MOT SO TRAO DOI v l CAC DI^M Mdi TRONG QUY DINH VE GIAO KET HdP DONG LAO DONG
ThiEO Bp LUAT LAO DONG NAM 2019
Phgm Thi Thiiy Nga' Tom tat: Bo htal Lao dpng nam 2019 mai dugc han iianh. co hieu hrc tir ngciy 01/01/2021 'a se [hay the cho Bo heat Lao dpng nam 2012 hien hanh v&i nhieu quy dmh m&i Trong do CO ihieu quy dinh m&i ve giao ket hop dong lao dong, day la nhirng thay den co tdc dpng lan den iec hinh thdnh quan he lao dpng. Ben canh viec chi ra nhirng diem m&i, bdi viet nghien cthi, udn gidi ve linh hap ly hoac chua Ihuc .'iU hap ly livng edc qiiv dinh m&i ve giao ket hap dong ao dpng.
Tif khoa: Giao ket hap dong lao dong, hap dong lao dong, veu to qudn Iv, giao dich dien tu.
Nhan bai: 02/3/2020. Hodn thdnh hien tdp^ 06/3/2020, Duyet ddng- 27/03/2020.
Abstract: The Labour Code in 2019 which has just been issued shall take effect from 11/01/2021 and replace the Labour Code in 2012 with new regulations including new '•egulations on entering into employment contracts. Tliese changes make great impact on the establishment of labour relation In addition to mentioning new points, the article studies and Explains the reasonableness and unreasonableness in new regulations on entering into employment contracts
Keywords: Enter in to employment contracts, emplovment contracts, management factor, e-transaction.
Date of receipt: 02/3/2020: Date of revision: 06/3/2020: Date of Approval: 27/03/2020.
Theo danh gia tai Bao cao tong ket Bg luat BLLD nam 2019.
Lao dong nam 2012. cac quy dinh phap luat ve Mot la, BLLD nam 2019 quy djnh cu the giao k^t hgp ddng lao dong (HDLD) da tuong cac dau hieu de nhan dien quan he lao dpng lam doi ro rang nen bao eao cua cac dja phuong cho cong (Dieu 13)
th4y thue tiln giao kit HDLD va thuc hien quy Khai niem HDLD duoc quy dinh tai Klioan dinh phap luat vh HDLD tren dia ban kha t6t. 1 DiSu 13 BLLD nam 2019 chi eo mgt vai thay Da so doanh nghiep va nguoi lao dgng da thue dot tir ngii nham lam ro hon khai niem HDLD hien dling eac quy dmh \h thir viec, giao k6t ma kliong c6 thay doi vk ngi dung khai niem so theo dling loai HDLD-. Do vay, cac quy dinh \ S voi quy dmh BLLD nam 2012: "Hgp dong lao giao kjt HDLD cua Bo luat Lao dgng nam 2019 dong la su thoa thuan giua ngucn lao dgng va (BLLD nam 2019) dugc ke thiia kha nhiiu ni nguoi sir dung lao dgng vS viec Idm co trd cong.
Eg luat Lag dgng (BLLD) nam 2012, khong co tien luong, dieu kien lao dpng, quyen va nghia thay d6i 1cm ve hinh thilc va noi dung. Tuy vu ciia moi ben trong quan he lao dong". Khai nhien, d i khjc phuc mgt s6 han chi trgng cae niem HDLD nay ciing kha tuong thich vai each quy dinh \-i giac kit HDLD cua BLLD nam quy dinh vi HDLD trong phap lujt cua nhieu 2012 thi B L L I ) nam 2019 ce mgt s6 quy dinh nuoc tren thi gioi. Nhin chung, hau het phap moi, CO su thay doi hoan thien hgn so voi luat lao dong cae nuoc deu CO nhiing dinh nghTa BLLD nam 2012 Mac dii vay, vin con co mot vi HDLD khong chi dam bao yen t i ban chat s6 van d i cin trao dgi them ve tinh hgp ly trong ciia hgp dong la su thoa thuan hr nguyen ma cac quy dinh mcii vi giao kit HDLD trong cung c6 nhiing dau hieu dac trimg xuat phat tit
Tien s\. Ptio ^'^^v, Inrang Vien Nlia nu6c va Pliap luat. Vien Han lam IClioa hoc xa hoi VILM Nam ' Bo Lao dong - Thirong bmh i a Xa lioi. Bao cao Tong kel tlu hanii Bo liial Lao dong nam 2012 ngay 7 5 2019. trar
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chinh dac diem cua quan he lao ddng lam cdng va dau hieu chu the (mdt ben la NLD, mdt ben la ngudl sir dung lao ddng (NSDLD), qua dd eo the phan biet HDLD voi cac hgp ddng khac^
Ngoai ra. Khoan 2 DiSu 13 BLLD nam 2019 quy dinh cu the trach nhiem ciia NSDLD trudc khi nhan NLD vao lam viec thi phai giao ket HDLD vdi NLD.
