KINH TE
THANH Tl/U VA NHlfNG VAN DE DAT RA TRONG THU HUT FDI 6 VUNG KINH TE
TRONG DIEM BAG BO
'PHAM TUYEN
T 6 M TAT:
Trong nhffng nam qua, FDI d vung kinh td' trpng dilm Bac Bp (KTTD) da dat dffde nhffng thdnh tiiu ddng ghi nhdn ca ve sd Itfdng, cd cd'u va cha't Itfdng eae dff an. Qua dd, b^ sung mdt Itfdng vd'n quan trpng cho dau ttf phat trid'n, khai thdc vd ndng cao hidu qua sff dung cdc ngudn Itfc trong vffng, tao thd' vd life phdt trid'n mdi cho nen kinh te'; thue day eac boat ddng dieh vu phdt trien nhanh; day manh qua trinh chuyen dieh cd cd'u kinh td' theo htfdng hidn dai; 1dm eho viing KTTD Bdc Bd ngdy cdng hdi nhdp sdu hdn vao nen kinh te' khu vtfc va the gidi...
Tuy nhidn, ben canh nhffng kd't qua kha quan dd thi FDI d vffng KTTD Bac Bd eung bdc 10 nhffng han chd', bd't edp, chtfa thtfc stf ttfdng xffng vdi vi the, tiem nang ciia vung. Viec danh gid dtfde nhffng thanh tffu trong thu hdt FDI d vung KTTD Bae Bd, tff do dtfa ra nhffng va'n de dat ra hidn nay dd'i vdi boat dpng thu hut FDI d vung KTTD Bac Bd se gdp phln ndng eao hdn nffa hidu qud thu hdt FDI vdo viing KTTD Bae Bd trong nhffng nam tdi la nhffng mong mudn dffde tdc gid de cap trong npi dung bai vie't dffdi day.
TuT khoa: Vung kinh tl" trpng dilm Bae Bd, thu hut FDI.
1. NhCtng thanh ti^u dat dviffc trong thu hut FDI d vung kinh te'trpng diem B^c Bp
Thd nhd't, ngudn vdn FDI vdng KTTD Bdc Bd gdp phdn lam cho tdc do tdng trUdng kinh ti' cua viing dat cao vd dn dinh.
Nd'u nhff nam 2003 toan Vung thu hut dtfde 181 dff an, vdi tdng von ddng ky 1.634 tridu USD thi luy ke den het nam 2008, eon so' nay la 1.894 dff an, vdi tdng vd'n dang ky 25.769 tridu USD; d^n thang 7 nam 2012, con so' ndy da Id 3.239 dff an, vdi tong vdn dang ky 36.538 tridu USD. Tinh trong ca giai doan 2003 - 7/2012, tong sd dtf an toan vung tang 10,46 lan, trong khi dd tdng vd'n dang ky tang tdi 22,36 lan. Sff tang trffdng eua ddng vd'n FDI da bd sung mdt Itfdng vdn quan trong vao td'ng vdn diu ttf phdt triln todn viing, nhan td khdng the thie'u cho tang trffdng kinh te'.
Tde dp tang trffdng GDP cua vung KTTD Bac Bd nhffng nam gan ddy dat khd cao. "GDP theo gia hidn hdnh eua toan vung KTTD Bac Bd nam 2010 dat hdn 24,1 ty USD, ddng gdp 20,8% GDP cua ca nffde vd tang ga'p 4,5 lan so vdi nam 2005 (hdn 5,3 ly USD). Trong 4 viing KTTD cua ca ntfde, GDP eua vung KTTD Bae Bp dffng thff 2 ve quy md sau vung KTTD Phia Nam (gan 40 ty USD)" [Tdi lieu l,tr.41j.
Khu vtfc kinh td' cd stf tdng trtfdng manh nha't trong ea giai doan 2001-2010 la nganh cdng nghidp - xay dtfng, dat 14,4% binh quan nam; tiep de^n la khu vtfc dich vu dat td'c dp tang trffdng 12,4% binh quan nam; khu vffc ndng nghidp chi dat 3,3% binh quan, tha'p hdn so vdi td'c dp tang d khu vffc nay ciia ca nffde (3,6%)" [Tai lieu 1, tr.41]. Dffng dau ve quy md GDP trong vung la Ha
So 12^ Thang 9/2018 111
Ndi (53,3% eiia vung), sau dd la Hdi Phdng (12,4%) vd Quang Ninh (7,8%).
