NGHIEN C d o - TRAO DOI
Thao gS kho khan
trong xuat khau nong san sang Trung Quoc
PGS, TS. BGI Hda DCfC TrUdng Dai hgc ThUOng m?i
Thdi gian qua hoat dpng xuS't khau nfing san cua Viet Nam sang thi trtfcfng Trung Quoc da drfrfc chu trpng va co n h i l u chuyfe'n bid'n tich ctfc, kim ngach xuat kha'u nhieu m|lt hang lien tuc co stf tang trifSng kha, tuy nhien, v i n con g^p khdng it kho khan, trd ngai. Vi v$y, de xuS't cac giai phap d^ thuc d^y xua't kha'u b i n vffng sang thi trtfcTng nay la vi$c lam ca'p thid't hi$n nay.
NHIEU MAT HANG TANG T R U C N G KHA
Trung Qud'c la mdt trong nhffng thi trffdng tiem ndng eua xua't khau ndng san Viet Nam. Kim ngach xua'l khau nhieu mat hang ndng san sang Trung Qud'e da ed sff tang trffdng khd qua tffng ndm.
Bang 1 cho tha'y, nhieu mat hang ndng san chu Iffc eua nffdc ta xua't sang Trung Qud'c cd sU tang tnfdng kha ca ve lUdng va kim ngach, trong do ed the ke dd'n cdc mat hang nhU: gao, ed phd, ehe, san va cdc san pham tff san, rau qua... Diem dang chu y Id Trung Qud'e dang trd thdnh ihi trffdng so mdt cua gao Viet Nam. Trong nam 2012, xud't khau gao sang Trung Qud'c dot ngdt ldng manh, ffde tinh gd'p 6, 7 Ian ve san lupng va 5, 6 lan ve gid tri so vdi nam 2011. Trong 6 thdng dau nam 2013, Trung Qud'e nhdp khau 1,29 tridu tan gao, tdng 8,7% so vdi eung k$' nam 2012 va ehiem 36,03% tdng khdi Iffdng xud't khau. Vdi sff lang trudng kim ngach xua'l khau ndi chung trong nhiihg ndm qua, Trung Quoe da trd Ihdnh thj trUdng xud't kh^u ldn thff 5 eua Viet Nam.
V A N H C N G KHO KHAN, TRd NGAI
Mae du Trung Qud'e la thj hifdng xulit khau mat hdng ndng san ldn ctia Viet Nam, nhifng 6 thdng d i u nam 2013, kim ngach xua'l khd'u cua Viet Nam sang thi tnidng ndy da bi giam 0,18% so vdi ciing ky nam trffdc, do hoat ddng xuS^t khiu ndng san sang thj trffdng Trung Quoc eung dang gap nhieu khd khan, trd ngai.
Ddla:
Nhiiu riil ro irong ky ket vd ihuc hien hap dong xudl khdu: Hien tUdng hiw hdp ddng hoac ep gid dien ra kha pho bien irong hoat ddng xud't khau ndng san sang Trung Qud'c thdi gian qua. Chi tinh ttong 4 thang dau nam 2013, cae doanh nghi|p Vidt Nam da ky dUpc hdp ddng xuat khau hdn 4,2 tridu td'n gao, tdng 9,92% so vdi BANG 1: KIM tHGACH X U A T KHAG CAC MAT H A N G fSOrHG SAM CHtJ YEU SAtSO TRUMG QUOC M$t hang
Hat dilu Caphe Che Gao
San%acacSPlLfs;in Rau qu,i
2010 Lircfng
(tan) 32.132 26.499 14.228 124.466 1.584.190
Tri gia fl.OOO USD)
183 367 39 362 16 931 54.637 516.296 74.901
2011 Lifdng
liin) 37 235 24.594 12.576 309.003 2.435.100
Tri gia 11.000 USD)
300 389 53.177 14.182 160.689 860.325 146.119
2012 LUUng
liin) 46.671 50.674 14.632 2.085.686 3.758.709
Tri gii 11.000 USD)
289.225 130.326 i 9 j n 898.430 1.179.896 218.00
\au6D: Tong cut Hai <p
eung ky nam 2012. So" lUOng hpp ddng cdn lai giao tff thdng 5 la 2,08 tridu ta'n.