Diem md'i ndi bat trong quy dinh tai Dieu 13 BLLD nam 2019 chinh la viec bd sung doan 2 tai Khoan 1, quy dinh ve cac dau hieu de nlian biet quan he lao ddng lam cdng: '"Tru&ng hpp hai ben thda thugn bdng ten goi khdc nhung cd npi dung the hien ve viec Idm co trd cdng, tien luang vd su qudn ly. dieu hdnh. gidm sdt ciia mdt ben thi duac coi Id hgp ddng lao dpng".
Theo do, cac dau hieu dac trung cua quan he lao ddng (QHLD) lam cdng dupe liet ke eu the gdm:
viec lam cd tra cdng, tien luong va sir quan Iy, dieu hanh, giam sat ciia NSDLD. Theo dd, mdt mdi quan he cd cac dau hieu ndi tren thi chac chan do la QHLD lam cdng va cd ton tai mdt HDLD dii cac ben giao ket hop ddng dat ten quan he dd la gi. Quy dinh nay se giiip loai bd c;ic trudng hpp NSDLD cd tinh ky cac hpp ddng djch vu, hop ddng khoan viec, hgp ddng cong tac vien, hgp ddng chuyen gia. hgp ddng tu van ky thuat. hgp ddng dai ly..., khdng ky HDLD nham tiet kiem chi phi nhan cdng hoac trdn tranli mdt so nghTa vu ve ddng bao hiem xa hgi, bao hiem y te, bao hiem that nghiep va cac nghia vu khac neu xay ra tai nan Iao ddng, benh nghe nghiep. Quy dmh moi tai Dieu 13 vira cd tac dgng djnh hudng hanh vi ddi vdi cac ben chu the quan he Iao ddng vira tao co sd phap ly day dii de CO quan nha nudc cd tham quyen bao ve quyen va Ipi ich cua ngudi Iao dgng lain thue khdng cd mgt van ban vdi ten ggi "hgp ddng Iao dgng" dii tren thuc te hg dang thuc hien mdt quan he Iao ddng Iam cdng.
Tren thuc te, viec xac dinh "ten mdt hgp ddng" chi phu thudc vao ban chat ciia quan he hgp ddng dd va hoan toan khdng phu thudc vao viec cac chii the dat ten cho hgp ddng dd la gi
Neu cd dau hieu ciia y6u td quan ly (cd the dugc xac dinh bang rat nhidu dau hieu khac nhau) thi chac chin do phai la HDLD va quan he dd phai la quan he lao dgng Iam cdng. Co quan cd tham quyen se dua vao cac d§u hieu thuc te de xac djnh ban chat ciia mdi quan he va xac dinh loai hgp ddng ma khdng ckn cd quy dinh tai doan 2 Khoan 1 Dieu 13 nay.
Tuy nhien, viec xac dinh nhu the nao la "cd npi dung the hien ve viec idm co tra cdng. tien luang vd su qudn ly. dieu hdnh, gidm sdt cua mpt ben " ciing khdng don gian. Hien nay, viec phan biet HDLD va cac loai hpp ddng gan vai nd van cdn la mgt bai toan khd. Khoa hpc luat lao dgng ndi chung ghi nhan mdt sd dac diem dac thil CLia HDLD nhu: yeu to quan ly (hay sir phu thupc phap ly cua NLD vao NSDLD), hgp dong do dich danh NLD thuc hien, HDLD dugc thuc hien lien tuc trong mdt khoang thdi gian nhat djnh hoac vd han djnh. Rieng viec xac dinh cd hay khdng cd dau hieu ve "yeu to quan ly"
van dang la mdt thach thiic. Cac nuac phat trien an le da xay dung cho minh mot he thong cac tieu chi cu the, hinh thanh "Bai kiem tra theo thdng luat - Common lavi' test"'* de xac djnh xem mdt ngudfi cd phai NLD hay khdng. Trong nhirng bai kiem tra dd, cac yeu td dua den mot ket luan NSDLD cd quyen quan ly ddi vai nhirng boat dgng ciia ngudi lam viec dd hay khdng. Neu cd, thi ngudfi lam viec dd la NLD.