Nhd ddng gdp cua FDI ma cd ca'u kinh td' eua vung KTTD Bae Bd da ed sff chuyen bid'n theo htfdng hien dai, khi ty trong ede nganh dieh vu (DV), cdng nghidp va xay dtfng (CNXD) tang len, trong khi ngdnh Ndng - Ldm - Thiiy san (NLTS) giam xud'ng ddng ke. Nd'u nam 2000, ngdnh Ndng - Lam - Thiiy san chid'm ty trpng 19,2%, trong khi ede nganh phi ndng nghiep chid'm ty trpng 81,8%
thi sau mtfdi ndm, nhffng con sd nay lan Itfdt la 9,4% va 91,6%.
Thd hai, quy mo, chdt luang ngudn nhdn luc trong khu vUc FDI dUOc ndng lin; trinh do cdng nghe trong cdc doanh nghiip FDI cdng duac cdi thien.
Ltfe ltfdng lao dpng trtfc tid'p trong cae doanh nghidp FDI tdng Idn hang nam cd vl sd' tuydt dd'i va tde do tang trtfdng. "'Nd'u nhtf nam 2003, sd' lao ddng dang lam vide trong khu vtfc FDI mdi chi la 101.242 ngtfdi thi de'n nam 2010, khu vtfe FDI dd sff dung 443.447 lao ddng, tang ga'p 4,3 lan so vdi nam 2003. Tinh chung ca giai doan 2003 - 2010, khu vtfc FDI cua vung KTTD Bac Bd cd 2.047.044 lao ddng dang lam vide, trung binh Id 255.880 lao ddng/nam" [Tai lieu 2, tr.92]. "Trong tong so lao dpng dang ldm vide trong khu vtfc FDI, lao ddng cdng nghidp tang ra't nhanh va chid'm ty trpng rat cao. Nd'u nhtf ndm 2003, lao dpng cdng nghidp trong khu vffc FDI cua vung KTTD Bae Bd la 78.222 ngffdi, chid'm 77,26% tong so lao ddng dang lam vide trong khu vffc FDI thi dd'n nam 2006, cdc eon so'tffdng ffng la 185.623 ngtfdi va chid'm ty Id 89,92%; ndm 2010 la 345.138 ngffdi, chiem ty Id 79,86%" [Tai lieu 2, tr.94].
Ngudn nhdn Iffc trong khu vffc FDI d vung KTTD Bdc Bd khdng chi phat trien nhanh vl mat sd' Itfdng md chat Itfdng lao ddng ciing ttfng bffdc dffde ndng Idn. Nhieu lao ddng sau khi dtfde tuyin dung vao lam viec trong cac doanh nghidp ed vd'n FDI da dtfdc dao tao bo sung, cd dieu kidn tid'p cdn, hoc hdi va tid'p thu ky thuat mdi, edng nghd mdi, cdch thffc dilu hdnh doanh nghidp vd tac phong lam vide cdng nghidp, tffng btfdc gdp phln nang cao tnnh dp chuydn mdn, nghidp vu.
Cung vdi sff phat trien ndi chung ciia khu vffc FDI, "cdc nhd diu ttf cung dtfa vdo vung KTTD Bac Bd nhffng day ehuydn san xua't vdi cong nghe
tidn tid'n, hien dai" [Tdi lieu 1, tr.65]. Vi vdy, cSc san phIm tao ra ed sffc canh tranh cao va da ddng gdp quan trpng vao phdt trid'n kinh td' d vffng. Tren thffc td', tnnh dp edng nghd eua khu vffc FDI cung cao hdn eac khu vffc kinh td" khac, do dd khu vtfc doanh nghidp cd vd'n DTNN ed mffc thu nhap binh qudn eao nhd't.
Trang thid't bi ciia khu vtfe FDI Id trang thiet hi dong bp, cd trinh dp cao hdn hoac bang cdc thid't bi tidn tid'n da cd trong ntfdc. "Trong dd, ddc bidt phai ke' dd'n nhffng dtf an edng nghidp ky thudt cao vdi 11 doanh nghidp deu tap trung d KCN viing KTTD Bac Bo vdi tong vd'n diu ttf hdn 1 ty USD (phln Idn cua Nhat Ban) nhtf Cong ty TNHH Canon Viet Nam, Sasmsung, Mabuchi Motor..."
