Thi/c trang va giai phap uTng pho tren cd sd khai thac

T a c dpng cua bien doi l<hf hau d mien nui vung cao phfa Bac Viet Nam:

Thi/c trang va giai phap uTng pho tren cd sd khai thac tri thufc ban dja

cua cac dan toe thieu so*

D U C J N G QUYNH PHUdNG**

T

rong Chie'n Iflgc qud'c gia ve bien doi khi hdu giai doan 2011 - 2020 da nhdn dinh: "Tdc ddng ciia bie'n doi khi hdu dbi vdi nfldc t a Id rat nghigm trgng, la nguy cd hien hflu eho muc tigu xda ddi giam ngheo, eho vibe tbUe hien cdc muc tigu thign nign ky vd sfl phdt trien ben vflng eua da't nfldc" (Quye't dinh so' 2139/QD-TTg, 5 /12/ 2011 cua Thu tfldng Chinh phu). Nhan dinh dd dung trgn pham vi todn cau; ca nfldc, vd cung dung trong pham vi khu vifc mien nui phfa Bdc - mdt vung dia li tdc ngfldi dpe ddo vdi hdn 30 dan tbc cd tru. Hien tflgng bie'n doi khi hdu d nhilu dia phflcmg vimg cao, vung nui da vd dang anh hfldng tieu cflc trong mgi Hnh vflc Hgn quan den s i n xua't vd ddi sb'ng cac ddn tpc. Cde hign tUdng cUc doan d vung miln nui phia Bac ed xu hfldng diln bie'n that thddng ea t a n suit, cddng dp va mfle dp thiet hai nhU; sat Id, lu quet, lu d'ng, lu bun dd, mUa ldn, h a n hdn, ret hai,... gay anh hfldng tidu cUc den viec thfle hien muc

tigu xod ddi giam ngheo nhanh vd ben viing. Trude tinh hinh dd, ehinh quyen cde cap can ke' hoach dng phd vdi bien doi khi hdu phu hgp phu hgp vdi ddc thu dia phucfng mien nui vd vung dan tdc phia Bdc ndi chung vd tCfng dia phddng ndi rieng.

Day Id nhiem vu khd khdn, phdc tap, ddi hdi phai cb nhieu nghien edU, tim ra cdc giai phap phu hgp.

I. TONG QUAN KHU Vl/C MIEN NUI PHIA BAC VIET NAM

Mien mii phia Bdc gom cdc tidu vung Bdng Bdc vd Tdy Bdc. Tdi nguygn, kinh te - xd hdi trong khu vdc cb nhfing net dae thu, cb sfl bie'n doi trong qud t n n h thfle hien cac ehii tnfdng, chinh sach phdt trien cua qud'c gia vd cdc dia phuong trong nhflng nam vfla qua.

Tiiu vung tu nhien vd kinh te - xd hpi Ddng Bdc cd dien tich 63.629 km^ (chie'm 20% dien tich ca nudc) bao gom 11 tinh:

* NghiSn cdu ndy dugc tdi trp bdi Quy phat trien Khoa hpc vd Cong nghe Quoc gia (NAFOSTED) trong dl tdi ma sd IV5.2-2011.17 . Xin chan thdnh cam cm.

** TS. Duwng Quynh Phuong, TrUdng Dai hpc Su pham, DH Thdi Nguyen

64 Nghiin cihi Ddng Nam A 8/2014

Hd Giang, Cao Bang, Lang Sdn, Lao Cai, B i c Kan, Quang Ninh, Yen Bai, Tuyen Quang, Thdi Nguydn, Phd Thg va Bac Giang. Ddy la khu vifc cd nguIn tai nguyen khoang san gidu n h a t ca nUdc, vdi chung loai phong phu va trfi lUdng ldn nhfl than, ti tan, ddng, apatit, thid'c, s i t , . . . Day cung la khu vifc cd dilu kien phdt trien cdy ndng nghigp vd cdng nghigp va chan nudi dai gia sue. Tilm ndng du Hch ciia vung nay eung khd giau cd va to ldn nhU Ha Long, Bac Pd, Tan Trdo, Ba B l , ...