Bai kiem tra nay dua ra 20 yeu to de xem xet, danh gia va mdi yeu to nay lai dugc giai thich bang cac an le.
Hai Id, BLLD nam 2019 cd ghi nhan them mdt phuong thiic giao ket HDLD mdi.
BLLD nam 2019 da ghi nhan mgt phuong thirc giao kdt HDLD mdi tai doan 2 Khoan I Di^u 14: "HDLD dugc giao k^t thong qua phuong tien dien tu dudi hinh thirc thdng diep dir lieu theo quy djnh ciia phap luat v6 giao dich dien tir cd gia trj nhu HDLD b^ng van ban".
Theo dd, HDLD cd the dugc giao ket bang phuong tien hoat dgng dua tren cdng nghe dien, dien tir, ky thuat so, tir tinh, truydn dan khdng ' Tham khao Pham Thi Thiiy Nga (2009), Luan an ti^n sT Hap Mng iao dong vu hieu llieopimp ludi iao ddng Viel Nam hien nay, Vien Nha nirac va Phap iual, 18-19. , , D
^Dawn D Bennett-Alexander, Laura B Pincus (1998), EmploymenlLawJorBussines-, (second eduion) Irwin/
McGraw-Hill Companies, lr.30-40
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iy, quang hgc, dien tir hoac cong nghe luong f- Cac thdng tin dugc tao ra. dugc giri di, dugc ian va dugc luu trii b4ng phuong tien dien tu.
oai HDLD nay cd gia tri nhu HDLD bing van an. Day la mdt quy dinii moi phu hgp vai xu le phat trien cua QHLD trong bdi canh khoa pc cdng nghe phat triSn. Phuong thiic giao ket [DLD thdng qua phuang tien dien tir giiip cac en tiet kiem duoc thoi gian va chi phi giao ich, viec trao ddi thdng tin de dang. Tuy nhien an cdn cd nhirng quy djnh cu the hon ve ndi ung cac ben can thda thuan (ngoai ndi duiig en quan true tiep HDLD) neu cac ben mudn
;iao ket HDLD bang phuang thirc dien tir, Dd cac van de ve yeu cau ky thuat. chung thuc, ac dieu kien bao dam tinh toan ven, bao mat hdng tm, thai diem giri va nhan du lieu...
Ba Id, BLLD nam 2019 da thu hep pham vi :ac loai HDLD duoc giao ket bang lai ndi.
Trudc day. BLLD nam 2012 phan chia iDLD theo thdi ban thanh ba loai (khdng xac tinh thdi ban; xac djnh thoi ban; miia \ai hoac HDLD cd thdi ban duoi 12 thang) theo dd -IDLD cd the giao ket bang Id'i ndi ddi vdi edng /iec tam thai cd that han duoi 03 thang (Khoan I Dieu 16). Viec phan chia thanh ba loai HDLD ihu tren va viec quy djnh khdng dugc ky -IDLD miia vu hoac hgp ddng Iao dgng cd thoi ian dudi 12 thang ddi vai eac cdng viec cd tinh hat thuang xuyen tir 12 thang trd len (Dieu 22 3LLD nam 2012) dang gay khd khan lan trong }ua irinh trien khai thuc hien cung nhu kiem tra, hanh tra va xir iy \-\ pham do khdng cd van ban iao xac dinh the nao la "cdng viec cd tinh chat huong xuyen tir 12 thang trd len-\ Trong khi Id, ty le ky HDLD miia vu tren thuc te chiem ty ethap, khoang 16.6%''.
De khae phuc han che ndi tren, BLLD nam 3019 da xda bo loai HDLD theo miia vu.
-IDLD chi dugc chia thanh hai loar HDLD chdng xac djnh thdi han va HDLD xac djnh hdl ban (khdng qua 36 thang). NLD phai ky 4DLD b i n g van ban neu HDLD cd thai han ir I thang tra len' (Khoan 2 Dieu 14). Quy
djnh mdi nay dam bao tinh thdng nhat vdi quy dmh ve pham vi ddi tuong tham gia bao hiem xa hdi bat budc NLD ky HDLD ed thoi ban tir 1 thang tra Ien phai tham gia bao hiem xa hpi bat budc (diem a, b Khoan 1 Dieu 2 Luat Bao hiem xa hdi nam 2014).
