CHU THE YEU CAU TRACH NHIEM GIAI TRINH CUA CHINH PHU THEO
QUY DINH PHAP LUAT
• N G U Y I N THANH LY
TOM TAT:
Xay dffng vd vSn hanh mot Chinh phu manh khdng nam ngoai nhffng ddi hoi ve kidm sodt quyen Iffc, bao dam stf liera chinh, nang cao trach nhiem cua Chinh phu, do dd, vai trd cua trach nhiem giai trinh cua Chinh phu ngay cdng dtfdc chu trpng. De dam bao hieu qua trdch nliidm giai trinh ciia Chinh phu, bdi vie't ban luan va phdn tich cac van de lien quan den chu the ydu cau trdch nhiem giai trinh cua Chinh phu. Trdn cd scl dd chi ra nhffng nut that ve mat the che' va vtfdng mdc trong qua tiinh thtfc hien lam cd sd cho vide hoan thien cdc quy dinh phdp ludt va nang cao hieu qua thffc thi trdch nhidm giai tiinh cua Chinh phu,
Tii khoa: Trdch nhiem giai trinh, qudn tri nha nffdc, cd quan hanh phdp, td chtfc bd mdy nha nffdc.
1. Dat van de
Thuye't tam quyen phdn lap (3 quyen cua nha nffdc la lap phap, hanh phap vd tff phdp) dtfdc nhac de'n rat nhieu trong quan tn nhd ntfdc vdi 3 dai didn tieu bleu Id Qud'c hoi, Chinh phu vd Tda an. Tuy nhidn, thffc td' qudn tri nhd nffdc thi khdng the hodn toan phan lap quyen lap phap, hanh phdp, tff phap cho cac cd quan md cdc quydn nay cd stf chdng cheo khi phan chia nhiem vu, quyen han cua cdc cd quan nhdm kiem sodt quyen Itfc va kiem chd' Ian nhau. Ve mat ly ludn, chu the CO thd^m quyen ydu cau trach nhiem giai trinh cua Chinh phu trtfdc tidn dtfdc ke de'n la Qud'c hdi, Tda an. Ngodi ra, tiiy theo td chffc bd may nhd ntfdc, nguydn thu qud'c gia, kie'm todn, cd quan ddn cff va nhan dan cd the la chu the c6 quyen ydu cau trach nhidm giai trinh cua Chinh phu.
0 Viet Nam, khdng cd mdt dieu luat cu the quy dmhrd chu thd cd thd'm quydn ydu cau trach
nhidm giai trinh cua Chinh phu la ai, tuy nhien, can ctf vao td chtfc bd mdy nha ntfdc vd cdc quy djnh ve trdch nhiem gidi trinh cua Chinh ph0 trong Hie'n phdp nam 2013 cd the tha'y Chinh phu chiu trach nhiem giai trinh trtfdc cac chu thd sau:
1.1. Quo'c hQi (bao gom Uy ban ThUifng v(i Quo'c hoi. Hoi dong Ddn t^c, cdc Uy ban chuyen mdn ciia Quo'c hQi, Dai bieu Qud'c hQi)
Qud'c hpi la cd quan quyen Iffc nhd ntfdc cao nhd't cua qud'c gia, c6 tham quyen bau ra Thd ttfdng vd phd chua'n cac thanh vien khac ciia Chinh phu. Dieu dd chd tha'y, tiende dau tien cua quyen ydu cdu Chinh phu chiu trach nhiem giai trinh chinh Id tham quydn lap ra Chinb phu cua Qud'c hpi'. Tien de thtf hai xua't phat ttf chtfc nang cdban cua Qud'c hdi Id thffc hidn quyen lap hien, quyen lap phdp, quye't djnh cdc va'n de quan trong cua dd't ntfdc va gidm sdt td'i cao dd'i vdi boat ddng cua Nha ntfdc^. Ben canh do, cd quan
50 So 11 -Thang 6/2019
LUAT
thffdng trtfc cua Qud'c hpi Id Uy ban Thtfdng vy Qud'c hdi cung cd quyen giam sdt hoat ddng ciia Chinh phu^; Hdi ddng ddn tdc va cdc Uy ban chuydn mon cua Qud'c hdi vdi tham quyen tham tra vd gidm sat dd'i vdi cdc van ban va dff dn lidn quan den hoat dong ciia Chinh phu; Dai bieu qud'c hpi la ngffdi dai didn cho y chi, nguydn vong cua nhdn dan d ddn vi bau ctf ra minh vd ciia nhan dan ca nffdc; la ngtfdi thay mat nhan dan thffc hien quyen Iffc nhd ntfdc trong Qud'c hdi cd quyen cha't vd'n Thu ttfdng Chinh phu, Bd trffdng vd cdc thanh vien khac ciia Chinh phii".