Phan ldn dia hinh d tilu vung Ddng Bic cb dd cao t n m g binh. Dpe theo bign gidi Viet - Tnmg ciia tieu vung Ddng B i c cd son nguyen da Ddng Vdn - Lung Cu, nhilu day nui cao trgn 1500 m nhi^ Tdy Cdn Linh (2419 m), Kieu Lieu Ty (2402 m), Mdu Sdn (1541 m), Nam Chau Lanh (1506 m), Tam Dao (1591 m)...; cac day ndi hinh canh cung: Sdng Gam, Ngan Sdn, Bic Son, Ddng Trilu. Mdt so canh ddng gida nui cd dien tich rpng, tddng ddi bdng phang, dan cd ddng due, ndng nghiep tru phd nhu Mudng Thanh, Tuan Gido (Dien Bien), Binh Ld (Lai Chau), Vdn Chan, Nghia Lb (Yen Bdi), Hod An (Cao Bang), Dai Tfl (Thai Nguyen),,,, Ddng Bdc la vung Idnh thd gom nfldc eho lifu vUe cdc dbng sdng Hdng, sbng Thai Binh. Bat nguon tfl day Ngan Sdn, sbng Ky Cung do nfldc sang luu vUe sbng Bdng Giang Quang Tay, Tnmg Qude.

Nhilu cfla khau qub'c te' quan trgng trong khu vUc ndm d bign gidi Viet - Trung vdi chieu ddi 1.145 km. Trong nhijng ndm g i n day, vung da phdt huy lgi the', tao nen dien mao, sd khdi sdc cho hoat dgng kinh te' va xd hbi trong vung.

Dong Bac ciing la khu vUc co hdn 30 d i n tdc a n h em cimg chung sdng vdi sd dan g i n 10 trieu i ^ d i , chiem trdn 40%

dan so toan qudc. Cu ddn thugc cdc nhdm ngon ngi? Tay - Thai, Mdng - Dao, Nam A - Ka dai, Viet - Mudng,...

Tieu vung tU nhiin vd kinh ti - xa hpi Tdy Bdc bao gdm cac t i n h Lai Chau, Dipn Bidn, Sdn La, Hda Binh. Toan vung cb dien tieh tU nhien la 37.335 km^, dia hinh chia cat hiem trd, da dang vdi cdc thui^

lung, nui cao, cao nguyen... Cdc sdng ldn n h u sdng Da, sdng Ma cd tiem nang thiiy dien khdng nho. Day cung Id khu vifc cb nhieu md kim loai mau quy hiem nhd ddng, thie'c, niken, da quy... Tilu vung ndy cd dudng bign gidi vdi Lao 600 km vd vdi Trung Qudc 300 km.

Dai bp phan dien tich lanh t h i T i y B^c la dia hinh nui cao vd chia cat sdu. Db Id cdc cao nguyen Ta Phinh, Sin Chai, Sdn La, Mde Chau vd la nhfing day niii dpc theo bidn gidi Viet - Trung, Viet - Lao vdi dinh eao tii' 1500 m trd Ign: Pu Si Lung (3076m), Khoan La San (1853m), Pu Sam Sao (1897m), Pu Ludng (1880m), Phansipan Id dinh nui cao n h a t Vidt Nam (3143 m). LdU vUc sdng Da chie'm dai b6 phan T i y Bdc vdi n h i l u thde ghlnh cd ngudn thuy ndng ddi ddo. Tay Bdc cung cd nhflng cdnh ddng gifia nui chie'm didn tich ldn nhfl : canh dong Mudng Thanh, Tuan Gido, Binh Lu. Tay Bac khi hdu cd 2 miia rd ret trong ndm, nhiet dd trung binh 20'^C, lugng mfla trong n a m 1.000 2.000mm, do am tfl 80 - 85%. Day Id khu VLfc CO dieu kien phat t r i l n m a n h v l lim nghiep: phat t r i l n trdng rifng, cdc ciy cdng nghiep, cay dn qua, dflgc Hdu va chdn nubi gia sue.

Todn vung c6 gan 3 trigu ngUdi thudc hdn 20 d i n tdc thieu sd cung chung sd'ng.

Ding bao thudc cic nhdm ngdn ngfi nhu Mdn - Khd me, Mdng - Dao, Tdy - Thdi, Tang - Midn, Vidt - Mfldng, Nam A... Trinh dp p h i t t r i l n cua cac d i n tdc trong vung cdn nhieu chdnh Igch nhau vd thi'p so vdi mdt bang p h i t t r i l n chung cua qud'c gia.