[Tai lieu 1, tr.65].
Thd ba, vi the vai trd cua khu vUc FDI ngay cdng duac ndng cao the hien tren nhieu mat.
Nd'u nam 2003, khu vffc FDI d viing KTTD Bac Bp da nop ngan sach 2.352 ty ddng thi den nam 2008, eon so' nay la 16.770 ty ddng, tang 7,13 lan so vdi nam 2003 va nam 2010 la 23.873 ty ding, cao ga'p 10,14llnso vdi nam 2003. Xetvl ty trong ddng gdp ngan sach thdi gian qua cd the thay, chi duy nha't nam 2003, khu vffc FDI ddng gdp ngdn sach dffdi 10%, cdc nam cdn lai ty Id nay deu dat hai eon sd. Nam 2008, eiing vdi sff gia tang ciia ddng vd'n FDI, nam ed sd' Itfdng va tdng vd'n FDI dang ky Idn nhd't cung la nam khu vffc FDI ddng gdp ngdn sdch dat ty trpng cao nhd't trong td'ng thu todn viing la 17,38%.
Hoat dpng xua't khau cua khu vffc FDI cung tang len nhanh chdng va ddng vai trd thuc dly stf gia tang ciia tdng kinh ngach xua't kha'u toan vung.
Kim ngach xud't khau eua khu vffc FDI 6 ddy co tri sd' tuydt dd'i Idn, chid'm ty trong cao, tdc dd tang nhanh. Dieu ndy da trffc tie'p gdp phan cdi thidn hoat ddng thtfdng mai ndi chung, ngoai thffdng noi rieng, lam eho tdng kim ngach xua't khau cua vung nhffng nam gan day cd sff tang len lien tuc. Thi trffdng xua't khau dffde md rpng, dac bidt mdt so san pham san xud't tren dia ban vung da tham nhap vao nhffng thi trffdng cd nhilu tiem nang va cung hd't sffc khd tinh nhff: My, Nhdt Ban, EU.
Cd ca'u xua't khau cung cd stf bid'n doi. Ty trpng san pham xud't kha'u do cdng nghidp ehl^ bie'n tao ra ngay cang nhieu hdn hang ndng san. Mdt so' mat hang ehu Iffc, ddng gdp Idn cho tang trtfdng xu^t
KINH TE
khau dan dtfdc khang dmh nhff quan ao may sdn, do gd, hang didn tff, thie't bi didn...
Rd rang, boat dpng xud't khd'u cua khu vtfe FDI da gdp phln dffa vung KTTD Bac Bd hpi nhdp ngay cang sdu hdn vao nen kinh te' khu vtfe vd the' gidi, lam eho vi the' cua viing ngay cang dtfdc nang cao trong con mat be ban trong ntfdc vd qud'c te'.
2. Nhifng va'n dl dat ra dd'i vdi d^u tif trffc tid'p nufdc ngoai d vung kinh td' trpng did'm Bac Bd
- Mdu thudn gida lai ich c&a nhd ddu tuvdi lai ich quoc gia vd vdng trong hoat dpng ddu tU true tie'p nudc ngodi
Trong cd che' thi trtfdng, cac doanh nghidp ed vd'n FDI ndi rieng bd vd'n ra boat ddng san xua't kinh doanh trtfdc he't vi muc tidu Idi nhuan. Cdc nha dau ttf ludn tinh todn de dtfa ra stf ltfa chon vl dia diem diu ttf, ngdnh nghi dau tff (cdng nghidp, ndng nghiep hay dieh vu)... sao cho stf ltfa chpn d'y mang lai cho hp ngudn Idi nhuan cao nha't, trong thdi gian ngan nhd't. Thtfc tidn hoat ddng FDI d vung KTTD Bae Bd thdi gian qua da ehi rd dilu do khi FDI diu tff vao cae nganh cdng nghiep, dich vu ludn vtfdt trdi so vdi nganh ndng nghidp, vdo cdc khu cdng nghidp tdp trung chid'm ty Id dp dao so vdi ngodi cac khu edng nghiep tap trung. Ne'u so sanh eac-dia phffdng trong vung KTTD Bac Bd, ed the' tha'y, Itfdng vd'n FDI thu hut dtfde ed stf chenh lech kha Idn.
