J M O T SO Y KIEN VE TIEU
CHi H O m THIEN PHflP LUAT THI HONH ON HJNH SU 6 VIET NQM
TS. Nguyin Due Phuc'
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hi hdnh dn hinh sy (THAHS) la boat ddng td chuc thi hanh ban an, quyet dinh cua Tda an, do cdc co quan, td chftc cd thdm quydn tiiyc bidn theo trinh tu, thft tuc do phdp luat THAHS quy dinh, td chftc thi hanh an ddi vdi ngudi bi kdt an hinh sy, budc bg phai tiiyc hidn ddy dft, nghidm chinh, kip thdi nhirng quydn vd nghia vu phap ly dugc quy dinh trong timg loai hinh phat Tda an da tuydn. Thi hanh an hinh su cd nhiing dac trung rieng, cd tinh chdt hanh chinh, tu phap rat ro net, gan vdi su phuc t^p, gay go cua cudc ddu Iranh phdng, chdng ldi pham, ddu ttanh giai cdp.Phap luat THAHS la mgt nganh luat dgc lap ttong he thong phap ludl Viet Nam, bao gdm tdng thd cdc quy pham phap ludt, didu chinh nhiing quan he xa hdi phat sinh ttong qua trinh bao dam thi bdnh ttdn thyc te cdc ban an, quyel dinh da tuydn cfta Tda an. Nhftng nam qua, vide hodn thien phap luat THAHS la van de dugc Ddng va Nha nudc rdt chu ttgng, dugc ghi nhdn bdng vide Luat Thi hanh an hinh sy ndm 2010 va cac van bdn budng ddn thi hanh Ludt THAHS dugc ban hdnh da budc ddu tao nen mdt he thdng phdp luat THAHS. Tuy nhien, thyc ttang phdp THAHS van cdn nhiing bat cdp cdn khac phyc, ndi bdt la nhieu quy dinh cua Luat THAHS nam 2010 khdng cdn phft hgp vdi thuc tidn THAHS, chua ddng bg vdi cac quy dinh lien quan ddn THAHS Irong mdt sd luat khdc nhu Ludl Td chuc Toa an nhan ddn nam 2014, Luat Td chuc Vidn kidm sat nhan dan nam 2014, Luat Cdng an nhdn dan nam 2014. Ludt Thi hanh an hinh sy nam ihlO ciing cdn dugc sua ddi, bd sung ttong didu kien Qudc bgi khda XIII dd ban hanh cac luat mdi cd lidn quan ddn THAHS nhu Bg ludt Hinh su
nam 2015, Bd ludt Td tung hinh sy nam 2015, Luat Thi hdnh tam gift, t^m giam nam 2015.
Bdn c ^ h dd, cd nhiing quy dinh phap luiit THAHS cdn chua tuong thich vdi mgt sd dm udc qudc te Viet Nam da k^ kdt hoac tham gia tao ra nhung Id hdng vd phdp luat cdn pMi khdc phuc kip thdi.
Nhiing van dd trdn ddt ra yeu cau phai ngidn cuu mdt each todn didn, sdu rgng co so ly ludn vd thuc tien hoan thidn phap luat THAHS d Viet Nam, ttong do cd vide xac dinh cdc tidu chi hoan thidn phap luat THAHS. Viec xac dinh cac lieu chi nay dugc lidn hanh dira Irdn ddnh gid khdch quan thuc trang phap luat THAHS, phft hgp vdi eac quan diem ciia Dang, Nhd nudc vd THAHS, linh ddn muc tieu can dat dugc cua THAHS Id tao co sd phdp ly viing chac, ddy dft lam cho ban an, quydt dinh cua Tda an thuc hidn. Cftng vdi dd, phdi xem xet toan didn cdc uu diem, nhugc didm cua phap ludt THAHS, nghidn cftu kinh nghiem quocte de tham khao dua ra eac tidu chi danh gia.
Nghien cftu cho thdy, tieu chi danh gia miic do hoan thidn cua phap ludt THAHS Id nhiing chuan muc cd tinh dinh hudng myc tidu can dat dugc ttong qud trinh hoan thidn phap luat THAHS, cd gia tti chi dao cho boat ddng thirc tien THAHS. Tidu chi danh gia muc do hoan thien cfta phap luat THAHS dugc xem xel vcri nhieu khia canh khac nhau.