Vdi tinh hinh nhff tren, dp Iffc ldn kho ciia gao Viet Nam la khdng Idn. Tuy nhien, gao xua't khau nffdc ta Iai dang chiu sffc dp giam gid, bj dpa buy hpp ddng rd't ldn Iff Trung Qud'e. Theo y kid'n cua nhidu chuyen gia, tuy la nhd nhdp kh^u gao ldn nhd't ctia Vidt Nam, nhffng thj trffdng Trung Qud'c ehffa dffng nhieu nil ro nha'l ve ep gia, hiiy hpp ddng xua't khau gao.
Cd tdi 64% hdp ddng xua't khau gao bi huy trong 4 thdng diu nam 2013 la tff Trung Qud'e.
Ve hlnh thffe thanh toan, edc doanh nghidp Trung Qud'c thffdng ydu eau dd'i tdc Viet Nam ehuydn hdng sang rdi mdi nhdn lien. Cdch thffc thanh lodn nay khdng nhffng Iam cho cae doanh nghidp xua't khau ndng san Viet Nam gap nhieu rui ro, ma cdn ludn dffng trffdc nguy cd bj dp gid, nhieu dd'i tde dd ldi dung thdi diem ngudn eung ddi dao de "ep" gid gao Vidt Nam xud'ng. Nhieu trffdng hdp, hop ddng da ky, nhtfng khi hang dang trdn dffdng van ehuydn thi dd'i tdc Trung Qud'c lai ra dieu kien phai ha gia nd'u khdng se khdng nhdn hang.
S^ thay ddi chinh sdch bien mdu cua Trung Qudc: Thdi gian qua Trung Qud'c ludn dp dijng nhffng chinh sdch bidn mau khd Iffdng, khie'n cho doanh nghidp Viet Nam thffdng bi thua thiel. Cac_ doarih nghidp Viet Nam khd cd the nam bat, xoay trd kjp trffdc sff thay ddi ciia Trung Qud'c, nhff; thudng xiryen dp dung cdc chinh sdch linh boat de dieu chinh Iffpng hdng vd gid ed xua't khau eiia Viet Nam
vao thj trudng nay, trong do pho bid'n nhd't Id chi cho phep mdt sd' mat hdng nhat dinh dUOc di qua mdt so' cffa kh^u nhd't djnh. O nhieu thdi didm, khi thay ddi chinh sdch bien mdu, Trung Qud'c khdng thdng bdo eho c^c doanh nghiep Viet Nam, nhu mat hdng tinh bpt san trUdc day van dffpe di qua cffa khau Chi Ma, bdng dffng lai ehuyen sang cffa khau Bao Lam Su thay ddi tha't thudng nay khien nhieu doanh nghidp Viet Nam khdng nam kjp thdng tin, nen phai chju ldn tha't ldn. Qua con dudng tieu ngach, Trung Qud'c ed the lang giam mffc phi bien mau d tifng thdi didm, mua vu ma doanh nghiep Viet Nam khdng the bid't trffdc dffpc, dieu nay anh hudng ldn tdi gid mua vao ciia eae lieu thuong Trung Qud'c. Vdi vide sff dung cdng cu chinh sdch bidn mdu linh hoat nhu vay, Trung Qud'c hoan toan cd thd chu ddng nhdp ndng san Iff Viet Nam vao khi gid thd'p, Khi cin, hp cd the han chd' khd'i lUdng ndng san nhdp khau, dieu ehinh dUdc gia ban ctia doanh nghiep Viet, tff dd ep gia ndng san xud't khau Viet Nam.
Thie'u thong tin vd ihong tin khong minh bgch: Mae dti Trung Qud'e la ihj trffdng xua't khau ndng san ldn eua Viet Nam, nhffng vide nghien cffu thdng tin thi tnfdng xud't khau eua cac doanh nghiep nudc la khd han ehe'.