Ngodi ra, nhffng muc tieu, dinh htfdng phdt triln kinh td' vd nhffng va'n de nhay edm vl van hda xa hpi, qud'c phdng - an ninh cffa dd't ntfdc vd cac dja phffdng trong mdt khdng gian kinh te' nhd't dinh, thffe chat la Idi ich qud'c gia, dia phtfdng tid'p nhan dau ttf ddi khi khdng thdng nhd't vdi dtf dinh dau ttf ciia doanh nghidp. Day Id mdt mdu thudn va mdu thuan nay dien ra thffdng xuydn, ddi hdi phdi dtfde dilu chinh kip thdi de dam bao Idi ich chinh ddng cua mdi bdn Ba't ky mdt nha dau ttf ndo eung mud'n dtfdc hffdng nhffng tfu dai eao nhd't, ding thdi ddi hdi dtfdc bao hd cac san pha'm ma hp san xua't ra. Chinh quyln cae ca'p md trtfc tie'p Id chinh quyen dia phtfdng khdng the khdng tdn trpng Idi ich cua nha dau ttf, nhffng cung eIn phai de ra eac chu trffdng, chinh sach nham bao vd Idi ich cua dia phtfdng va cao hdn la Idi ich ciia qud'c gia dan tdc.
Nghidng v l ba't ky mot phia ndo trong hai Idi ich
nay deu khdng the dffa lai ke't qua nhff mong mudn dd'i vdi boat ddng FDI.
- Mdu thudn gida yiu cdu cao vi cdc ngudn luc vdi thuc trang ngudn luc cua cdc dia phuang trong vdng
Cho dd'n nam 2020, vung KTTD Bac Bd dtfa ra mdt so muc tieu can dat tdi nhtf: Phd'n dd'u dat mtfc tdng trtfdng GDP binh qudn hdng ndm cua vung trong giai doan 2011 - 2020 Id 10,5- 11%. Tang ti trong ddng gdp eua viing trong GDP eua ca nffde tff 23,3% nam 2010 len khoang 28 - 29% vao nam 2020. Chuyen dich cd ca^u kinh te' theo hffdng CNH, HDH, tao ra cdc san ph^m ehil Iffe dtfng vffng dtfde trdn thi trtfdng, tang sffc canh tranh.
Tang ti trong lao dpng lam vide trong linh vffc phi ndng nghidp, tang so'vide lam cd ndng suat cao vd tieu hao it nang Itfdng hdn, sff dung dd't cd hidu qua hdn tren cd sd phat trien eae nganh cdng nghd eao vd san xud't cdc san pham cd nhieu ham Itfdng ehd't xam. Tang gia tri xud't khiu binh qudn diu ngtfdi tff 1.157 USD nam 2010 len khoang 9.000 USD nam 2020. Tang ti trong xud't khau so vdi cd ntfdc tff 23,2% nam 2010 len 30% nam 2020. Ddng gdp ciia vung vdo ngan sdeb nha nffde dat khoang 32%
d thdi diem trdn. Dd'y nhanh tdc dd dii mdi edng nghd dat binh qudn 20 - 25%/nam, di dau trong tien trinh hidn dai hda, ed ti Id edng nghd tid'n tie'n dat khoang 45%. Dffa ti le lao dpng da qua dao tao dat khoang 60% vdo ndm 2020. De' thffc hien dffde dieu nay, cin thtfc hidn ddng bd nhilu giai phdp, trong dd nhd'n manh tie'p tue thu hut eac doanh nghidp ed vd'n FDI Idn va ky thuat tien tie'n.
Theo dtf bao eiia Bd K l hoach vd Dau ttf, mffc vd'n dau tff cho giai doan 2011 - 2015 cua vung KTTD Bae Bd vao khoang 21 ty USD (gid USD nam 2010), ttfdng dffdng vdi khoang 400 000 ty ddng (gia nam 2010), trong dd vdn FDI chid'm 17%, ttfdng dffdng 68.000 ty dong. (Bang 1)
Dd'n giai doan 2016 - 2020, ting nhu cau vdn dau ttf ciia vung tfdc tinh vao khoang 1.430.000 ty ddng, trong do ngudn vd'n FDI dtf kien sd thu hut vao khoang 286 000 - 290.000 ty ddng, chid'm 19 - 20% tdng vd'n diu ttf.