Thffc tidn thffc hien trach nhiem giai trinh cua Chinh phii cho tha'y, Qud'c hdi Id chii the chii ye'u yeu cau Chinh phii chiu trach nhiem giai trinh.
Nhffng cd nhtfng vd'n de han chd' dnh hffdng de'n quyen ydu cau trdch nhidm gjai trinh ttf Chinh phu cua chu the nay, nhtf: hidu qua hoat ddng ciia Quoc hdi dffdc bao dam bang hidu qua cua cac ky hpp ciia Qud'c hpi hpp thtfdng le moi nam 2 ky, viec yeu cau trach nhidm giai trinh cua Chinh phu thffdng xuydn phdi nhd den cdc cd quan ciia Qud'c hpi va Dai bieu Qud'c hdi; trong khi do, nang Itfc chuydn mdn cua cac cd quan thudc Qud'c boi va Dai bieu Qud'c hpi khdng ddng deu; tinh kidm nhidm cua Dai bieu Qud'c hpi vdi cac chtfc vii hanh chinh cd nguy cd khdng dam bao tinh khdch quan khi thffc hien yeu cau vd gidm sdt trach nhiem gidi trinh ciia Chinh phii...
1.2. Tda dn
Dai dien cho nhanh quyen tff phap, th^m quydn ciia Tda an ydu cdu Chinb phii cd trach nhiem giai trinh la hoan toan phu hdp vd mat ly ludn ciing nhff thtfc tidn. Tuy nhien, khdng phdi Tda an nao ciing cd the trd thdnh chii the yeu cau trach nhidm giai trinh ciia Chinh phii. Thffc te', ndi dung cac va'n dd thupc trdch nhiem giai trinh cua Chinh phu trffdc Tda an thtfdng xoay quanh va'n dd VI pham Hid'n phap. Tff kinh nghiem mot so' nffdc tren thd' gidi theo md hinh bao hid'n tap trung nhtf Dtfc, Phap vd mptsd'nffdcchdu Au, tda an cd chtfc nang bao hidn la chu thd chii ydu ydu cau trdch nhidm giai trinh ciia Chinh phu^
Ci Viet Nam, trong he thd'ng td chtfc ciia tda dn dtfdc phdn chia theo lanh thd vd theo cd'p xet xff gdm c6: (1) Toa an nhan ddn tdi cao; (2) Tda an nhdn dan ca'p cao (mot cd'p Tda mdi dffdc bo
bd sung theo Luat To chtfc Tda dn nhdn dan nam 2014); (3) Tda an nhan ddn tinh, thdnh phd' trtfc thudc trung ffdng (Tda an nhan dan ca'p tinh); (4) Tda dn nhan dan cap quan, huydn, thi xa (Tda an nhan dan ca'p huydn); (5) Toa an quan stf (gdm Tda dn qudn sff Trung tfdng; Tda an qudn sff quan khu va tffdng dffdng; Tda dn quan sff khu vifc)^.
