NGHIEN Clhl - TRAO DOI
T
heo Dieu tra Lao ddng viec lam hang nam cua Bd Lao ddng - Thuang binh va Xa hdi, ty le that nghiep d Viet nam cd xu huang giam manh tren ca nude. Den nam 2007, ty le that nghiep d khu vuc thanh thj ehi cdn 4,64%, giam gan 2% so vdi nam 2000 (6,42%).Xu hudng giam manh nhat the hien d khu vuc ddng b&ng sdng Hong tir mire 7,34% nam 2000 xudng cdn 5,74% nam 2007 va Tay Nguyen cung giam tir 5,16% xudng cdn 2,11%; Cac viing khac cung deu giam nhung vdi td'c dp cham han. Viing BSe Trung bd, duyen hai Nam Trung bd va Ddng Nam bd la cac viing cd ty le that nghiep cao han mire trung binh ca nude, lan lugt la 4,92%; 4,99%
va 4,83%. Do su gia tang ciia ngudn lao ddng nen mac dii ty le that nghieped xu hudng giam nhung qui md that nghiep van tang, nam 1996 sd lugng ngudi that nghiep la 692.000 ngudi tang len 930.000 ngudi nam 2005. Vay dac diem tinh hinh that nghiep d nude ta la gi va kha nang tham gia bao hiem that nghiep cua cac nhom ddi tugng lao ddng ra sao khi ndi dung ve bag hiem that nghiep trong Luat Bao hiem xa hdi bat dau cd hieu luc tir 1/1/2009.
I. Cff cau va loai hinh that nghiep ir Vi$t Nam
J. That nghiep theo tudi vd gidi tinh
- That nghiip theo tudi: Theo Dieu tra Bien d d n g dan s d , n g u d n lao d d n g va K H H G D 1/4/2006, that nghiep d V i e t Nam chii yeu d dp tudi tre, tap trung chii yeu d dp tudi tir 15-25 tudi, ty le that nghiep viing thanh thj trong nhdm tudi 15-19 la 17,4%, nhdm tudi 20-24 la 1 1 % , cao gap tir han 2 lan den 3 lan mire that nghiep chung (4,4%) trong ciing nam. Sd ngudi that nghiep a nhdm tudi nay cung chiem 49% trong tdng sd ngudi that nghiep nam 2005. Ke ca ddi vdi cac lao ddng nhap cu, cung theo cude dieu tra tren, thi ty'le that nghiep d nhdm 20-24 tudi cung cao nhat (8,2%), trong khi ty le that nghiep chung cua lao ddng nhap cu la 4,4%. Ly do that nghiep ehu yeu ciia lao ddng tre dudi 25 tudi la "chua tim duac viec lam". Dieu nay cd the do lao ddng tre khd tiep can vdi thdng tin ve viec lam, h o a e d o trinh dp chuyen mdn chua dap irng yeu cau edng viec, cung cd the do tam ly "ken viec", tinh trang
PGS.TS NGUYEN NAM PHtfONG THS. NGO QUYNH AN
Dgi hoc Kinli te Qude ddn
"nhay viec" cua ban than hp tao nen. Nhu vay nhu cau ve thdng tin, tu van gidi thieu va tu van viec lam, dao tao nang cao trinh do ky nang dpi vdi nhdm lao ddng that nghiep tre la rat cao. That nghiep khi tudi cdn tre khien cho nhirng lao dpng nay gap nhieu khd khan trong cupc sdng, ca hdi hpe tap va nang cao tay nghe. Ben canh dd__, tinh trang that nghiep cao d cac lao ddng tre dan tdi tinh trang lang phi ngudn nhan luc, chi phi dao tao ciia xa hdi, gia dinh va ban than ngudi lao ddng, cung nhu gay sire ep Idn tdi su phat trien kinh te - xa hdi.