Nhtf vdy, nhu elu FDI vdo vung KTTD Bac Bd la he't sffc rd rang. Id gidi phdp can thid't dd' tang vdn dau ttf, phat triln kinh te' - xa hdi, thtfc hidn muc tieu dffa viing trd thdnh mdt dau tdu tang trtfdng, cd kha nang thuc day stf phat trien cua cdc
So 12-Thang 9/2018 113
Bang 1. Tong vSn dau ti/ da bao cua vung KTTD Bac Bo thdi ky 2014-2015
Chi tieu
Tong 1. Ntia niidc 2. Dan ca va
Doanh nghiep tu nhan 3. FDi
Von (ti'dong)
400.000 132.000 200.000 68.000
CdcSll
(%)
100,0 33,0 50,0 17,0 Ngudn: [Tdi lieu 1, tr.228]
Bang 2. Tong von dau \U dtf bdo cua vung KHD Bac Bo thdi ky 2016-2020 Chi tieu
Tdng 1. Nhanufic 2. Dan CU va Doanh nghiep tu nh3n 3. FDI
Von (tydong) 1.430.000-1450.000
458 000460.000 686.000-670.000 286.000-290.000
Cdcau
(%)
100,0 33,0-34,0 48,0-49,0 19,0-20,0 Ngudn: [Tdi lieu 1. tr.229]
vung khde d phia Bae va rpng hdn la ca ntfdc.
Mud'n thtfc hidn dinh htfdng dd, can huy ddng mot khd'i Itfdng rat Idn cdc ngudn ltfe eua ed Trung tfdng va tffng dia phtfdng, trong khi dd nhan tdi, vdt Itfc d ddy khdng phai la mot con sd' vd han.
Bdn thdn ngudn tdi nguydn thidn nhien d vung KTTD Bac Bd tuy dtfdc danh gia la ttfdng dd'i phong phu, da dang, nhtfng ehi ed than da, dd vdi va mot vdi loai khde cd kha ndng khai thac quy md cdng nghidp; edn lai eung chi ed trff Iffdng vffa phai. Nguon nhdn Iffc d vung KTTD Bac Bp dtfde coi la mdt iTu thd', mdt the manh khi so sanh vdi eac viJng kinh td' khde trdn ca ntfdc, song nd khdng the coi Id mdt nhdn td'ed'dinh vi cdc viing kinh td' khde eiing ludn coi trpng phat trien ngudn nhdn Iffc trong thu hut FDI, phdt triln kinh td' - xd hdi, nhat Id khi nIn kinh td' the' gidi dang chuyen din tff phdt trien theo chieu rdng sang phat trid'n theo chilu sau, coi trpng chdt xdm, coi trpng nhan td' eon ngtfdi. Dd Id ehtfa tinh den ye'u to nd'u dem so
sanh qud'c td', nguIn nhan ltfe d vung KTTD B^c Bd chi d mffc trung binh.
- Mau thuSn giffa yeu cau eao ve edng tac quan ly nha ntfdc dd'i vdi diu ttf trffc tie'p nffde ngoai v&
thffc trang qudn ly nha nffde trong linh vtfe nay &
vung kinh td' trpng diem Bae Bd cdn nhieu han chd', bat cap.