Trong he thd'ng to chtfc ciia Tda an d Vidt Nam khdng CO Tda dn bao hid'n va thd'm quyen bao hie'n cua Tda an cung khdng dffdc thffa nhdn rd rang ttf quy djnh phap luSt dd'n thffc tien thtfc thi.
Mac dii, Hie'n phap nam 2013 ghi nhan; Tda dn nhan dan Id cd quan xdt xff ciia nffdc Cdng boa xa hpi chii ngbia Viet Nam, thtfc hien quyen tff phdp;
Tda dn nhdn ddn cd nhidm vu bao ve cdng ly, bao ve quyen con ngffdi, quyen cdng ddn, bao ve che dp xa bpi chii nghia, bao ve Idi ich ciia Nhd nffdc, quydn vd Idi ich hdp phap cua to chtfc, cd nhan^. Song, khdng cd cd sd phdp ly cu thd quy dinh tha'm quyen ciia Tda an nao co the kiem sodt bay yeu cau trach nhidm giai trinh ttf Chinh phii.
Toa an chi cd quydn ydu cdu trdch nhidm giai trinh ciia Chinh phii trong trtfdng hdp xet xff cdc khie'u kien ciia cdng dan hoac theo quy dinh tai Khoan 7, Dieu 2, Ludt Td chtfc Tda an: Trong qua trinh xet xtf vu an, Toa dn phdt hidn va kid'n nghi vdi cac cd quan cd tha'm quyen xem xet stfa ddi, bd sung hoac hiiy bo van ban phdp luat trai vdi Hidn phdp, luat, nghi quydt ciia Qud'c hdi, phap lenh, nghi quye't ciia Uy ban Thtfdng vu Qud'c bdi de bao dam quyen vd Idi ich hdp phap cua cd nhan, cd quan, to chffc; cd quan cd tham quyen cd trdch nhiem tra Idi Tda an ket qua xtf ly van ban phdp ludt bi kid'n nghi theo quy dinh cua phap luat lam cd sd de Tda an giai quydt vu dn. Vdi thd'm quyen nay cua Tda dn thi Toa dn cd quyen ydu cau Chinh phii cd trach nhiem giai trinh. Tuy nhidn, ly do dd ydu cau trdch nhidm gidi trinh tff Chinh phu khdng chi dtfng lai & vide ban bdnh nhtfng van ban trdi ludt ma pham vi, noi dung trach nhiem giai trinh ciia Chinb phu rdng hdn nhidu. Thffc td', lich stf tff phap d Viet Nam chffa ghi nhan vu viec ndo Tda an ydu cau trach nhidm giai trinh iff Chinh phii ma trong boat ddng tff phap cua Tda dn, Chinh phii ne'u cd tham gia thi chi thffdng ddng vai trd hd trd trong qua trinh xet xtf cua Tda an.
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1.3. Chii tjch nUdc
Chii tich nffdc la ngffdi dtfng dau Nhd ntfdc, thay mat ntfdc Cong hoa xd hdi chii nghia Vidt Nam ve dd'i ndi vd dd'i ngoai, cd tham quyen dd nghi Qud'c hdi bau, mien nhidm, bai nhiem Thii ttfdng Chinh phii; can ctf vdo nghj quye't cua Qud'c hdi, bo nhiem, mien nhiem, each chtfc Pho Thu ttfdng Chinh phii, Bd trtfdng vd thanh vien khdc ciia Chinh phu^ Theo quy dinh ciia Hie'n phap thi vdi tff each la mot nguyen thu qud'c gia, Chu tich nffdc hoan toan cd quyen yeu cau Chinh phu cd trach nhidm giai trinh. Vdi dia vi phdp ly cua minh, Chu tich ntfdc khdng chi ddng vai trd la chii the ydu cau Chinh phu cd trach nhiem giai trinh ma Chii tich ntfdc dong thdi Id chii the chia se quyen hanh phap vdi Chinh phii. Bdi, trong boat ddng dd'i ndi, Chu tich ntfdc cd quyen phong tang cac danh hidu, thd'ng ITnh Iffc Iffdng vu trang nhan ddn; trong dd'i ngoai, Chu tich nffdc cd quyen quye't dinh dam phan, ky dieu ffdc qud'c td' nhan danh Nha nffdc; trinh Qud'c hpi phd chuan, quyd't dinh gia nhdp hoac cham dtft hieu Itfc didu ffdc qud'c te'^ Thffc te', vj tri dai dien mang nang tinh tffdng trtfng cua Chu tjch nffdc, cdng vdi vi tri va quyen quye't cua ca nhan Chu tich nffdc trong Qud'c hdi khid'n cho viec thffc hien tham quyen ydu cau trach nhidm giai trinh ttf Chinh phu giam nhe mtfc dp, tinh quyd't liet vd thtfdng khdng nam ngoai "bdng Idn" la Qud'c hdi.
