoa hoc cua ca chdt ram rg trudc vd sau xiir ly
Kfit qua nghien ciiu cho thdy, nha hoat dgng sfing ciia cac chiing vi sinh vgt huu ich trong chfi phdm, cac hgp chdt hydratcacbon cfi cau tnic phuc tap nhu xenlulo, hemixenlulo... da
dugc chuyen hoa thanh cac hgp chat c6 cau tnic dan gian han. Sy chuyen hoa nay dugc thfi hifin qua sir thay doi cac thanh phdn hfia hpc ciia CO chat trong qua trinh u. Kfit qud phdn tich mpt so thanh phan hoa hpc ciia ram ra truac va sau li dugc tfing hgp tai bang 1. Qua bdng 1 nhdn thay, da co su chuyfin hoa cac thanh phin hoa hgc ciia ram ra a ca hai cfing thiic, trong do cfing thiic CT2 cho hieu qua xir ly ram rg cao hon CTI.
TAP CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2014
Ung dung cdng nghi sinh hpc
Bang 1. Ket qua phan tich mot so chi tieu hoa hpc cua raw rg sau xu ly C<r chit
Tniacu CTI
Sauu Trucrc li CT2
Sauu
c (%)
43,37 36,03 43,37 28,02
Chi N (%)
0,45 0,95 0,45 1,87
i tieu phan
r,oa%)
0,28 0,32 0,28 0,57
Uch K2O (%)
1,07 1,24 1,07 1,53
C/N 96,37 37,93 96,37 14,98 Ty lfi C/N la thfing sfi quan trgng dfi danh
gia chdt lugng ciia san phdm sau xii ly. Qua bang 1 cho thdy, sau 24 ngay u, ty le C/N cua 2 cong thiic da co su thay dfii ro ret, trong CT2 nho hoat dpng cua vi sinh vdt co trong chfi pham nen qua trinh oxy hoa cac hgp chat huu ca dien ra nhanh han so voi CTI, ty 1? C/N gidm con 14,98. Theo Jedidi va cgng sy thi ty 1$ C/N nay tuang ung vdi mfit dgng ca chat
huu CO fin dinh, co thfi sir dung Iam phan bon [Jedidi ef a/, 1991].
Kfit qua nghien ciiu ciing cho thay, ham lugng N tfing sfi, P2O5 va K2O trong san phdm sau u tang len va lan han so vai mdu ii tu nhien CTI.
* Dgc diem cdm quan cua sdn phdm sau ii Da tien hanh danh gia cam quan san pham sau khi Xli ly. Ket qua ddnh gia dugc trinh bay trong bang 2 va hinh 2.
Hinh 2. Mdu sac vd kit cdu cda san ph&m sau xu ly Bdng 2. Tinh chat cdm quan cda r<fm ra sau xd ly
Chi tieu danh gia CTI CT2
Mau sac Mui
Thanh phan ca gidi
Nau vang Hoi Sgi dai, ciing
Nau den Khdng miii Sgi mem, de mun Danh gia cam quan ram rg sau xu ly thdy
rang, CT2 dugc xir ly bang ehe pham vi sinh vdt da cfi nhifiu thay dfii vfi mau sdc, do dai vd miii. Nha tae dpng cua vi sinh vat co trong chfi pham cimg cac phan iing hoa ly xay ra trong qua trinh xii ly ma san pham tao thdnh sau xu ly Of CT2 cfi mau ndu den; sgi ram mun han so vai mdu dfii ehung va mau ram liic chua xu ly.
* Ddnh gid do chin vd an todn cua sdn phdm sau xvc ly
Dp chin la mpt chi tifiu quan trgng dfi xae dinh san pham da hoai myc hoan toan hay ehua. Ket qua danh gia dp chin ciia ram ra sau 24 ngay ii theo phuang phap da nfiu a tren dugc tong hgp trong bang 3.
iJ'ng dung cong nghe sinh hpc
Bang 3. Ket qud kiem tra nhiet dp trong tui sdn phdm Nhljt a? (°C)
Doi chung Thi nghiem
Xgay thu nhat 30 28
ThM diem do Ngay thir hai
29 28
Ngay thir ba 30 28 Sfi lieu bang 3 cho thdy, nhiet dp trong tui
san phdm trong 3 ngay danh gia rat fin dinh.