Ty le ddi ngheo cao, vigc tig'p can vdi cac dich vu cdng cdn nhieu b a n che.

n . TAC D 6 N G C U A B I E N D O I KHI H A U VA THIEN TAI D E N KHU VlJC M l i N NtJI VUNG CAO PHIA BAC VIETNAM

Trong nhung ndm gan day, tren dia ban cde tinh thudc khu vdc m i l n nui phia Bic, khi hdu da cd nhiJng bieu hidn big'n doi ngdy cdng rd ndt vd cb tdc dbng dg'n nhieu Iinh vUe khdc nhau. Dd la hien tdgng nhiet do tdng vd cdc hien tddng thdi tig't CUc doan nhfl: n i n g ndng keo ddi hdn, ret dim keo ddi hdn, mfla ldn tdp trung...

Nhiing hign tugng bat thudng nhd lu qudt, lu bun dd, xdi mdn thoai hod di't, nflt - trugt dat vd h i i n tugng xdi Id bd thudng xuygn xay ra. Bgn canh dd edn xuat hien cdc bat thudng v l thdi tie't nhU: ddng, ldc, mua dd, set... gdy thiet hai nghigm trgng vl ngudi vd tdi san.

Dd'i vdi hign tflgng nhiet do khdng khi tdng, ket qua phan tich sd Heu khi tugng thuy vdn d tram Hd Giang vd B i c Quang cho tha'y, nhigt do khdng khf trung binh ndm lan lugt tdng 0,60C vd '0,80C trong vdng 50 ndm qua (tfl ndm 1960). Tuy nhien su tdng nhidt do khdng khi-diln ra khdng gidng nhau gifia cdc mua trong ndm. Tuy theo cic dia diem khdc nhau md

eUdng do vd t a n sud't xud't hien eac hien tugng thdi tiet cue doan Id khdc nhau. Vi du, nghign cdu cua cdc nhd khoa hgc ve bien doi khi hdu d xa PhUdng Vign huyen Chg Ddn vd xd Quang Chu, huyen Chg Mdi tinh B i c Kan eho thd'y, d xd PhflOng Ygn hien tflgng thdi tie't cflc doan dugc sdp xep theo mfle do nghiem trgng giam d i n nhu sau: lu quet, sat Id dd't, xdi mdn, mda dd, sd'm set trong khi dd d xa Quang Chu lai Id lu lut /lu quet, ngap ung, ban hdn, xdi mdn da't.

Tfl xda deh nay, dai da so dong bdo cdc dan tde mien nui vung cao phia Bac cd cude sdng chu ye'u dUa vdo ndng - ldm nghigp vd phu thudc vdo tfl nhidn. Do vdy, trUdc nhiing t i e ddng cua bie'n doi khi hdu thi hg chinh la nhflng cU dan chiu thiet hai nhi't. Cb the minh chdng qua mdt so khia canh sau:

Bien doi khi hdu tdc ddng den san xuat cua ngdnh ndng nghiep, md tnfdc het bieu hien cua bie'n ddi khi hdu Id lam mat (Hen tich dd't canh tdc, cung vdi dd la dien tich da't dd'c hi xdi mdn, nia trdi, ca'u true dd't hi p h i buy, n h i l u ndi hinh thdnh ke't vdn.

Da so' dd't ddi nui trd ngn ngheo, khb, r i n , sat Id. Nhflng tac dbng nay lam ban che nguon vd'n sinh ke' eiia ngfldi dan, ddc bigt la nhflng ngfldi ngheo sd'ng phu thude chii yg'u vdo td nhien. Ben canh dd, ban hdn, ret dam ret hai lam giam bode phd buy dien tich da dugc giao trdng, tfl db giam san lugng Ifldng thUe san xuat dugc lam cho ngfldi dan vb'n da ngheo lai edng ngheo hdn.

Theo bdo cdo eua UBND tinh Lao Cai, trong ndm 2011 d tinh Lao Cai dd dien ra nhilu ddt ret ddm, ret hai, nhiet do dao

66 Nghiin cihi Ddng Nam A 8/2014

dbng d mfle 5 dg'n 7°C. Ret dam, cd thdi diem nhigt dd xud'ng tha'p deh 3^C, gay khd khdn cho san xuat ndng nghigp va ddi sd'ng, ddng thdi lam gia t a n g tai n a n giao thdng, do sUdng mu b a n che' t a m nhin, nhi't la d dia ban vung cao nhU Sa Pa, Bac Ha... Tai Sa Pa, tam d i l m cua ret lanh, nhiet do xud'ng t h a p kem theo sUdng mu, gib bac va mUa phun n e n cay cdi t d n lui, ngudn thfle an tfl nhien cho gia sue can kibt khig'n nhilu gia dinh d cac xa Trung Chai, Ta Phin, Sa Pa, Hau Thao... phai sd tan trau, bd xud'ng vung thi'p sat t h d n h phd Lao Cai (cdch xa 20 dg'n 40 km) d l trdnh ret. D l so tdn gia sue di t r d n h ret, nbng dan phai mang theo chdn mdn, quan do, gao, thdc pham, dung cu nau an...

xud'ng vung thd'p cam liu, lam lan; mdi gia dinh thudng cd hai ngddi, so tan gia sue cho de'n he't mua ret (khoang 1 dg'n 2 thdng) mdi quay ve nhd ldm vu xuan.