1.4. Kiem todn nhd nUdc
Kidm toan Nha ntfdc Id mdt cdquan hid'n dinh ddc lap, thtfc hidn kiem toan vide quan ly, stf diing tdi chinh, tai san cdng'". Kiem loan Nha nffdc cd nhidm vu to chtfc thtfc hien kd' hoach kiem todn bang nam va thtfc hidn nhidm vu kiem toan theo yeu cau ciia Qud'c hdi, Uy ban Thtfdng vu Quoc hdi, Chu tich ntfdc, Chinh phii, Thii tffdng Chinh phii. De thffc hidn dffdc nhidm vu, Kiem toan Nhd nffdc cd quyen yeu cau ddn vi dffdc kiem todn va to chtfc, ca nhan cd Hen quan cung cap day dii, chinh xdc, kjp thdi thdng tin, tdi lieu phuc vu cho vide kiem todn Nhff vay, vd mat cd sd phdp Ij* thi Kiem toan Nha nffdc hodn tddn cd quyen yeu cau trach nhiem giai trinh ttf Chinh phii, nhtfng Kiem toan Nha ntfdc ddng thdi ciing la cd quan thtfc hien nhidm vu kiem toan theo ydu cau ciia Chinh phu. Tuy nhidn, thtfc td'
tha'm quyen yeu cdu trach nhiem giai trinh tiJ Chinh phii ciia Kiem toan Nha ntfdc chi dtfng lai d vide phd'i hdp giiip Qud'c bdi kiem toan vide quan ly, stf dung tai chinh, tai san cdng cua Chinh phii khi CO ydu cau.
1.5. Nhan ddn
Chinh phu - bd phan chinh quyen ciia nha ntfdc, nhdn danh quyen Itfc nhan dan, chinh quyen phai giai thich dtfdc va chju trach nhiem ve mpi hanh vi cua minh trtfdc nhdn ddn, trtfdc ddn tdc". Cac ban Hid'n phap ciia Vidt Nam ddu ghi nhdn quydn lam chii ciia nhdn dan'^, trong do bao ham cd quyen giam sdt ddi vdi bp may nha nffdc. Ve cd sd phap ly, nhdn dan la chu the c6 quyen yeu cau trach nhiem giai trinh cua Chinh phii. Dieu ndy cung dffdc chi tie't boa trong Nghj dinh sd90/2013/ND-CP ngay 8/8/2013 quy dinh trdch nhiem gidi trinh ciia cd quan nha ntfdc trong vide thtfc hidn nhiem vu, quyen han dtfdc giao.