Ra't nhieu doanh nghiep, thuong nhan Vidt Nam "mu md" thdng tin vd thj tnfdng Trung Qud'c, tff cac chinh sdch bien mdu cho dd'n dung lupng va cd ca'u thi trudng, yeu eiu ve eha't lUpng sdn pham, tap quan va thdi quen tieu diing cua ngUdi dan cae vung mien eiia Trung Qud'e, each thffc kinh doanh va nhffng chidu thffe ep gid ciia thffdng nhan Trung Qud'c... Cae sd'lieu thd'ng ke ve san Iffdng vd tri gia xua't khau cac mat hang ndng san ciia Viet Nam sang Trung Qud'c cung khdng chinh xdc, do khdng cd cd sd de thd'ng kd ndng san xua't khau theo dffdng tieu ngach. Thffdng ldi Trung Qud'c dd thu mua Iff Viet Nam bao nhieu ndng san theo tffng mat hdng ctj the dffdng nhff khdng thd'ng ke dffpc. Do vdy, Viet Nam dang d ihd'bj ddng trong vide kiem sodt hdng hda xud't tieu ngach sang qudc gia chung dffdng bidn mau.
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rSQHIEN CCfG - TRAO DOI
Sdn xudl nong sdn xudl khdu tUphdl, ddn den nguon cung nong sdn xudl khdu du thUa: Do bj ddng ve thj trffdng va thie'u thdng tin vd nhu cau IhUc sff cua thj trffdng ndng san Trung Qud'e, cung vdi vide nhieu thffdng nhan nffdc nay vao cac vung ndng tbdn cua Viet Nam thu mua ndng san vdi sd Iffpng ldn, gid cao, dan dd'n vide ndng dan 6 at md rpng didn lieh gieo ttong, den miia thu hoaeh lai khdng tha'y bdng ddng thffdng nhan Trung Qud'e dau, san pham lam ra khdng bie't ban cho ai, ngudn eung xud't kh£u ndng sdn sang Trung Qud'c dff thffa, gay ra nhifng thiel hai ldn eho ngffdi ndng dan va nhieu hd luy di kem theo.
DE XUAT GIAI PHAP
De khae phue nhffng khd khan, ttd ngai, thue diy xud't khd'u ben vffng sang thj trffdng Trung Qud'e, eac chu the tham gia boat ddng xuat khau can nghien cOu, tridn khai thifc hidn mdt sd'gidi phap sau:
ThU nhd't, lUa chgn ddi ldc tin cgy irong ky ke't vd thuc hien hgp dong xudt khdu. Cdc doanh nghidp Viet Nam khdng nen chi linh de'n nhi^g cdi ldi trffdc mat, nhd't Ihdi md chii quan, mdt canh giac, qua tin tudng vao IhUdng ldi Trung Qud'c. Phai chu ddng dd'i phd vdi rui ro khd phd bien la sau mdt vdi thUdng vu xual khau ndng sdn thanh cdng, cae doanh nghiep Viet Nam "dd'c he't ca vd'n lan lai" vdo mdt thUdng vu Idn, nhUng lai gap rui ro do dd'i tdc buy hdp ddng hoae ep gid.
Trong qua trinh dam phan hdp ddng vdi dd'i ldc, ede doanh nghidp Viet Nam can quan lam nhieu hdn de'n vide hen kd't vdi nhau, ban chd' dd'n mffc tha'p nhd't vide tranh bdn, dan dd'n bi Trung Qud'c ep gid, nha't la trong cae thdi diem ngudn eung ddi dao do ndng san vdo chinh vu thu hoach.
