CO THE AP DUNG MO HINH BAO HIEN NAO CHO VIET NAM

G d P f S C T A D O I H I C N P H A P 1992

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CO THE AP DUNG MO HINH BAO HIEN NAO CHO VIET NAM

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TrSn th^ gidi co mpt sd md hinh bao hien nhti Toa an Hifin phap, Hoi dong Bao hifin. Tuy theo difiu kien th^c tien vi truyen thdng van hda chinh tri, mdi ntfdc ip dung mot each thtfc rifing. Ntfdc Phap li di^n hinh cua mo hinh Hdi ddng Bao hien. Md hinh nay cd gi tfu diem vi nhtfdc diem?

• TS TONG DirC THAO

Vi^n Chinh tri hgc, Hgc vien Chinh tri - Hdnh chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Minh

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pt thidt ehe rat quan trpng trong bd miy nha nudc Cong hda Phip dd la Hpi ddng Bao hidn (Le Conseil constitutionnel), Hdi ddng Bio hidn cd vi tri rit quan trpng trong co che kiem soit quy^n luc ndi chung va bio ve hien phip d Phip ndi ri^ng. Theo nguyen nghia thi ca quan niy cd tfin li Hdi ddng Hidn phap. Tuy nhien, chue nang chinh eua ca quan nay li xem xet tinh hgp hidn cua cic dao luat va bio ve Hidn phip cua D§ ngii cdng hda, do dd ngudi ta quen gpi ii Hpi ddng Bio hidn. Nhu phin trfin di phin tich, hidn phap giu mOt vai trd vd cCmg quan trpng trong vi^c td chuc vi hoat

ddng Clia he thdng chinh tri ndi chung va bp miy nha nudc ndi rieng. Do dd doi hdi Hien phip phii dupc hidu dung vi thuc thi diing vai tinh thin cua hidn phip. Chinh vi ly do do ma cic nha lap hidn cua Phip da thidt kd mgt CO quan dac thii ed chiie nang bao ve Hidn phap, kiem tra tinh hpp Men cua cic dao luat trudc khi nd dupe ban hanh - Hpi ddng Bao hidn. Nd cung ehinh la co quan giam sat tinh hpp hidn trong td chue vi boat dpng cua eic CO quan nhi nudc trong viec thue thi quyen lue nhi nudc. Ly do de tdn tai cua md hinh Hpi ddng Bao hidn dupe eac nha lip phap Phip can cu tren hai co sd: Thu nhat li nguyin tie tdi cao eua Hidn phip va phip luat, thli hai la ngan can su can thiep cua nhinh tuphip va cac nhinh quyen luc khac.

dae biet li nhinh lip phip vao qui trinh thuc thi quyen luc nha nudc cung nhu qui trinh thuc hien Hien phip va phip luat.

L V I U A N C H ( N H T R ! - S o 9 / 2 0 1 3

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G d P V SliTA OOI HIEN P H A P 1 9 9 2

Co ciu td chlic cua Hfli ddng Bio hien theo quy dinh tai Dilu 56 Hiln phip nam 1958 Cdng hoa Phap bao gdm 9 thinh vien, nhilm ky 9 nam, 3 thanh vien do Tdng thong cflng hda bd nhiem, 3 thanh viln do Chu rich Ha vien, 3 thinh viln do Chu tieh Thugng vien, Hgi ddng Bag hien thay the 1/3 sau 3 nam.

Chu tieh Hgi ddng Bao hiln dg Tdng thdng cgng hoa bd nhiem. Thanh vien eua Hfli ddng bao hien thuflng Ii cac euu Tdng thdng va eie chinh khieh ndi tiing cd uy tin va kinh nghiem boat ddng chinh tri day dan.

Dilu 57 Hien phap nam 1958 Cdng hfla Phap quy dinh nguyen tie tdi cag ma cac thanh vien Hgi ddng Bao hiln Ii khdng duoc kiim nhiem chdc vu. Cae thanh vien nay khflng dugc kiem nhiem cac chiie vu khac theo Iuat quy dinh, khdng thi nim giu eac chuc vu ttong bfl may nha nudc, ttong khu vue kinh te cong va tu, khflng the ddng thai la thinh vien cua Chinh phu, thinh vien cua Hgi ddng kinh te va xa hgi, la lanh dag hoac ngudi cd traeh nhiem cua mpt dang chinh tri. Sd di phap Iuat Phip quy dinh rit chat che dilu nay la nhim bao dam tinh khach quan cua Hfli ddng Bao hiln va cac thanh vien cua Hdi ddng nay khi hoat ddng chi tain thu Hiln phap vi phap Iuat. Hfli ddng bao hien dde lap dua ra cie quylt dinh mi khdng chiu bat ky su tic dpng nio Hi bat ky nhinh quyln Iuc nag kl ca til nhirng ngudi da bd nhiem hg nhu la Tdng thdng eflng hda.