d Vidt Nam, tff tffdng lau ddi "Id'y dan lam gd'c" dffdc truyen tai cho dd'n ngay nay, mpi hoat ddng cua ndn hanh chinh cdng deu phai dambao sff ling hd ciia nhdn ddn, dffa trdn sff hdu thuan ciia nhan dan. Thffc tidn thi hdnh cho tha'y, nhan dan vdi tff each ca nhan ddn le thffdng yeu clu giai trinh dd'i vdi nhffng ndi dung lien quan den ca nhan hp, ngffdi giai trinh thtfdng la cdng chtfc, vidn chtfc trong cac cd quan hanh chinh nhd ntfdc, cac ddn vi stf nghidp cdng Idp, to chtfc chinh tri.
xa hdi.. Bdi theo quy dinh ciia K2 Dieu 6 Nghj dinh sd90/20i3/ND-CP dieu kien tie'p nhdn yeu cau giai trinh la "ndi dung ydu cau giai trinh lidn quan trtfc tid'p dd'n quydn vd Idi ich hdp phap ciia cd quan, td chtfc, cd nhdn cd ydu clu giai trinh".
Viec yeu cau trtfc tie'p trach nhidm giai trinh tii Chinh phii thtfdng thdng qua Qud'c hpi de giai quyd't nhtfng va'n de ndng, btfc xiic ciia dai da so nhdn ddn. O phtfdng didn nay, nhan dan trd thanh chu the gidn tid'p ydu cau trach nhiem giai trinh ttf Chinh phu. Ttf tinh chat vd'n de dd, trach nhidm giai trinh cua Chinh phu trong trtfdng hdp nay thtfdng bi ddnh ddng vdi trach nhiem giai trinh trtfdc xa hpi.
2. Ke't luan
Ttf quy dinh phap luat dd'n thtfc tidn thtfc hidn CO thd nhan tha'y nhtfng va'n dd sau:
Thd nhd't, trong 5 chu the cd th£m quyen ydu
52 So 11-Thong 6/2019
LUAT
cau trach nhidm giai trinh ciia Chinh phu thi chii ye'u vdn tap trung vao ydu cau ciia Qud'c hpi, trong khi khdng khai thac dffdc vai trd quan trong ciia Tda dn trong vide ydu cau trdch nhiem giai trinh ciia Chinh phu. Nd'u nhin nhan vd'n de tam quyen phan lap vdi 3 nhanh quyen lap phap, hdnh phap vd tff phap d thd' can bang dd kidm soat quyen Iffc Ian nhau thi d khia canh nay vi tri cua Tda dn - dai dien cho nhdnh quyen tff phap khong dtfdc nhin nhdn thich dang vd ban than Tda an ciing chtfa hanh xff dffdc nhtf mong ddi Vi vay, viec thtfa nhdn, ghi nhan chtfc nang bao hien cho he thd'ng Toa an hoac thdnh lap cd quan tdi phdn hie'n phap ddc lap hay Tda an bdo hid'n la tidn de quan trpng de thffc hidn thim quyen ciia Tda an trong vide ydu cdu vd gidm sat trach nhidm giai trinh cua Chinh phii.
Thd hai, nd'u phdn chia trdch nhiem giai trinh cua Chinh phii theo hang doc va hang ngang thi ro rang cho thd'y, d Viet Nam, trach nhiem gidi trinh
ciia Chinh phii dffdc thiet lap theo hang ngang vdi quyen yeu cau trach nhidm giai trinh ciia cac thiet chd'khdc nhff. Thanh tra Chinh phii; Kiem toan Nha ntfdc; cac td chtfc xa hpi; doanh nghidp deu thie'u sir chinh danh, thid'u thim quydn, thie'u nang Iffc vd con ngffdi, vdt cha't, quy tnnh cung nhff cd sd phap ly de thie't lap trach nhidm gidi trinh ciia Chinh phu theo chidu ngang'l
Thd ba, vai trd cua Mat tran Td qud'c Viet Nam dd'i vdi ydu cau va giam sat trach nhidm giai trinh ciia Chinh phii chffa dffdc ddm bao. Mat trdn Td qud'c Vidt Nam la mdt thie't che' vtfa mang tinh chinh tri vtfa mang tinh xa hdi, khdng thupc nhanh quyen lap phap, hanh phdp hay tff phap Du dong vai trd giam sat va phan bien xa hpi, nhffng tha'm quyen ciia Mat tran Td qud'c Vidt Nam yeu cau trach nhiem giai trinh ttf Chinh phii chffa xdy dffng dffdc cd chd'ddm bao phu hdp tren cd phffdng didn quy djnh phdp ly Ian tidra Iffc nhan stf va nang Itfc chuyen mdn •
TAI LH:U TRICH DAN VA THAM KHAO:
'Trdn Quyet Thdng (2018), "Trdch nhiim gidi trinh trong hoat dong cua Chinh phu Him chinh". Tap chi Khoa hoc Noi vu, s6'26.