Tuy that nghiep d cac nhdm tudi tren 35 thap han d nhdm tre nhung that nghiep _do "mat viec lam" CO xu hudng tap trung vao nhung lao dpng thudc nhdm tir 35-49 tudi va "het han hgp ddng"
lai la ly do tuang ddi,phd bien ddi vdi nhdm lao ddng ngoai 50 tudi. 6 nhdm tudi nay, tuy ngudi lao ddng cd kinh nghiem, nhung khi bi that nghiep thi hp lai gap nhirng bat Igi ye tudi tac, ve trinh dp va ky nang lac hau, ve kha nang thich nghi vdi mdi trudng lam viec mdi nen v a n d e tim kiem viec lam mdi la khd khan han nhung lao ddng tre. Dieu nay cho thay viec dao tao va dao tao lai, nang cao trinh dp cho nhdm lao ddng nay cd the giiip hp nhanh chdng thoat khdi tinh trang that nghiep.
Mae du ty le that nghiep,d nhdm tudi tren 60 la thap so vdi cac nhdm tudi khac, ehi tren dudi 1 % do ty suat tham gia hoat ddng kinh te thap (nhdm 60-64 tudi la 45,2%, nhdm tren 65 tudi la 17%) (Dieu tra Bien ddng dan sd ngudn lao dppg 1/4/2006) nhung vdi xu hudng gia hoa dan sd a Viet Nam, nhu cau ve viec lam cho nhdm dpi tugng het tudi lao ddng nay van cao trong dieu kien xa hdi nhu hien nay. Vi vay, nhu cau an toan viec iam va thu nhap ciia nhdm nay cung can dugc quan tam cung nhu nhirng nhu cau khac ve an sinh xa hdi.
- That nghiep theo gidi: Nu that nghiep chiem tren 52% tdng sd ngudi that nghiep nam 2005, dp tudi 20-29 tudi chiem gan 26% tdng sd ngudi
LD & \U-Sd 3f7(tir 16-30/11/2008)
NGHIEN Cini - TRAO DOI
that nghiep, day la nhdm ddi tugng phai giai quyet mau thuan giira vai trd sinh san va tham gia lao ddng. Ty suat tham gia hoat ddng kinh te cua nir nhdm tudi nay tuong dd'i cao, nhdm 20-24 la 74,6% va nhdm 25- 29Ja 83,7%, ddng thdi ty suat sinh ciia nhdm tudi nay cung cao nhat. Cung chinh vi ly do dd hp thdng thudng de bi that nghiep nhat va thdi gian that nghiep thudng dai han nhirng nhdm ddi tugng khac. Hien nay, hang nam se cd han 7 trieu phu nir trong nhdm tudi 20-29, tao nen mot nhu cau tuang ddi Idn ve an toan viec lam va an sinh xa hdi, an toan thu nhap, trg giiip ve cac djch vu gia dinh va djch vu xa hdi de giup hp dieu hoa giira vai trd sinh san va vai trd^ san xuat, gdp phan dn dinh xa hdi va phat trien ben virng.
2. Thdt nghiep theo vung vd theo ngdnh
Cd x_u hudng cang g viing kinh te trpng diem, cang de that nghiep. O cac viing kinh te trpng diem, cac viing thanh thj tuy quy md dau tu Idn, td'c dp tang trudng cao nhung ty le that nghiep cua luc lugng lao ddng van cao han so vdi ty le trung binh cua ca nudc va cao han han so vdi cac viing kinh te cham phat trien. Dd la trudng hgp ciia viing ;ddng bang sdng Hong, Ddng Nam bd va ddng bang sdng Cuu Long, vdi cac ty le that nghiep nam 2007 tuang irng la 5,74%; 4,83%
va 4,03%. Dieu nay dan tdi ca cau ngudi that nghiep cung tap trung ehu yeu vao ba viing nay vdi ty le tuang ung la 16,9%; 27,3% va 23,7%.
Nguyen nhan la do cac viing kinh te trpng diem giir vi tri dirng dau trong phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, khoa hpe cdng nghe tien tien cho nen ddi hdi chat lugng lao ddng cao, trong khi dd, khdng it nganh nghe dao tao lai khdng phii hgp vdi yeu cau ciia thj trudng, dan den lao ddng khdng cd nghe phii hgp, khd tim kiem viec lam. Ben canh dd, dan sd tre di dan tim kiem viec lam nhieu nhat, ty le tham gia luc lugng lao ddng tuang ddi cao nhung ty le that nghiep cua nhdm nay cung rat cao (8%).