Hfli dong Bao hiln ed thim quyi'n rat da dangva cfl su tic dflng Idn din Nghj vien va CO quan hanh phap. Hpi ddng bao hiln cfl tham quyen bag ve Hiln phip va su thong nhat eua phap Iuat. Hgi ddng nay ed quyen dua ra phan xet nhimg hanh vi trii Hien phap, van bin, quyet dinh trii Hiln phip.

Hpi ddng Bao hiln ed tham quyen xem xet

Lt LUAN CHlNHTRj-SI 9/2013

rinh dung din eua vile bau H? vien va Thugng viln, eic vin dl vl biu lai hay cim kiem nhilm chiic vu phat sinh trong quan he giiia eie thinh vien eiia Nghi vien. Hfli ddng Bio hien eflng cd quyen xem xet tinh hgp hien vi hgp phip ciia cae quy ehe Iim viec cua ei Ha viln vi Thugng vien Phip.

Hgi ddng Bio hiln tham gia vao cdng vile ehuan bi bau cii, tiin hinh biu cu va cdng bd kit qui bau cit Tdng thdng cflng hda. Hgi ddng Bio hiln cung cd quyfl'n tuyln bd ti'nh dung din cua vile dl cii ling cii vien va cdng bd danh sach ung cir viln biu cu Tdng thdng eflng hfla. Dilu 58 Hiln phip nim 1958 quy dinh: "Hgi ddng Bag hiln kilm soit tinh hpp le cua cude biueuTdng thdng. Hgi ddng xit don khieu nai vi tuyen bd kit qui". Neu Tdng thdng tir trin thi Hpi ddng Bio hien se co chue ning li xae nhin su cin thilt cua viec tam giu chuc vu dfl. Chu tich Thugng vien Phip se tam giu chile vu Tdng thdng cgng hda cho den khi eg cupc biu cii dl chgn ravj Tdng thdng mdi.

Theo quy djnh tai Dilu 16 Hiln phip nim 1958 Cpng hda Phap, trudc khi ban hinh tinh trang khan cip, Tdng thdng phai tiiam khio y kiln eua Thu tuflng, Chu tich hai viln cua Nghi vien, Chu tieh Hpi ddng Bap hiln. Trong qua tiinh tiiuc hien tinh trang khan cap, Hdi ddng Bip hien cd quyln xem xet tinh dung din cua eie bien phip m i Tdng thdng ap dung.

Theo quy dinh cua Hiln phip nim 1958, Hpi ddng Bap hiln dugc thilt lap vi duge ttao tham quyln xem xet tinh hgp hien cua cic daa luit trudc khi nfl dugc cflng bd. Dilu 61 Hien phap nam 1958 quy dinh: "Nhiing dao Iuat vl tp chlic Uuflc khi ban hinh vi cac quy chl cua hai viln trudc khi ban hinh, phai de trinh len Hpi ddng Bao hiln xem cde vin kien dd cfl phu hop vdi Hien phip khflng. De phil

hpp voi Hien phap, cic dao luit khae truac khi thi hanh ciing dupc de trinh len Hdi ddng Bao hien bdi Tdng thdng, Thu tudng hay Chu tich cua hai vien".

Tham quyen xem xet tinh hpp hidn cua cie dao luit Clia Hpi ddng Bao hien la nhim muc dich chdng lai su xim pham hay lam dung quygn lire cua chinh quyen, dac biet gidi han Nghi vi§n trong khudn khd ciia Hien phip.