Thii: nhdt, tinh hieu luc: Hieu luc cua phap ludt THAHS phu thudc vdo vide phap luat THAHS cd phft hgp vdi tiiuc td THAHS, phan anh dung cdc quan he xa hdi phdt sinh trong thyc td THAHS hay khdng va phdp luat co quy dinh vd CO chd bao dam thuc hien phap luat THAHS nhu thd nao. Hoan thidn phap luat
^ Ph6 Truong Idioa Ludt, HQC vien Cdnh sat nhan ddn
So Ihang 5/2016 - NamUiUMiTdi Mot
THAHS trdn khia canh nay phdi dat dugc eac ddi hdi nay.
Mgt la, dd phan dnh dung cac quan he xa hgi phat sinh trong THAHS, phdi thudng xuydn nghien cuu tdng kdt thue tien dd xdy dyng phap ludt, xac dinh day la can eft quan ttgng nhat dd xay dung phap luat. Khi xdy dyng phap ludt cung can de cao linh giao due, thuydt phuc ttong THAHS, coi day la ydu td quan Irgng hang ddu de phap ludt THAHS cd hieu lye thyc hidn dugc ttdn thyc td. Cung vdi dd, ciing khdng bd qua cac quy dinh ve cudng chd ttong THAHS. Thyc td la, khdng cd cuong chd thi phap luat THAHS ciing khdng di vao cugc sdng dugc, bdi khdng phai ngudi bi kdl dn nao ciing ty nguydn chap hanh THAHS. Dd dam bao hidu lye phap luat THAHS, cdc quy dinh phap ludt cdn duge ban bdnh theo tinh thdn chung la cdc bien phap gido due, thuydt phyc cdn dugc dp dung tdi da va cuong chd cdn duge dp dung mdt each tdi thieu, nhu vdy gido due, thuyet phuc van la tinh thdn chft dao trong xay dyng phap luat.
Hai Id, phdp ludt vd co ehd bao dam thuc hidn phdp ludt THAHS cdn phai duge hoan thien thdng qua vide quy dinh ro chftc nang, nhidm vu, quydn ban cfta cdc co quan, id chuc, cd nhdn tham gia THAHS, quy dinh ddy dft co chd phdi hgp trong THAHS va boat ddng khen thudng, xu ly vi pham trong THAHS. De dam bao bidu luc cua phap luat THAHS, cdc quy dinh phap luat THAHS phai dugc xay dyng tiieo dftng ttinh tu, thft tuc ban hanh, cd su thdng nhdt vd hidu luc gifta Hidn phdp vdi cac vdn ban lual, van bdn dudi ludt hudng ddn ve THAHS, thdng qua do gdp phdn tang cudng phap ehd XHCN ttong THAHS.
Bk hoan tiiidn phap luat THAHS, didu ddu tidn edn hudng tdi la tao co sd phap ly cho tinh hidu luc cfta phap lual THAHS. Day la tidu chi tidn dd nhung cung rdt thidt thuc trong xdy dyng phdp ludt THAHS.
Thir hai, tinh todn rf/en; Tinh loan didn the hien d vide phap ludt THAHS phai didu chinh mgi ITnh vyc phat sinh trong THAHS. Phap
ludt la edng cu phap ly qudn ly mgi linh vyc cua ddi sdng xa hdi ndi chung, phap ludt THAHS ndi rieng. Do vay, khi cac quan he xa hdi phdt sinh den mftc can phdi cd quy dinh phap ludt de didu chinh tbi cdn phdi quy dinh mgt each loan didn. Didu chinh mgi ITnh vyc cua THAHS se lam cho boat ddng THAHS dugc thyc hien d nhieu khia canh, nhidu cap do. Vide dieu chinh can cd sy bao quat cac vdn de chinh, co ban ttong THAHS nhung ciing can lual hda cac van dd cu thd. Thdng qua dd, the hidn ro quan diem cua Dang, Nha nudc vd THAHS va dd dat muc dich THAHS, nhdt la cac quy dinh lien quan tdi quyen con ngudi ciia pham nhdn trong cac chd do giam gift, quan ly gido dye.