Nhieu gia dinh ngfldi dan toe thieu so'phai tig't Idem chi tieu, ddnh tien mua xang d l chay xe may xud'ng vung tha'p lay cd lam thde an cho gia sue trong nhiJng ngdy ret mUdt. Ret dam, ret hai keo ddi gay khd han, thie'u nUdc cho san xua't vd sinh hoat d nhieu dia phfldng, ddc biet Id dia ban vung cao, bidn gidi, nhU: Ndn San, Ndn Sin, Lfl Than (Si Ma Cai), D i n T h i n g , Sang Ma Sdo (Bat Xdt)... Ddc biet, d ba xa Ta Gia Khdu, Din Chin va Pha Long ciia huyen Mudng Khfldng bi thieu nudc sinh boat nghiem trpng. Theo bdo cdo cua Sd Tai nguyen tinh Thai Nguygn, tren dia ban tinh do anh hudng cua bien ddi khi hau, tinh hinh dich benh bung phat trong nhilu nam qua dd lam cho so lUdng gia sue giam nhilu, ddc biet Id trau, bd. Dan trau giam Hen t u c l l 4 , 4 nghin con n a m

2005 xudng cdn 108,6 nghin con nam 2007 va 96, 7 ngMn con n a m 2009, mdi nam giam khoang 4,4 nghin con (giai doan 2005 - 2009).

Ben canh tdc dgng dg'n san xuat ndng nghigp, big'n d l i khi hau tac dgng tidu cUc ddn cic khia canh khdc nhau nhU tinh mang va sflc khoe, nhd cda, tdi san, thu n h a p va tie'p can cac dich vu xa hdi dl n i n g eao kidn thufc cua d i n g bao cdc dan tdc thieu so' mien nui vung cao phia Bac.

Theo bao cao qud'c gia v l giam nhe thien tai d ^^gt Nam thi cf khu vUc miln niii vung cao phia Bdc, thien tai d i l n ra vdi t a n sud't cao hdn vd cUdng dd ndng hdn.

Trong vdng 10 ndm tfl ndm 1994 den 2003 d m i l n nui phia Bac ed 43 ngUdi chet hodc mat tieh, 277 ngfldi bi thUong vd hdng chuc nghin ngudi hi a n h hudng tdm H vd kinh te'. O tinh Ha Giang, tfl n a m 2001 den 2008 cd den 438 ngUdi chdt va 102 ngUdi hi thddng do lu quet.

Dd'i vdi khu vUe mien nui vung eao phia Bac, big'n doi khi hdu dd lam t r i m trpng thgm tanh t r a n g ngheo ciia dong bao cac dan tbc. Sinh ke' ciia hg chu ye'u dfla vdo nguon tdi nguyen thien nhign, trong khi dd tinh t r a n g nguon t i i nguyen thign nhign lai phu thugc vdo dieu kien khi hiu vd thdi tiet. Bien doi khi hau tdc dgng trifc tig'p de'n thign nhien, ldm h a n che' sif tiep can eua ngUdi dan dd'i vdi nguIn tdi nguyin thien nhidn, ma tnfdc he't Id t i i nguygn dat, nfldc va rimg, dieu ndy ldm anh hUofng de'n thu n h a p ciia hg. Dd cfing la mgt trong nhflng H do khig'n cho dong b i o cdc d i n t^c van ludn sd'ng trong vdng luan quan cua sif suy thodi va ngheo ddi.

i n . M 6 T S 6 KHIA CANH C 6 A TRI THLfC B A N D I A Ctx DONG BAO CAC D A N T O C VUNG CAO CO GIA T I ^ TRONG VIEC tfNG PHO VCll BIEN D 6 I K m H A U

1. I V o n g vi^c k h a i t h a c v a b a o v $ ruCng

Thfle te cho t h i y , big'n ddi khi h i u gdy tdc ddng de'n ngudn tai nguyen theo nhieu phddng thfle khdc nhau. Dd'i vdi tai nguyen rCftig thi sU t i c ddng ro nhat db Id, dien tich rCfng bi giam do cdc hien tugng thdi tig't cflc doan. d nhieu dia phfldng thudc khu vflc mien nui phia Bic, dien tich rdng tu nhien dang bi suy giam nghigm trgng do lu qudt, sat Id da't, Id'c xody, chdy rflng...