Tuy nhien, dac diSm khic bi6t giiia Hpi ddng Bio hidn d Phip so vdi md hinh tuang tu 6 cic nudc khic li d ehd Hpi ddng Bao hien chi dupc xem xet tinh hpp hien cua cic dao luat khi nd chua duoc Tdng thdng congbd. Cd the ndi day la dac diem can cdt cua co che bao hidn 6 Phip khi Hdi ddng Bao hidn dupc xem nhu ca quan gac cdng ciia cic dao luat trudc khi nd dupc cdng bd va cd hieu luc tren thuc td. No cung ngan ngua nhiing hau qua tai hai ed thd xiy ra khi mdt dao luit vi hidn lai dupc edng bd vi thuc thi trong cudc sdng. Dieu nay thg hi0n vai trd to ldn cua Hdi ddng Bio hien Cdng hda Phip. Tit ci cic dao luit khi duoe Tdng thdng edng bd vi thuc thi tren thuc te thi cung cd nghla li phii hpp vol Hien phap.

Nhu vgy, Hpi ddng Bio hidn cung vai cie thiet chd quyen luc khie da gdp phan u'ch cue vao vi?c bio ve tinh tdi thupng ciia Hien phip va phip luit dudi nen Cdng hda thii nam ciia Phip. Nd tao ra co che ngan ehan va kiem chd, giim sit quy6n luc hieu qui nhim bio v$ nhting gii tri ben viing ciia nen edng hda, eiia cic gia tri din ehii va quyen eon ngudi, quygn cdng din.

Trong nha nudc phip quygn, vin de bio ve hidn phip, ngan ngira nhiing hinh vl vi pham hidn phip; sy minh bach cua cie cudc bau cu: su dpc lip cua kiem toin nhi nudc li nhting tieu chi quan trpng dinh gia su hoan thi$n Clia cic thg che chinh tri, trinh dp din

chu vi su tidn bd ciia mOt ndn chinh tri. Su tdn tai va van hanh ciia cae thiet che nay gdp phan bao dim quydn luc ndi chung vi quyen luc nhi nudc ndi rieng minh bach, din chii vi dupc Idem soit. Bin chat ciia quyen iuc nhi nudc ludn ed khi nang bi lam quydn, hi sai lech so vdi y chi va nguyen vpng eiia nhan din. Do vay, chiing ta can thidt ke mdt he thdng cac thiet che gdp phin bio dim kiem soit duoc quyen luc, khic phuc tdi da sulam quyen, su Icri dung nhiing khoing trdng cua quyen luc muu lpi ich ca nhan, lpi ich nhdm cue bd. Do vay, Du thio sua ddi Hien phap Viet Nam nam 1992 dat vin dg hidn dinh thiet che Hdi ddng Hien phap la rat ein thidt, rat ddng va triing vai thuc tign chinh tri trong nuoc va the hien duac suhgi nhip trSn tit ci cic linh vuc ma Viet Nam chiing ta dang ehii dgng tieh cue tham gia vio toin eiu hda vi hpi nhap qudc te. No eung phin inh li chiing ta dang di diing xu hudng ehinh tri thd gidi.

Dan chu vi phap quyen da trd thinh xu hudng ehinh tri chii yeu ehi phdi quan he giua eic qude gia, vimg lanh thd, la tieng ndi ehung Clia epng ddng qudc te.

Tren the gidi tdn tai nhieu md hinh, cich thiie td chlic vi hoat ddng ciia ca quan bio hien, ea ehe bao ve hien phip. Tuy nhien.

ehiing ta co the tham khao mpt trong hai md hinh chinh: i. Hoi ddng Hien phip vi 2. Toa an Hien phap. Ca hai thiet che niy dgu cd chlic nang bao ve hien phip, xem xet tinh phap ly Clia cie van bin phip luat va cac hanh vi vi pham hien phap. Su khac nhau ehinh yeu giiia hai thiet che niy la: Hdi ddng Hien phip li ea quan gic edng cac hanh vi vipham bien phip trudc khi xiy ra, ngan chan dupe hau qui phit sinh ciia eac hanh vi vi pham hien phip. Tda in Hien phip la coquan tai phin, phin xet cic binh vi vi pbam hien phAp khi