^Diiu 69, HiS'n phdp ndm 2013.
^Dieu K3, Dieu 74 Hien phdp ndm 2013 vd K2, Ddu 50 Ludt To chUc Quo'c hdi ndm 2014.
''Dieu 21 vd Dieu 32 Ludt To chiic Qud'c hoi ndm 2014.
^Xem thim: Trdn Quyet Thang (2018), "Trdch nhiimgiai tnnh trong hoat ddng cua Chinh phu him chinh". Tap chi Khoa hoc Ndi vu, sd26
^Diiu 3, Ludt Tochdc Tda dn Nhdn ddn nam 2014
^Dieu 102, Hien phdp ndm 2013 '^Dieu 86, Dieu 88 Hie'n phdp ndm 2013.
''Khodn 4, 5, 6 Diiu 88 Hien phdp ndm 2013.
'"Dieu 118 HiS'n phdp ndm 2013.
"Phgm Duy NghTa (2015), Trdch nhiem gidi trinh: Vuon tdi nhdng chudn mUc ciia mot nen hdnh chinh phuc vu phdt trien, Tap bdi giang Thgc sy Chinh sdch cong trudng Fulbright.
"Dieu 2, Hie'n phdp ndm 2013 quy dinh: Nhd nudc Cdng hoa xd hdi chd nghia Viet Nam la nhd nudc phdp quyin xd hdi chd nghia ciia Nhan ddn. do Nhdn ddn, vi Nhdn ddn. Nudc Cong hda xd hoi chd nghia Viet Nam do Nhan ddn Idm chd; tat ca quyin lUc nhd nifdc thudc ve Nhdn ddn md nen tdng la lien minh giUa giai cd'p cong nhdn vdi giai cd'p ndng ddn vd ddi ngu. Iri thdc.
'^Xem them: Phgm Duy NghTa (2015), Trdch nhiim gidi trinh: Vuan tdi nhdng chudn muc cua mdt nen hdnh chinh phuc vu phdt trien. Tap bdi giang Thgc sy Chinh sdch cong trUdng Fulbright.
So 11 -Thang 6/2019 53
Ngay nh^n bai: 18/5/2019
Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va si^a chiJa: 28/5/2019 Ngay ehS'p nh^n dang bai: 8/6/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
TS. N G U Y £ N THANH LY Khoa Lu^t, Hpc vi^n Khoa hoc xa hoi
SUBJECT REQUIRES THE GOVERNMENT'S ACCOUNTABILITY ACCORDING TO LAW
• Ph.D NGUYEN THANH LY
Faculty of Low, Graduate A c a d e m y of Social Science
ABSTRACT:
Building and operating a strong government is about to control power, to maintain the integrity and to increase ± e responsibility of the government. Therefore, the government's accountability is increasingly being paid attention to. To ensure the government's accountability, this article discusses and analyzes issues related to the government's accountability. On that basis, this article presents the instimtional bottlenecks and shortcomings in the implementation process of die government's accountability, thereby proposing solutions to complete the legal regulations on the government's accountability.
Keywords: Accountabihty, state administration, law enforcement agency, state apparatus organization.
5 4 So 11 -Thdng 6/2019