Ciing vdi dd Id sfl suy gidm tinh da dang sinh hgc do mat didn tich rflng vd do gia tdng dich b^nh.

Ve phia ngudi dan dia phflcfng d khu vUe mien nui vung cao, bao ddi nay hg sd'ng g i n rflhg vd sdng dUa vdo rflng, vi vay hg cb nhOng kie'n thdc rat ed gid tri trong viec bio vg vd phdt t r i l n rflhg. C h i n g han, dbi vdi dong bdo d i n tpc Dao, hg cd nhung luat tuc quy dinh ro rang v l viec khai thdc vd bao ve rflng. H i u hg't mdi thdn, ban diu cd nhOng khu rimg ci'm (ma podng kim), thdng thfldng nhung khu rifng cam nay nim ct dau ngudn khe nudc ciia thdn, xdm.

TTieo tuc lg, tai khu rifng cam ndy dan lang chi dddc tdi trong dip thfle hien cac nghi thdc thd rdng, tuyet dd'i khdng duge chat phi, thd hay budc t r i u cf khu rdng cam, neu ai vi pham vdo dilu cmn Iqr ndy se bi phat

^^t gao, hodc bac t r i n g . Ngodi ra, ngfldi Dao c6n c6 tuc lg khi xay dung gia dinh thi edp vg chong tre phai trong tre, trdm hodc que. Khi trong gia dinh c6 mdt dfla tre ra

ddi thi ba con thdn ban, hg hdng d&i thdm mdi ngUdi dem mdt cay que con trong de sau nay lam tdi san hodc cua hdi mdn cho dfla tre. Hoac khi di sdn b i n , ngUdi Dao tuan thii nghidm ngat tuc lg khdng ban giet nhi&ig con thu d a i ^ mang thai vi hg quan nigm neu ban giet nhiing con thu mang thai thi con vat ma minh nudi se khdng sinh san dugc. Ngodi ra, dieu cam ky ndy cdn mang y nghia dao ddc vd gdp p h i n bao ve sfl sinh tnfdng cua dan thu.

Cac thg' he ngUdi Dao cdn truyen migng nhau nhi&ig quy dinh khi khai thac tdi nguygn rCmg. "Lam nUdng khbng dugc phat rCfng gia, lam nhd khdng dugc chat ciy to, chat mbt cay phai trdng bay cdy.

Chat cay to phai ehfla cay con, ldm nhfl the' riing mdi khbng bi ma't..." hay "Chim thu trong rifng ta phai bao ve. Tha'y chim thu khbng nen duoi bat. Bat con chdn khdng dugc bat eon me, bat con chim khdng dUde bat con me. Bat con ca khbng dUdc bat con me...". Ld dan tdc sd'ng <S vung reo gifla va reo eao, cude sd'ng bao ddi nay phu thudc chat ehe vao thien nhign, do vdy ngudi Dao hieu rat rb vai trd cua rifng dau nguon vdi cube sb'ng vd mua mang. Cd t h i ndi rdng, nfng gdp phan nudi sd'ng con ngddi va dg'n khi mdi ngfldi qua ddi, riing lai ddn v l , dp u nhd ngfldi Me. NgUdi Dao cd cau: "Nang kim ui, pay kim pig'c" (Nghia la: Sd'ng rimg nudi, che't riing chbn). Rdng cung cap cho ngUdi tfl ngpn mdng, ngpn rau, eay nam, tbub'c ehfla benh.. ddn eay cdt dung nhd, chig'c quan tdi khi qua ddi.. Viec bao ve rCmg, ddc biet Id nhiing khu rifng dau ngudn, rflng thieng la nghia vu, trdch nhiem cua mdi ngudi vd dd trd thdnh luat tuc ciia thdn cua ban.

68 Nghien cieu Dong Nam A 8/2014 Ngfldi Dao ndi ve riftig, rifng thieng vd

trdch nhiem bao vg rifng cua mdi ngUdi mgt cdch cu the, ai cung hieu dugc: "Cay cd long (cd nghia la cay cd thu), nhU ngudi gia ed rau, rifng xanh bat ngdt, la rimg dau nguon, riing dau md nfldc, rifng ngut ngdn tit tap, rifng cung tg', nftig kieng, rflng linh thigng... Bao ve nfng de cho hdm nay, cho ngdy mai vd cho mudn ddi thg' he: "Cd rdng, cd cay, cd hoa qua chin. Chim mudng, ong bddm, mudn lodi se de'n. Ng'u khdng mubn lodi ong bUdm va chim mudng se bd di. Db la le thddng tinh tfl nhidn thdi".