Thli hai, lim hieu ky thong lin vi thi trudng Trung Qudc. Cdc doanh nghidp Viet Nam can lang cffdng nghidn cffti nhff: luat Id kinh doanh, ede chinh saeh bidn mau va dff bdo xu hffdng thay ddi, thdi quen tidu dung san pham ndng nghidp eiia ngffdi dan edc viing midn eua Trung Qudc, each thffc kinh doanh vd nhffng ehieu thffc ep gid ciia thUdng nhdn Trung Qud'c... tff do ehu ddng bdn trong eac boat dpng san xua't, thu mua, chd' bien va xuat khau ndng san sang thj irUdng nay. Cdc doanh nghidp Viet Nam can chii ddng tao ra mdt cd ea'u hang ndng san xua't kha'u phu hpp vdi thi trUdng ndy, giam thidu rui ro, tao ra eac mat hdng mdi, day manh hen ke't trao doi thdng tin giffa cae doanh nghiep nang eao kha ndng eanh ttanh de tdng kim ngach xud't khau ttong tbdi gian ldi.
Cdc ed quan quan ly nha nude, ede hidp hdi... eung can phat huy vai trd ctia minh hdn nffa, cd hinh thffc
cu the, phii hdp trong ho ttd iff van thdng lin thj trffdng, dUa ra nhu^g eanh bdo cho cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam mdl cdch kip Ihdi hdn.
Thli ba, chudn bi sdn phuang dn dul phong eho diu ra cua ndng san khi gap khd khdn dd'i vdi thj trffdng Trung Qudc.
Nhieu mat hang ndng san ciia Viet Nam dang qua phu Ihudc vao thj trffdng , Trung Qud'c. Cdc chuyen gia khuydn^
cao eae doanh nghiep xua'l khau Vidt Nam khdng ndn qua Id thudc vao thj tnfdng nay, md can tie'p tuc nghien cffu ' phdt trien cac thi tnfdng mdi, trong do cd nhidu thj trUdng tiem nang thude khu vife chau Phi... Da phffdng hod thj trffdng va khdch hang, da dang hod san pham Id bai hpc khdng mdi, nhUng khdng bao gid bet tinh thdi sff trong kinh doanh noi chung, xua't khau ndi ridng dd'i vdi cac doanh nghidp Vidt Nam.
Thli tu, tUng budc chuyen ddn sang xudl khdu chinh nggch. Xua'l khiu tieu ngach ludn tiem in nhieu nii ro, vi vdy cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh xud't khau ndng sdn sang Trung Qud'c cin din ehuydn sang xud't khd'u chinh ngach, han che Onh trang chii ye'u xuat khiu san pham thd nhU hien nay, tff dd nang eao gid tri ndng san xua't kha'u. Dieu ndy bude cac doanh nghiep phai cd mdl chien lUdc xuat khau Idu ddi, dn djnh dd'i vdi thj trUdng Trung Qudc. Td't nhidn, trong bdi cdnh hidn tai, xua't khau tieu ngach van ein thie't phai dUde duy tri dd gdp phan giai quyd't dau ra eho ndng san. Vd'n de quan ttpng la eung vdi vide nghien cffu chuyen dan sang xud't khiu chinh ngach, ede doanh nghiep cin dd ra gidi phdp ngan ngffa, giam thieu nil ro mdt cdch chu dpng khi xud't khau ndng san theo con dudng lieu ngach.
Phdl huy lpi the ve vi tri dia 1^ vd sif gin giii ve vdn hod tieu diing, cd giai phdp phu hdp vffdt qua ede khd kh5n trd ngai, hy vong hoat ddng xua't khau ndng san eua Viel Nam sang Trung Qudc trong thdi gian tdi day se ed sff phdl ffi^n mdi theo hffdng ben vffng, gdp phan gi3i quyet dau ra cho san xua't ndng nghiep trong bdi canh hdi nhap qud'e td'.Q
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Dodn Thi Hdng Van (2007). Qudn tri rui ro vd khung hodng, Nxb Lao ddng xa hdi 2. Nguyen Thi Dffdng (2012). Gidi phdp ddy mgnh xudl khdu hdng nong sdn Viet Nam vdo thi trudng Trung Qudc, Ludn dn Tid'n si Kinh td', Vidn Nghidn cffu Thffdng mai