Tinh toan didn dugc xac dinh d nhidu cap do, ttdn binh dien chung, tinh toan didn cua he thdng phap ludt thd hidn phdp ludt phai cd ddy du cdc nganh luat, ITnh vuc phap ludl. Trdn cap do cua phap lual THAHS, linh toan didn cua he thdng phap ludl Ihd hidn d vide phai cd ddy dft cac ehd dinh, nguydn tac, quy pham phap luat THAHS. Trdn cdp dd hep cfta tftng quan he xa hdi cu thd, tinh toan didn thd hidn phai cd du cac quy pham phap luat can thidt dd didu chinh nhiing van de phat sinh trong THAHS.
Theo tieu chi nay, khi hoan thien phdp luat THAHS cdn quy dinh bao qudt mgi ITnh vuc cua phdp ludt THAHS, bao gdm cae van de chinh trong ngi dung phdp luat THAHS nhu quan ly Nha nudc, tbi hdnh eac loai hinh phat, bidn phap tu phdp, kidm sat THAHS vd hgp tac qudc Id ttong THAHS. Ngoai cdc ngi dung nay, cdn chii y mgi sd van de cu Ihd khdc nham bao dam tinh toan dien cfta phdp luat nhu quy dinh vd cde nguydn ldc cua phap ludl THAHS, cdc didu kien bao dam cho THAHS, quy dinh vd pham vi didu chinh, hieu lye dp dung, gidi Ihicb cac thuat ngft.
Thdng qua quy dinh toan didn, phdp ludt THAHS thyc su ttd thdnh cdng cu phap ly huu hidu cho cde co quan, td chftc, ca nhan tham gia THAHS sft dung dd Ihuc hidn chftc ndng, nhidm vy, quydn ban cfta minh, dam bao cde
o
quydn, Igi ich hgp phap cua minh khi tham gia vao quan he phap ludl THAHS.
Thir ba, tinh ddng bg, thdng nhat. Ddy la tidu chi khach quan nhdm khac phuc nhiing bdt cap, vudng mdc Irong qua trinh thuc hien phap ludt THAHS. Dam bdo tinh ddng bd, thdng nhdi nghia la gifta cdc nganh ludt, cac bd phdn cfta tung nganh ludl va cac quy pham phap ludl can thanh ndn ngdnh luat dd phdi khdng cd sy chdng cheo, trimg lap, mau thudn vdi nhau. Tieu chi nay khdng chi ddi bdi sy ddng bg giua cdc bd phdn cfta he thdng phdp ludt ndu ttdn md khdng chl cdn dat ra ydu cdu thdng nhat ve mat ngi dung cua phdp ludt, ndi dung tidu chi nay thd hidn d cac didm sau day:
Mgt Id, tt'nh ddng bd, thdng nhat the hien d sy thdng nhat vd ndi dung cua phap ludt THAHS. Cdc quy dinb phap ludt THAHS khdng dugc cd sy chdng cheo mau thuan lan nhau tft cac quy dinh chung tdi cac van dd cu thd, each gidi thich thuat ngu ttong phap luat THAHS. Dac bidt la cae quy dinh co ban nhdt cua THAHS lidn quan ldi chftc nang, nhiem vu, quydn ban cfta cac co quan, td chftc ea nhdn tham gia THAHS; van dd thdm quydn ttong THAHS; cdc nguydn tdc cfta phdp lual THAHS va sy thd hidn cdc nguyen tac nay trong phdp ludl THAHS; mdi quan he gifta cac chft thd tham gia THAHS.
Hai Id, ddm bao ddng bd, thdng nhdt giua phap ludt THAHS vdi cdc ngdnh luat khdc ttong he thdng phap luat Viel Nam. Giua cdc nganh ludt khdng dugc cd sy chdng cheo, tning lap, mdu thuan vdi nhau ttong didu chinh cac van dd lien quan tdi THAHS, nhdt la ddi vdi cac ngdnh luat ed quan he gan gui vdi nhau nhu nhu ludt hinh sy, luat td tiang hinh su, luat td tiing dan sy, ludt hanh ehinh, Ludt Thi hdnh lam giu, tam giam. Khi xay dyng phap luat phai ra sodt cac ndi dung phdp ludt dd phat hidn sy chdng cheo, trung lap, mdu thuan ndu cd, ddng thai kidn nghi co quan cd thdm quydn sua chiia khac phuc cdc bdt cap dd.