Rilfng trong t i m thdc ciia ngddi Dao nhU trai tim cua cdng dong, the hien nhttng quy Udc, ludt tuc vd nhiing gid tri van hda truyen thd'ng dUde tdn thd, dugc sung kinh nhu vdi dng bd to tign.

Dd'i vdi dong bdo dan tbc Mong, mgt dan tpc dai dien eho nhfing cd dan sinh sd'ng d khu vUc reo cao thi hp ed phong tuc cung riing, hau nhU thbn ban ndo cung quan ly mbt dien tfch rimg hoac 2-3 thdn quan ly chung mpt cHen tich rimg cung. Ngfldi dan Mbng coi rflng eung ciia thbn la rflng thidng ngn bao ve rat nghigm ngdt theo hUong Udc do thbn de ra. Hfldng fldc nay quy dinh : Nghiem cam mpi ngudi d i n trong thdn k l ea ngudi ngoai khdng dflgc vao rflng eting chat cdy, lay cui, chdn tha gia sue vdo rflhg..., ne'u ai vi pham se bi thdn phat va bang tien, ngd hoac gao nop vao quy. Chinh vi quy dinh nghigm ngdt va phat va ve gid tri kinh tg' ldn nen khdng cd ngddi vi pham vdo rflhg eung, do dd rting nay dugc bao ve rat tdt. Hang nam vao thang gigng hodc thdng hai nhan ddn to chdc le hbi cung rflng, ngoai muc dich cau cho t h i n rifng phu hb, nhan dan trong duge binh an, mua mdng tUcfi td't, thdn cdn quy dinh mdi hg

trong thdn phai trdng tif 1 den 5 ciy vdo khu vifc rifitig cam n h a m phdt t r i l n riftig tdt hon. Khi di rtmg gap c i y to thugc loai gS quy hig'm, n h a nao phat hidn tnfdc thi lap ban thd d gdc ciy. Hg thii&ng thd cung nhiing gdc ciy to n a y vdo dip tet, ngay 5 t h i n g Gieng vdi y nghia la ciy se che'gib bao, gifi dat, gifl nUde va dem lai may man cho gia dinh vd a n h em trong d d i ^ hg. Tin nguSng nay da cd y nghia ddc bigt quan trong trong van de bao vd tai nguyen rtog, bdi vi mdi mdt ban thd cung dflgc lap dUdi gd'c cay to trong rifng dong n ^ i a vdi viec mgt cay go quy cua rifng tfl nhign dflgc bao ve vd tdn tai sfl sd'ng.

Vdi nhflng hinh thufc quan H vd bao ve rdng, dac bigt la rflng thieng, rdng dau ngudn cua eac d i n tdc d vimg cao thi dieu ndy dd dat dUdc muc tidu kep, dd id: Bao tdn dflgc ngudn gen, dam bao tinh da dang sinh hgc ddng thdi cdn cd t i c dung rat tdt trong viec giam phat thai. Rflng dugc bao ve se ldm tdng k h a n a n g lifu gifl nudc vd giam td'c do gid, qua dd giam nhe dflpc thign tai do big'n doi khi hau gay ra.

2. T r o n g v i g c c h o n g x o i m o n v a bao vg d a t

Sinh sd'ng lau ddi trdn vung di't doc, dong bao cic dan tpc mien nui vung cao rat gidi sd dung cac kig'n thijfc ban dia de ngdn ngfla nguy cd sat Id da't, chd'ng xoi mdn vd bao vg da't.

Tuy tiSng dilu kign mdi trfldng tfl nhiin ciia mdi dia phuong ma ddng bdo cic dan tbc cd nhiing cich thfle khdc nhau trong viec ngan ngda sat Id vd chdng xdi mdn dat. Cde dan tdc Mdng, Pu Pdo, Lo Id d Hd Giang, Ydn B i i thudng kg't hgp trdng ciy

vdi viec xdp da quanh nhd hoac quanh nUdng de chdng rijfa trdi. Cach thfle nay da dugc duy trt hdng trdm ndm vd tao nen mdt s i c thai vdn h o i r a t ridng cua khu vifc vung cao.