Theo TCVN 7185: 2002 tin san phdm da hoai mue hoan toan.
Ciing vdi do chin thi chat lugng (do an toan) ciia san pham cilng
biet quan trgng vi sau xir ly, san pham co thfi con chua nhieu chdt dpc hoac mam b?nh cho cay. Ket qua danh dp gia dp an toan cua sdn pham bdng phuang phap sinh hpc dugc the
aiJiinhi3.va4.
Hinh 3. Anh hudng cua ram ra sau xu ly len sfrphdt trien cua cay mg
Hinh 4. Bieu do ddnh gid dnh hudng cua sdn pham sau xif ly ram rg len sfrpkdt trien cua cay mg Qua hinh 3 va 4 cho thdy, do lieu lugng san
pham sau xii ly sir dyng a cae eong thuc khac nhau nen su phdt trifin ciia cay mg cimg co sy khac nhau. Cu the, tai cfing thuc 1- khfing su dyng san pham sau xii ly ram ra, chieu cao edy ma sau 14 ngay dat 14 cm. Con tgi 3 cfing thiic sii dyng san phdm sau xii ly ram ra thi eay ma a cong thiic 2 vdi lieu lugng san phdm sau xir ly la 30%, eay ma phat trien manh nhat vdi chieu eao dgt 15,1 cm, cao hon cong thiic 1 khoang 7,9%. Con efing thiie 3 va 4 vdi lieu lugng san phdm sau xii ly sir dung ldn lugt la
50 va 70% thi eay ma phat trien kem, chieu cao cay mg thap han so vdi dfii ehiing lan lugt la 17,9 va 39,3%. Dieu nay xay ra cfi thfi la do su dyng qua nhieu va khong cdn dfii san pham sau Xli ly nfin gdy ra tinh trang dat canh tdc bi ngg dgc do tich ty qua nhieu mpt loai nguyfin to nao do va ngan cdn cay trfing hdp thu cae chdt dinh duong khac.
Qua ket qua tren cho thay, san phdm sau xii ly ram ra bang ehe phdm vi sinh nfiu dugc sir dyng vdi lifiu lugng hgp ly thi se co nhiing tde dpng tieh e\re dfin sy sinh truang va phat trifin TAP CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2014
ifng dung cdng nghi sinh hpc ciia cay trfing, eo thfi su dyng lam phdn bon
hihi ca phyc vy sdn xudt nfing nghifip, hudng tdi phat trien mgt nfin nong nghi?p xanh, sgch, an todn va bfin viing.
3.2. Ket qua irng diing ehe pham vi sinh trong xu- 1^ chat thai chdn nuoi Igm I^m phan bon hihi ctr
* Thdnh phdn vgt ly, hod hgc cua sdn phdm
c a n cir vao kfit qud thii nghiem va ke thira ket qua nghifin ciiu da dugc cong bo trong nuac vd tren the gidi, da tien hdnh xdy dung 01 mo hinh xii ly chat thdi chan nufii Ign tgi dia ban xa Tifin Phii, huy?n Phii Ninh, tinh Phii Thg. Ket qud phan tich, ddnh gia su thay dfii vfi thanh phan hod hpc cua chat thdi chan nufii Ign trudc va sau xii ly dugc tong hgp tgi bang 4.
Hinh 5. Chat thdi chdn nuoi sau khi Sirpic xu ly bang chepltam vi sinh Bang 4. Thdnh phan ly, hod hpc cua ctr chat tru&c vd sau khi xd ly Trang thii
CO* chat
„ Truac khi ii CTI „ ,, . . Sau khi u Truac khi it CT2 „ , , . . Sau khi u
OC 28,4 22,9 28,4 18,2
N I.I 0,69
1,1 0,91
Chi tieu phan ti'ch (%) P2O5
0,16 0,17 0,16 0,21
K , 0 0,35 0,37 0,35 0,40
pH 5,4 7,2 5,4 6,9
Do am 80 54 80 35
Kfit qud bdng 4 cho thay hdm iugng cacbon tfing sfi cua efing thiic 2 (co sir dyng ehe pham vi sinh vat) gidm 35,9% so vdi truo'c khi xir ly.