Ba Id, tinh ddng bd, tiidng nhdi vd ttinh ly, thu tuc, ndi dung giua cdc van ban didu ehinh
boat ddng THAHS phai duge thd hien xuyel sudt. Hidn phdp vdi tinh chdt la dao luat co ban, ludt gdc cho mgi ITnh vyc phap lusil ttoi^
dd cd phdp ludt THAHS phdi ddt ra nhiing van de ndn lang dd Ludt THAHS Irdn ca so dd quy dinh cac vdn dd co ban cfta THAHS.
Cac van ban dudi luat hudng ddn thi hanh Luat THAHS khdng dugc trai vdi Hidn phap va Luat THAHS. Ndi dung cac van bdn duoi ludt nay eiing khdng dugc mdu ihudn, tiftng I9.P, chdng cheo vdi nhau, cd nhu vay mdi t£io ndn sy ddng bd thdng nhdt cfta phap lual THAHS.
Bon la, toan bg cdc quy dinh phap ludt noi chung, phap luat THAHS ndi ridng phai thoi^
nhat vdi dudng Idi chft truang cua Dang, chinh sach cua Nha nudc. Dudng 161 ch6 truong, chinh sach cfta Dang, Nha nudc la co sd ciing la dinh hudng myc tieu dd phap luat THAHS dugc ban hanh dftng dan, dp dung hieu qua trong thyc lien. Vi vay, phdp luat THAHS phai cd sy thdng nhat vdi cac dudng ldi, chft truong, chinh sach trdn. Didu ndy con cd y nghTa tao nen su ddng thudn, thdng nhat ciia toan bd he thdng chinh tti ttong boat dgng lam cho bdn an, quydt dinh cfta Tda an duoc thyc hidn trdn thuc td, phap luat THAHS duoc dp dung dung dan.
Tinh ddng bd, thdng nhdt cfta phdp MX THAHS thd hidn tten nhidu cap do, khia canh, la ddi hdi khach quan cila xdy dyng phap lu$t ndi chung, phdp ludt THAHS ndi ridng.
Thir tu, tinh phu hgp, khd thi: Tinh phu hgp cua phap ludt thd hidn phap ludt do phai phan dnh dung cac quy luat khach quan cua xd hgi hidn thyc. Trong THAHS, didu nay Ihd hidn phap ludl THAHS phdi phii hgp vcri didu kidn, hoan canh thuc Id cfta viec thirc hi$n phap luat THAHS. Sy phft hgp se lao didu kidn thudn lgi eho tinh kha thi bay con ggi la kha nang thyc hidn phdp luat THAHS, De phap ludt THAHS cd tinh kha thi, cdn can cu vao nhidu ydu td (nhu su phu hgp ciia quy dinh phap luat; ydu Id tai chinh; bd may th^c hidn; co sd vat chdt ky thudt vd thdi diem
thyc hien). Tinh phii hgp, kha thi cd quan he chat che, khang khit hudng tdi myc dich lam cho phap ludt THAHS dugc thyc bidn tren Ihuc te.
Trong tidu chi hoan thidn phap luat THAHS, tidu chi nay the hidn d mdt sd didm CO ban nhu sau: Phdp ludl THAHS phdi phft hgp vdi trinh do phat ttidn kinh td, xa hdi cfta ddt nudc, trac tidp la didu kidn co sd vat ehat phyc vu cho THAHS nhu trai giam trai, tam giam, nha tam gift va cdc dia phuong noi boat ddng THAHS dugc thue hidn. Phdp ludt THAHS phai thd hidn dugc ydu edu phap che XHCN, bao dam dan chu XHCN, phft hgp vdi cdc ydu cau cua cai each tu phap, edi each hdnh chinh ma Dang, Nha nudc dang tidn hanh. Phap luat THAHS xay dung tren co sd danh gia ky luong cac yeu cau ve chinh tti, phap luat, nghidp vu ttong THAHS. Phap luat THAHS can dugc nghidn eftu xdy dung trdn CO sd nam bdt tdm tu, nguydn vgng ehinh ddng cfta ngudi bi kdt an, nghien cuu viec bao ve quydn, Igi ich hgp phap cfta nhiing ngudi khac tham gia THAHS dd dua ra cde quy dinh phap luat phft hgp; Cdn linh den yeu td dy bao ttong tuong lai khi ap dung phap luat THAHS. LTnh vyc phdp ludt nay khdng chi dugc dp dyng ttong mdt thdi didm nhdt dinh ma cdn cd thd dugc ap dyng ttong thdi gian tdi. Vi thd, cdn nghidn cuu, khao sdt eho phu hgp dd bao dam sy dn dinh tuong ddi, ben viing ttong qua ttinh dp dung cfta phdp luat.