Dong bdo cdc dan tgc r i t chu y den viec lUa chgn cdc cay trdng phu hgp trgn mdi viing dat khac nhau, n h a m dem lai do phi cho dit, dong thdi bao ve d i t , chd'ng xdi mon, rufa trdi. Theo kinh nghiem cua ngUdi Dao, cdy trong thich hgp trgn dat ddc gdm cb cdc loai sau : (1). Trdu, md vd keo tai tmng, kinh nghiem tfl xUa d l lai tW md vd t r i u la cdy lay gd sinh tnfdng nhanh nhd't, chi trong 5 - 6 nam da dugc thu hoach. Gd md trdn mUdi nam rat tdt, cd the lam go tru. Di't trdng md, trau khdng bi thodi hba, sau khi thu hoach vdn tie'p tue trong dgt khac. T r i n g ciy keo tai tugng xen vdi cdy bach ddn, qud' hoac trdng xen tren cdc vUdn dli se dat hieu qua eao vd chat lugng td't. (2). Cdy che: ngUdi Dao tfl xua da trdng ehe, bdi che Id t h d nudc udng co truyen. TrUdc diy, chd mgc tu nhidn trong rung, cdy eao to, ehl viec be canh ve lay Id pha nUdc udng, theo hg, trong che ldm cho dat tdi xd'p, it bi xdi mdn vd cdy che cd bg re khoe, cd tdn la rdng che ddgc mfla rdi trdc tiep. Ngodi r a cd t h i trong them mdng bdt do trdn ddi che theo md hinh: mdng bdt dp + che, mdng b i t do dflgc trdng quanh chin ddi chg. (3). Cdy hg ddu, loai cdy ndy c6 tdc dung ldm tdt di't, ne'u trdng xen vdi cdc ciy trong khdc se dem lai hieu qua cao.

Khi phdng vain mdt sd hd gia dinh ngfldi Dao vl vdn d l lgi Ich ciia cdy hg dau thi hp cho r i n g : Trong cdc cay hg ddu theo dfldng ding mde trdn nUcmg Ida giam dUpc lugng phin bdn vi diu do cd nhilu Id, che phu dit, chd'ng xdi mdn td't. Hdn nfla, lac, ddu

dS de lai cho dat nhilu thdn Id tao chat mim cho d i t ndn dat trd ngn mdu md, se r i t cd lgi cho nhiing ciy trong sau nd. Trdn vUdn rtmg, vUdn cay dn qua vd cay rong nghigp trong xen keo tai tugng, keo Id trdm, do cdc cay keo hut nUdc tfl mach ngam td't lam cho vUdn am udt ndn cay t r i n g sinh tnfdng td't hcfn so vdi ciy khdng t r i n g xen.

Dd'i vdi ddng bdo dan tbc Thii, Mudng &

cdc tanh Sdn La, Didn Bien, Lai Chau, Hod Binh thi hp lai chu y deh vige trdng cay tre, true. Theo hp, tre true khbng chi mang lai lgi ich tnfdc m i t md cdn ed nhiing gid tri ldu ddi thdng qua kha ndng chd'ng xdi mdn, bao ton d i t , dieu tiet nddc. Vdi kinh nghiem ctia ngfldi dan thi ciy hg tre cd tinh ndng chdng xdi Id da't, do vay hp thddng trong cae cay hg tre xung quan ban, Idng, quanh cdc d i m rfldng g i n ddng chay.

IV. K E T LUAN VA K I E N N G H I CAC G l A l P H A P LfNG P H O VC(l B I E N D 6 I K H I H A U

Viet Nam ndi chung vd khu vUc mien nui phfa Bdc nbi rieng dang phai ddi mat vdi nhieu tdc ddng ciia big'n ddi khi hdu.

Hdu qua cua bie'n doi khi hdu dUdc danh gid la nghiem trpng va la mbt nguy cd hien hull cho viec thuc hien muc tigu xod ddi giam nghdo vd cac muc tieu thien nign ki cung nhu can trd viec thfle hien mue tieu phdt t r i l n ben vifng cua dd't nude.

De dng phb vdi bien doi khi hau can phai ed nhuhg ddu tU thich ddng va nd lUc ciia todn xd hdi. Cdc boat ddng vl thfch flng bidn ddi khi hdu can duge Idng ghep, kg't nd'i trong ta't ca cac boat dbng, cdc chinh sdch, chie'n lUgc vd cde quy hoach

70 Nghien cUu Ddng Nam A 8/2014 phdt trien de cac vung trong ca nUdc ndi

chung vd khu vifc m i l n nui ndi rieng cd tiie tang cUdng dUdc vidn trg thdng qua cac hinh thfle trg gidp phdt trien, ddng thdi giam thieu cac a n h hudng tieu cifc do big'n doi khi hau g i y ra.