Bon Id, BLLD nam 2019 da quy dinh cuthS tham quyen giao ket HDLD ben phia NSDLD.
BLLD nam 2012 khdng quy dinh cu the tham quyen giao ket HDLD ben phia NSDLD.
Van de nay dugc quy djnh bai Nghi dinh 148/2018/ND-CP sira ddi, bd sung mdt sd diau cua Nghi dinh 05/2015/ND-CP quy djnh ehi t i ^ va hudng dan thi hanh mgt sd ndi dung ciia Bd luat Lao ddng. De dam bao tinh mmh bach, thdng nhat, BLLD nam 2019 da bd sung quy djnh ve tham quyen giao ket HDLD ben phia NSDLD tai Khoan 3 Diau 18 la ngudi thudc mdt trong cac truong hgp sau:
a) Ngudl dai dien theo phap luat ciia doanh nghiep hoac ngudi dugc uy quyen theo quy djnh ciia phap luat;
b) Nguoi dling dau co quan. td chiic cd tu each phap nhan theo quy dinh ciia phap luat hoac ngudi dugc liy quyen theo quy dmh ciia phap luat:
c) Ngudl dai dien ciia hd gia dinh, td hgp tac, td chirc khac khdng cd tu each phap nhan hoac ngudl dugc iiy quyen theo quy dinh ciia phap luat;
d) Ca nhan true tiep sir dung Iao ddng.
Quy dinh nay phii hgp vdi quy djnh cua Luat Doanh nghiep nam 2014 va cd ndi dung tuong nr nhu quy djnh eua Nghj djnh 148/2018/
ND-CP nhung dugc sap x6p Iai logic hon.
Ndm la, BLLD nam 2019 cho phep cac ben thda thuan ngi dung thir viec ghi trong HDLD hoac giao kk hgp ddng thii viec (Dieu 24). Day la mdt quy dinh mdi nham dap irng nhu cau thuc td nhiSu NSDLD va NLD muon true tiep ky HDLD, trong dd thoi gian thir viec dugc xem nhu mdt ngi dung ciia HDLD. Trong tnrcrng hgp thu viec dat thi cac ben tiep tuc thuc hien HDLD. n^u khdng dat thi HDLD chain B6 Lao dong - Thirong binh va Xa hoi, Bao cao Tdng k^t thi hanh Bo luat Lao dong nam 2012, ngay 7/5/2019, tr 14 86 Lao done - Thuong binh va Xa hoi, Bao cao T6ng kC-t thi hanh Bo luat Lao dgng nam 2012, ngay 7/5/2019, t\: 12 Trir cac trudng hop (i) mot NLD duoc uy quy§n ky thay cho nhom NLD (Khoan 2 Di^iu 18), (ii) NLD chua du 5 aioi (diem a Khoan i Dieu 145). (iii)NLD la nguoi giup viec gia dinh (Khoan 1 Dieu 162|
^
fmumiMaim.^
diit. Quy djnh md'i nay ciing loai bd tinh trang bet thoi han thii viec va ket qua thir viec dat yeu chi nhung NSDLD cham ky HDLD, keo dai thai gian de NLD tiep tuc lam vice theo hinh thuc hpc viec.
Trud'C day, BLLD nam 2012 quy djnh neu cd thda thuan thii viec thi cac ben cd the giao kgt hop ddng thir viec. Quy dinh nay dan den viec eac ben chi cd the lua chgn hoac la ky HDLD (neu khdng thir viec) hoac la ky hgp ddng thii viec Nhung theo BLLD nam 2019, trong thai gian thu viec, mdi ben van cd quyen buy bo HDLD ma khdng can bao trudc va khdng phai bdi thuang (Dieu 27). Quy dinh mdi nay linh boat ban va trao cho cac ben trong QHLD quyen lira chpn ky HDLD cd ndi dung thit viec hoac ky hgp ddng thir viec ma khdng lam anh hudng quyen va nghTa vu cac ben trong thd'i gian thir viec. BLLD nam 2019 cung quy dmh viec khdng ap dung thu \'iec ddi vdi NLD giao ket HDLD cd thdi han duoi 01 thang (Khoan 3 Di6u 24).