Ngoai ra, can quan tam tdi tinh phu hgp, khd thi khi ban hdnh van ban Iu|it, van ban dudi luat lien quan tdi THAHS, cdn chft y ldi cdc hudng ddn vd td ehftc bd may, ydu td con ngudi, CO sd vdt chdt kJ thuat dd khi THAHS lam cho phap ludt THAHS dugc tang cudng linh kha thi trdn thyc td.
Thu nam, tinh tuang thich v&i cdc vdn ban phdp lugt qudc ti Viit Nam da ky kit, tham gia va cdc chudn m^c quoc te ve thi hdnh dn hinh su : Viet Nam da ky ket hoac tham gia nhidu van ban phap luat qudc td lidn quan tdi THAHS. Ydu cdu cfta phap ludt qudc
td ndi chung va cac didu udc quoc Id dd ddi hdi Viet Nam phdi ngi luat hda eac thda thudn qudc td Irong phap ludl Viet Nam, thdng qua vide sfta ddi phap luat Viet Nam cho phii hgp vdi cac thda thudn qudc td, hudng dan dp dung cac thda thuan qudc te ttong phap ludt Viet Nam. Vi the, vide bdo ddm tinh tuong thich, thd hidn sy tuong ddng gifta phap luat THAHS Viet Nam va phdp ludt qudc td ve THAHS la mgt tidu chi khach quan tdt ydu khi hoan thien phap ludt. Ngodi ra, nghidn cuu tiep thu cae chudn myc qudc td phu hgp vdi Viet Nam vd THAHS cung la didu cdn thiet dd khdc phuc nhiing ban che thidu sdt, gdp phdn hoan thidn phap luat THAHS hidn nay.
Hoan thidn phap luat THAHS phdi nghidn ciiru ky vdn bdn phdp ludt qudc te vd THAHS ma Viet Nam da ky kdt hoac Iham gia. Ben canh dd, phai thudng xuydn c$p nhdt cac vdn ban phap ludt Viet Nam da dugc sua ddi, bd sung, tich cue hudng ddn, dp dyng cdc thda Ihudn qude te Viet Nam da ky kdt hoac tham gia.
Trong qua trinh xdy dyng phap luat, can chft f van diing cac chuan myc qudc Id cd gia tti ap dung d Viet Nam dd xay dyng phap ludl THAHS, dac biet la cac ITnh vuc eo ban cfta THAHS nhu thdm quydn, trinh ty thft tuc THAHS va cac ITnh vuc khac ciia THAHS hidn nay nhu thi hanh an phat tft. Cac boat ddng nay can tidn hdnh theo cac budc di thich hgp. Khi dp dung lieu chi trdn can can eft van dung cac kinh nghidm qudc td, Irdn co sd phft hgp vdi didu kidn hodn canh thyc te d Viet Nam tai cdc thdi diem cu Ihd, khdng nen dp dung lidu chi qudc td nham phe phdn hay phft nban kdt qua xdy dung phdp ludl THAHS Viet Nam va ngugc lai.
Hoan thidn thidn phdp ludt THAHS chi dat dugc hidu qud cao nhat khi cd each thuc dftng dan,vidc xac dinh va thuc hidn dftng cac tieu chi phdp luat THAHS la boat ddng cd y nghTa quan trgng va cdn dugc van dung xuyen sudt trong qua trinh hoan thien phdp ludt THAHS./