LYLUAN CHfNH TRI-So 9/2013

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G 6 P y SI^A BOI Hi£N PHAP 1992

di xiy ra. Viec Du thio sua ddi Hiln phip chgn ca che bag hien bing Hfli ddng Hien phdp Ii phu hpp vfli thuc tiln chinh tii vi thuc tiln td chue vi van hinh quyen Iuc nhi nude d nuflc ta hien nay. Tuy nhien, quy d}nh nhu Du thao sua ddi Hiln phap chtra toat len dugc chlic ning ehinh ylu cua Hdi ddng Hiln phap li CO quan baa ve Hiln phip, xem xet tinh phip ly cua cic vin bin phip luit vi ngin ngiia nhiing hanh vi vi pham Hiln phip. Du thag siia ddi Hiln phip cflng chua rd tham quyln eung nhu thanh phan cua Hgi ddng Hiln phap. Theo chung tfli, Du thio Hien phip siia ddi can phai quy dinh that rd dilu niy. Trong qui trinh sua ddi, bd sung Hiin phip VietNam 1992, chung ta cin tham khao kinh nghiem cua eie ntrde ed kinh nghiim lip hiln vi bl diy ttong viec van hinh hiln phip, qua do giup ehung ta lua ehgn mp hinh co chl bio hiln phu hpp vdi xu thi ehung cda the gidi, dpng thoi phu hgp vdi dilu kien vl vin boa, truyin tiidng lieh sii, din tri vi tnnh dp phat triln ve mgi mat eiia dit nude.

Xuit phat tit quan niem Hfli dflng Hiln phip phii Ii mflt co quan cfl ehiic nang bio ve vi ngan ngua nhihig van bin vi hinh vi vi hiln truce khi xay ra hiu qui phip ly, ein dat dung vi tri vi chuc nang cua co quan nay.

Khoan 1 Dilu 120 cfl thi vilt: Hdi ddng Hiin phip li thiet che bao vi Hien phip ciia Nudc Cong hda xa bdi chu nghla Viit Nam.

Hdi ddng Hien phip do Qudc hdi bau, miin nhiim, bai nbiem. Hdi ddng Hien phip gdm 9 tiianh viin bao gdm 1 Chu ticb, cic phd chti ticb va cic IJy viin. Quy dinh nhu viy bao dim rd ehue nang, nhiem vu, tiiinh phin eua Hpi ddng Hiln phip. Du thio sua ddi Hien phip eflng can quy dinh: Cbu ticb nudc Cdng boa xi bdi cbu nghia Viet Nam li Chu tich Hdi ddng Hien phip. Nguyin thu quoc gia

ddng thdi li nguoi chiu trich nhi^m chinh ttong viec bao ve va duy tii sii thugng tdn cia Hiln phap. Hinh dgng khi nham chiic nguyin tini qudc gia dit tay 16n ban Hiln phip xin thi truac nhin dan bao v$ ehi dl chinh trj vi bag ve ttit tu cua Hiln phip cSn dugc hiln dinh ttong Hiln phip. Quyln han vi tham quyln cua Hgi ddng Hiln phip phii duac hiln dinh d van bin cao nhit ttong h§

thdng phap luat niriic ta do li Hien phap. Boi le, se khdng cd van ban luat nio dii gii tri phip ly dl quy dinh tham quyen ciia Cff quan cfl chirc nang bao ve Hien phap.

Khoan 2 Dilu 120 can quy dinh them ngoai nhirng tham quyen nhu Du thao siia ddi Hiln phip thi can bd sung them tham quyln xem xet vi nhan tiinh ve cic binb vi vipbam Hiin phip. Hon niia dl bao dim tinh lien thflng giiia cie quy dinh tai Chuang X thi Khoin 2 Dilu 120 eflng nen thim tham quyln xem xit tinh hgp hiln eua eac cupc bau cu Qudc hfli vi HOi ddng nhan din cae cip. Chiic nang bio v$ hiln phip Clia Hgi ddng Hiln phip khflng chi dtmg Iai d viec xem xet cac van bin tdd li chlic ning CO bin nhat) m i cdn xem xet eic hinh vi vi hiln khic va tinh phap ly ciia cac cuflc biu cii.

Cung vdi viec quy dinh vi eu thi hda vi m', chlic ning, quyln ban, nhiem vu ciia Hpi ddng Hiln phip trong Hien phip sua ddi, cung ein hoan thien ca ehe bao hien trong tl chue vi van hinh quyln luc 6 nudc ta. Bdi le, phii van hinh ea chl bao vl Hien phip vi co chl kilm soat quyln Iuc trln thvrc t l thi y nghia cua nhung dilu quy dinh cfla Hiln phip mdi dugc thi hien vi dugc thuc tiln cuflc sdng kilm nghiem. Thflng qua dd hoin thien dan ea chl bio hien 6 Viet Nam cho phu hgp vai chl do chinh tri, vin hfla chinh tri vi dilu kien kinh t l - xa hgi, truyin thdng din chu cua Viet Nam n

LYLUANCHINH TRI-So 9/2013