Trong khi do a cfing thirc doi chiing (khfing sir dyng chfi phdm vi sinh) chi gidm 19,4% so vdi trudc khi xir ly. Sy sai khdc nay chimg tfi khi xir ly bang vi sinh vat, qud trinh phdn giai xenlulo, tinh bgt dien ra mgnh hon va nhanh han. K^t qud ciing cho thay ham lugng P2O5, K2O CO xu hudng tang len so vdi doi chiing do ham lugng cacbon tfing so gidm thfing qua hogt dpng cua vi sinh vat.
* Dgc diem cdm quan cua sdn phdm sau u Sau khi xu iy, mau sdc cua nguyen lieu da CO nhiing thay dfii dang kfi so voi liic chua ii, do sy chuyen hoa cac hgp chat him ea nha hogt dgng sfing cua vi sinh vat va eac phan ling hoa ly xdy ra trong qua trinh xir iy ma chdt thdi chan nufii lon co su thay dfii vfi mau sde, tai xop va co khd nang giii am tfit. Sy thay dfii tinh chat ly hgc cua nguyfin lieu trude va sau khi xir ly so sanh vdi dfii chiing khfing su dung chfi phdm vi sinh vat dugc trinh bay trong bang 5.
iTng d^ng cdng ngh$ sinh hpc Bang 5. Tinh chdt cdm quan cua chat thdi
chan nudi Chi tieu danb gia Thanh phdn ca gidi:
- Doi chiing - Thi nghiem - Doi chimg - Thi nghiem
- Doi chiing - Thi nghiem
Nguyen li^u u Von cyc.
khong xop Tai xop Den Nau sam Hoi Khong con mui
Ket qua cho thdy nha hoat dpng sfing ciia cac vi sinh vat trong chfi phdm nen san pham sau xir Iy mun va tai xop, kich thudc hgt nho han. Mau sde chuy&n tir mdu den thdnh mau nau sam. Ddc biet Id khfing con miii hoi thfii kho chiu cua chdt thdi ban ddu.
* Do chin vd do an todn cua phdn u Dp ehin duge xae dinh bdng phuong phap do nhiet dp sdn phdm theo TCVN 7185: 2002, dp an todn ciia sdn pham dugc ddnh gia theo cac phuang phdp sinh hge, ket qud dugc the hifin fi bang 6 vd hinh 6.
Bang 6. Ket qua kiim tra nhift dp trong tui sdn pham Mu--*a- /Oi-v Thoi dilm do Nhi?tdo(^C) - —
Doi chiing Thi nghiem
Ngay thir nhat Ngay thif hai Ngay thii ba 31
29
33 29
33 29 Kfit qua ddnh gia dp hoai muc ciia san pham
theo tifiu chudn Viet Nam TCVN 7185: 2002 Cling eho thdy nhifit do trong tiii san pham cua
cfing thiic sii dyng ehe phdm vi sinh vdt fin dinh chiing to rdng nguyen lieu da hoai myc hodn todn.