Sau la, BLLD nam 2019 quy dinh: Phu luc HDLD quy dinh chi tiet, sira ddi, bo sung mgt sd dieu, khoan cua HDLD nhung khdng dugc sira ddi thdi ban ciia HDLD. Day la mgt quy djnh moi, gio'i ban khdng cho phep Phu luc thay ddi thdi ban ciia HDLD. Quy dinh nay cd the CO tac dung toai trir trudng hgp NSDLD
"lach" yeu cau ky HDLD khdng xac dinh ky han bang each ky HDLD cd thdi han khdng qua 36 thang sau do ky Phu Iiic dieu chinh keo dai thai ban HDLD Tuy nhien, quy dinh nay chua thuc su phii hgp trong truang hop niiu cau dieu nit ngan thdi ban HDLD hoac keo dai thai ban hgp ddng nhung tdng thdi gian cd hieu luc ciia HDLD khdng qua 36 thang.
Trong truofng hgp nay su thda thuan va nguyen vong chinh dang ciia cac ben chua dugc quan tam diing muc
Trong khi do theo Dieu 5 Nghi dinh 05/2015/ND-CP hudng dan thi hanh BLLD nam 2012 (sira ddi, bd sune boi Nahi dinh 148/2018/ND-CP) phii hop hon khi quy dinh thd'i han HDLD chi duoc sua ddi mdt Ian bang phu luc HDLD va khdng dugc lam thay ddi loai hgp ddng da giao ket. trir tnrdng hop keo dai thdi han HDLD vdi NLD cao tudi va ngudi Iao
ddng la can bd cdng doan khdng chuyen trach dang trong nhiem ky cdng doan ma het h^n HDLD thi dugc gia ban HDLD da giao k^t d^n het nhiem ky
Bay Id, BLLD nam 2019 bd sung mot s6 quy djnh mdi lien quan dSn trudng hpp HDLD da het ban ma cac ben tidp tuc lam viec.
DiSm a Khoan 2 Diau 20 BLLD nam 2019 bd sung quy dinh ve quySn va Ipi ich ciia hai ben khi HDLD da hat ban nhung trong thdi ban 30 ngay ke tir ngay hgp ddng lao ddng hit ban cac ben chua ky HDLD mdi. Trong truong hop nay, quyen, nghia vu va Igi ich cua hai ben dugc thuc hien theo hgp ddng da giao ket. Day la mdt diem tien bd ciia BLLD nam 2019.
Trudc day, BLLD nam 2012 bd ngd trudng hop nay va chi quy dinh neu cac ben khdng ky kat HDLD mdi trong thdi han 30 ngay ke tir ngay HDLD het han, thi hgp ddng da giao ket se tir HDLD xac dinh thdi ban trd thanh HDLD khdng xac dinh thdi ban hoac tii' HDLD miia vu (hoac cd thdi ban dudi 12 thang) trd* thanh HDLD xac dinh thdi han vdi thd'i han la 24 thang (Khoan 2 Diau 22).
Ngoai mgt trudng hgp da dugc BLLD nam 2012 quy dmh, BLLD nam 2019 quy djnh bo sung 3 tnrdng hgp cac ban cd tha ky lien tiep nhieu hon hai HDLD cd thdi ban ma khdng phai chuyen sang ky loai HDLD khdng xac dinh thdi ban. BLLD nam 2012 quy djnh "kiii ngudl lao ddng la can bp edng doan khdng chuyen trach dang trong nhiem ky cdng doan ma hat ban hgp ddng lao ddng thi duoc gia han hgp ddng lao ddng da giao ket ddn het nhiem ky" (Khoan 6 Diau 192). Ngoai ra. BLLD nam 2019 bd sung 3 tnrdng hop ky HDLD xae dinh thdi han nhieu lan ddi vdi: (i) nguoi dugc thue lain giam dde trong doanh nghidp cd vdn nha nudc. Ngoai ra, cac trudng hop ; (ii) NLD la ngudi cao tudi; (lii) NLD nudc ngoai lam vice tai Viat Nam (diem c Khoan 2 Dicu 20, Khoan I Diau 149, Khoan 2 Di^u 151 va Khoan 4 DiSu 177). Day la mot dicm tien bd ciia BLLD nam 2019. Cac tmdng hgp ndu tren dugc phep ky HDLD xac dmh thai han nhiau lin la phii hgp.
Tran day la mdt sd diem mdi trong quy dinh va giao kat HDLD theo BLLD nam 2019 / '