Ca cau theo nganh cho thay, that nghiep rai vao nhdm nganh djch vu la nhieu nhat , chiem tdi 78,2% tdng sd that nghiep trong khi nganh ndng lam thuy san va cdng nghiep ehi lan lugt chiem 9,98% va 12,82%. Thdi gian that nghiep ciia nhdm nganh djch vu cung dai hon cac nhdm khac do ty le ngudi that nghiep tir 6 thang trd len chiem tren 58% sd ngudi that nghiep trong nhdm nganh nay trong khi d cac nhdm nganh khac, ty le nay tuang irng chi tren 40% den dudi 50% tdng sd that nghiep.
3. Thdt nghiep theo trinh dp chuyen mdn ky thuat
Dieu tra Lao ddng viec lam 2005 phan anh, chii yeu that nghiep rai vao nhdm lao ddng chua qua dao tao (chiem tdi gan 67% tdng sd that
nghiep) va phu nir nhdm nay chiem ty le cao han so vdi nam gidi (ty le nay d nu la 70,25%).
Mdt dac diem nua trong ca cau that nghiep d Viet Nam cho thay xu hudng xa hdi dan bdt chap nhan nhung lao ddng cd nghe nhung khdng dupe dao tao va cd bang cap chinh qui. Ty le that nghiep ddi vdi lao ddng nay nam 2005 tang gap 3 lan so vdi nam 2004. Oac biet la d viing ddng bang sdng Hong, sd lao ddnp cd nghe nhung khdng cd b i n g that nghiep chiem tdi 20,89% tdng sd ngudi that nghiep trong viing, chi_ dirng sau nhdm lao dpng chua qua dao tao chiem 39,72%
tdng sd that nghiep. Nhu vay, nhu cau dao tao nghe cd cap bang va chirng ehi chinh qui se gia tang de cd the giam bdt tinh trang that nghiep.
Co cau that nghiep cung cho thay, sd lao ddng cd trinh dp va trinh dp cao cung ed xu hudng that nghiep cao han cac nhdm lao ddng cdn lai, nhdm tir td't nghiep cao dang, dai hpe trd len chiem tdi 11,38% tdng sd ngudi that nghiep, chi dirng sau nhdm lao ddng chua qua dao tao. Tinh trang nay the hien rd ret trudc het d nhirng viing nhu Ddng Bac cho thay trinh dp phat trien kinh te chua the sir dung mdt each hieu qua nhirng lao ddng nay. Tinh trang nay cung phd bien a nhirng viing kinh te phat trien nhu viing ddng bang sdng Hong lai cho thay ed nhung bat hop ly trong chat lugng va ca cau dao tao, chua dap irng dugc nhu cau thj trudng. Mire dp that nghiep cua lao ddng trinh dp cao cdn cd the d mire cao han nhung dang dugc lam giam nhe vi nhieu ngudi trong sd hp da chap nhan lam nhirng cong viec trai nganh nghe, trinh do thap han trinh dp dugc dao tao. Tinh trang that nghiep ciia nhom lao ddng nay cung cd the bj lam cho tram trpng han neu cd xu hudng "ken viec" cua ban than ngudi lao dpng. Dieu nay cho thay thdng tin va tu van viec lam la nhu cau het sire quan trpng de giam bdt tinh trang that nghiep.
4. Thdi gian thdt nghiep
Mdt dac diem dang quan tam nii'a cua tinh trang that nghiep d nudc ta la ty trpng sd that nghiep dai tren 6 thang tuy cd xu hudng giam, nam 2005 so vdi nam 2004 nhung v i n cdn 0 mire cao, sd that nghiep tren 6 thang cdn chiem tdi 56% tdng sd that nghiep (nir cao hon mot chiit, khoang 58%), thap han mire cua nam 2004 tuang ung la 71,8% va 73,4%. Tinh trang_ that nghiep vdi thdi gian_dai nhu vay cho thay can co nhirng hinh thirc hd trg ngudi lao ddng nhanh chdng tim dugc viec lam, riit ng&n thdi gian that nghiep, giam bdt nhirng khd khan cho ban than va gia dinh ngudi lao ddng cung nhu chi phi xa hpi thong qua nhung giai phap an toan thu nhap cua bao hiem thait nghiep.
(Ky sau xem tiep)