f '^BI^H
L ^
^ P i n r p . LLli>- l i 2 1 ^ _ l £ L L ^ B Hinh 6. Anh hudng cda san phdm sau xu- ly chdt thdi
chdn nuoi Ipn ten sifphdt trien cua c&y mg
— 16
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Hinh 7. Bieu do ddnh gid dnh hudng cua sdn pham sau xu- ly chat thdi chan nuoi len suphdt trien cua cay mg TJ^V cut KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 4-2014
IJng dung cdng nghi sinh hpc Kfit qua a bifiu dfi hinh 7 cho thdy, san
pham sau xii ly chat thai chan nuoi cfi nhirng dnh huong nhdt dinh den sy phdt triSn ciia cay mg. Trong 4 cfing thiic, tai cfing thiic 2 vdi lifiu Iugng sdn pham sau xir ly dugc su dyng Id 30%) thi cay mg phat trifin tfit nhdt vdi chieu cao dat 15,2 cm va cao han 8,6% so voi cfing thiic 1- khong sir dyng san phdm sau xii ly (14,0 em), con cac cfing thiic 3 vd 4 vdi lieu lugng sdn phdm sau xir ly bfi sung vdo ldn lugt la 50 vd 70% thi chieu eao edy mg co xu hudng giam ddn vd thap han so vdi dfii chiing ldn lugt la 7,1% vd 32%. Qua kfit qud tren cho thdy, sdn phdm sau xit ly chat thdi chdn nufii co anh hudng tfit nhat dfin su phdt trifin eua eay mg vdi lieu lugng sii dyng khoang 30%, lifiu lugng nay neu bfi sung vdo cang cao (>30%) thi cang co dnh huang bdt lgi tai sy phat trien cua cay ma.
Nhu vay, chat thai chan nuoi Ign sau khi xii ly bang chfi phdm vi sinh vgt co thfi sii dung nhu mgt nguon phdn bdn huu ca phyc vu eho sdn xuat nfing nghiep.
IV. KET LUAN
San pham thu dugc sau khi xii ly ram ra co ham lugng OC 28,02%; N 1,87%; P2O5 0,57%;
K2O l,53%i; cfi mdu ndu den, spi ram mfim, dfi mun. San pham thu dugc sau khi xii ly chdt thai chan nuoi (phdn Ign) co ham Iugng OC 18,2%; N 0,91%; P2O5 0,21%; K2O 0,40%; co mau nau sam, khfing cfi mCii. Cac san pham sau xir ly eiia edc mfi hinh dfiu dat dp chin theo tifiu chuan TCVN 7185 : 2002 vd co thfi sir dyng nhu mpt logi phan bon hihi ea sinh hpc.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Pham Bich Hien (2012). Nghien cuu vi sinh vgt de xu ly chdt thdi chdn nuoi dgng ran. Lu|in an tien si, Klioa Sinh hpc, Tnrcmg D^ii hgc Klioa hpc ty nhien.
2. Le Gia Huy (2010). Gido trinh cong nghe vi sinh vgt xu ly chal thdi. Nha xuit ban Giao dye Vifit Nam.
3. TiSu ban ky thu§t tieu chuSn TCVN/TC134/SC3, TCVN 7185 : 2002 - Phdn hiru ca vi smh vgt. Bo khoa h^c va Cong ngh^.
4. Jedidi NO, Cleemput V, Mhiri A, Hachicha R, Hassen A (1991). Utilisation du Carbone Marque 14C pour 1'Etude de la Mineralisation de Trots types de compost des ordures menagere.^. Revue de I'INAT, 6:
63-79.
REULTS OF MICROBIAL PRODUCT APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURAL WASTE TREATMENT TO AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Tran Van Cuong', Nguyen Van H u a n ' , Nguyen Hong Ngoc',
Nguyen Quang Huy', Pham Van Ngoc', Phan Thi Lan Anh', Ha Van Huan^
SUMIWARV
Agricultural waste is the waste emitted from agricultural activities and appear more and more areas m the rural while the ability of investment to handle, to reduce pollution is very limited Thus, rural people are daily, hourly facing pollution worsened. For the purpose of selection and application of scientific and technological achievements in agriculture waste treatment that we carried out this study in Phu Tho province. The results showed diat straw after treatment for content OC 28.02%; N 1.87%; 0.57% PjOs; 1.53% K2O; dark brown color, soft straw, labile; The pig manure after treatment for content OC 18.2%; N 0.91%; 0.21% PJOJ; 0.40%
K2O; dark brown color, no odor; product models are reaching maturity TCVN 7185; 2002 and can be used as a bio-organic fertilizer.
Keywords: Microbial product, organic fertilizer, waste.
NgirM phan bi^n Ng&y nhdn biii Ngdy phan bi^n Ng&y quyet dinh d i n g
TS. Biii Viin Thang 15/9/2014 01/10/2014 20/10/2014