De khu vffc FDI d vung KTTD Bac Bd phdt triln thuan Idi ddi hdi phai cd nhieu ye'u to', trong dd cd edng tdc quan ly nha nffde v l FDI. Trong dilu kien hdp tde, canh tranh manh me nhtf hien nay, cdng tac quan ly nha ntfdc v l FDI ludn dat ra nhffng ydu clu ra't cao d l vffa thffe bien dtfdc nhffng muc tieu kinh td'- xa hdi cua dat ntfdc, dia phffdng trong tffng giai doan, phil hdp vdi dinh hffdng XHCN, vffa tao sff thdng thoang, cdi md, ha'p dan eae nha DTNN. Cdc ydu eau do bao gdm: yeu cau ve bao dam stf phu hdp ciia cac chinh sach FDI vdi cdc quy dinh vd thdng Id quoc te ve linh vtfe ndy; ydu eau ve giai quyd't cdc mfi'i quan he ngan han vd ddi ban, Trung ffdng - viing vd dia phffdng; ydu eau ve tinh thong nhd't, edng khai, minh bach va thdng tin dly du trong qudn ly nha nffde ve FDI... Cac nha DTNN ludn quan tam dd'n eung each quan Ij' eua nffde ehu nha, eiia cdc dia phffdng ndi hp trien khai dff an, nhd't la he thdng cd chd', chinh sach dd'i vdi FDI. He thing ed ehd' chfnh sdch phu hdp va ddng bd la mdt ylu td' can thid't trong thu hut FDI, vi nd la ed sd de dieu chinh hdnh vi cua cdc doanh nghidp trong khu vtfe kinh te' nay. Tuy nhidn, do Vidt Nam mdi chuye'n sang kinh td' thi trtfdng, vung KTTD Bac Bd trong thdi gian qua lai ed stf bid'n ddng, dilu chinh dia gidi, kinh nghidm thu hut DTNN chtfa nhieu, ndn cdng tac quan ly nha ntfdc v l FDI ndi chung, he thd'ng cd che', chinh sach dieu chinh hoat dpng cua eae doanh nghidp trong khu vffc kinh te' nay ndi rieng edn nhilu yd'u td' bd't e|p.
Nhffng yd'u to' bd't cap ay nam ngodi mong mu6n cua cae nhd DTNN va td't nhien nd se anh hffdng trffc tie'p dd'n mdi trtfdng d i u ttf, gay khd khan eho vide trien khai thtfc hidn cdc dtf an dau tff, tffc la sd cd nhffng tac ddng khdng thudn chilu de'n hoat ddng FDI. Bdi thd', va'n de dat ra cho vung KTTD Bac Bd trong thdi gian tdi la tffng bffdc hodn thien cd chd', ehinh sach cho phu hdp vdi ydu clu cua boat ddng FDI •
KINH TE
TAX LIEU THAM KHAO:
/. Bp Ki hoach vd Ddu lu(2013), Bdo cdo long hap De dn Quy hoach tdng the phdt trien kinh le - xd hpi vitng kinh ti'trpng diem Bac Bd di'n ndm 2020 vd dinh hUdng de'n ndm 2030, Hd Ndi.
2. Trdn Thj Tuyi'i Lan (2008), Thu hut ddu tu true iiep nudc ngodi tinh Vinh Phue tlieo hudng phdt trien ben vdng, Ludn vdn thac si kinh te, Hpc viin Chinh tri Hdnh chinh Qud'c gia Ho Chi Minh, Hd Ndi.
Ngay nh^n bai: 21/8/2018
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va siia chffa: 31/8/2108 Ngay cha'p nhdn dang bai: 11/9/2018
Thdng tin tdc gid:
ThS. PHAM TUYEN
Ban Quan ly khoa hpc, Hpc vien Bao chi va Tuyen truyin
ACHIEVEMENTS AND ISSUES RELATED TO ATTRACTING FDI INTO THE NORTHERN KEY ECONOMIC ZONE
• Master, PHAM TUYEN Sciences Management Board, A c a d e m y of Journalism a n d Communication
ABSTRACT:
In recent years, the Foregin direct investment (FDI) in the key northern economic region has achieved remarkable achievements in terms of quantity, structure and quaUty of projects. The FDI has added a significant amount of capital for investment in the development, exploitation and raising the efficiency of using resources in the region. The FDI also creates nevi* economic development potentials and forces for the economy, promotes fast-grovi'ing service activities and speeds up the process of economic restructuring towards modernization to help the key northern economic region to deeply integrate into the regional and global economy. Hovi'ever, besides the positive results, the FDI in this economic zone also poses some shortcomings which are not suitable to the position and potential of the region. It is important to assess the achievements in attracting FDI into the northern key economic zone to identify current issues related to attracting FDI to work out solutions lo improve the efficiency of attracting FDI into the northern key economic zone.
Keywords: The northern key economic region, attracting Foregin Direct Investment (FDI).
So 12-Thang 9/2018 115