Hien nay, trong bdi canh bie'n d l i khi hiu, cdc hien tflgng thdi tie't cifc doan va thign tai d i l n r a ngdy cang m a n h me va phflc tap, trfldc khi ed sd can thiep/ hd trg tfi ben ngoai, ngUdi dan cdc dan tgc thieu sd da phai tim each tU ddi phd d l bao ve ban thdn, gia dinh vd edng dong. Nhiing sang kig'n md hg dp dung chu yeu dUgc huy dbng tfl vd'n tri thdc ban dia dfldc due ket td nhilu ddi. Do vay, ddi vdi khu vUc mien nui vung cao phia Bac Viet Nam can phai nhan thfle rd gid tri cua kie'n thdc ban dia, dac biet la kha nang ddng gdp ciia kien thdc ban dia vao vide phat t r i l n ben vdng, giim ngheo va giam thieu t i c ddng tidu cUc cua bie'n doi khi hdu.

Trong dieu kien hien nay cua vung nui phia Bac, de dng phb vdi big'n doi khi h i u vd thfle hien muc tieu phdt trien ben vflng can chd y den mdt sd giai phdp sau:

Thd nhdt, can dilu tra, ddnh gia dung thfle trang nguon tai nguygn thien nhien vd xdy duhg cde md hinh quan H tdng hdp tai nguyen thien nhidn trong dilu kien big'n ddi khi hau.

Thd hai, can nang cao nhan thfle cua dong bdo cde dan tde thieu sd v l nguy cd cua big'n doi khi hau. Bgn eanh dd, can khdi day vd phdt huy manh me hon nfla cdc gii tri vdn hoa dac sde, dac biet la cdc gia tri nhdn van trong dng xiY vdi mdi trudng, vdi gia dinh, edng dong lang ban, ndi rdng ra Id quang ba cdc gid tri vdn hod dan tde.

Thd ba, hien n a y ddng bao cac d i n tdc con ngheo, lai sdng trong moi tnfdng thign nhien khd khan, khac nghidt, trinh d§

phat t r i l n cdn n h i l u h a n chg'. Dieu ndy dbi hdi Dang va N h a nUdc t a phai quan t i m tao dilu kien cho ddng bao n a n g cao ddi sd'ng, d i n g thdi cung nang cao trdch nhiem cua d i n g bdo trong cdng cude x i y dUhg qug hUdng d i t nddc, tnfdc he't la bao vd mdi trudng dau nguon, xay dung ddi sdng vdn hoa mdi.

Thd tu, chu y dg'n vigc phdt trien "cdng nghigp xanh", hudng tdi n l n kinh td "cac bon thap" vd suf dung higu qua tdi nguygn thign nhien./.

TAI L I E U THAM K H A O

1. Bien doi khi hdu: Tdc dbng, khd ndng dng pho va mbt sd van dl chinh sdch ( N ^ S n cdu trudng hgp dong bao cde ddn tbc thilu sd vimg nui phia Bic), Nhom cong tdc ddn tbc thilu sd (EMWG) / Nhdm cdng tdc B i ^ doi khi hau (CCWG). Hd Ndi, 10/ 2011.

2. Bb Tdi Nguygn &. Mbi tnfdng (2009). Kick bdn biin ddi khi hgu, nUdc biin ddng cho Viet Nam the ki 21.

3. Chien lugc quoc gia vi biin doi khi h&u (Ban hdnh kfem theo Quydt dinh s l 2139?QD-TTg ngdy 05/12/2011 cda Thu tudng Chinh Phu)

4. Le Trpng Cue (2002). Mudi ndm phdt tnin miin niii Viet Nam : Cdc vdn di kinh ti - xd hpi ud mdi trudng. Trong Phdt triin miin nui ViH Nam - Mudi ndm nhin lai.

Ha Npi, Nxb Nbng nghidp.

5. Ha Thi Thu Thuy, Duong QujTih PhUOng, Vu Nhu Van (2012), Cdc ddn tpc Mdng. Dao:

Gdc nhin da c/iiiu tU Dia li, ddn tdc hgc, lich sd vd sinh thdi nhdn vdn miin nui phfa Bdc, Nhd xuat bdn vdn hod thdng tin.